
Endocrine Disruption and Human Health
- 2nd Edition - September 19, 2021
- Editor: Philippa D. Darbre
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 1 9 8 5 - 0
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 1 9 8 8 - 1
**Selected for Doody’s Core Titles® 2024 in Endocrinology/Metabolic Disease**Updated with new and expanded chapters, Endocrine Disruption and Human Health, Second Edition provides… Read more

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Updated with new and expanded chapters, Endocrine Disruption and Human Health, Second Edition provides an introduction to what endocrine disruptors are, the issues surrounding them, the source of these chemicals in the ecosystem and the mechanisms of action and assay systems. Contributions by specialists are included to discuss the varying effects of endocrine disruption on human health, and procedures for risk assessment of endocrine disruptors, and current approaches to their regulation are also covered.
With new material on topics such as low-term, low dose mixtures, windows of susceptibility, epigenetics, EDCs effect on the gut microbiome, EDCs in from polluted air and oral exposures, green chemistry, and nanotechnology, the new edition of Endocrine Disruption and Human Health is a valuable and informative text for academic and clinical researchers and other health professionals approaching endocrine disruption and its effects on human health for the first time, graduate students, and advanced undergraduate students.
- Provides readers with access to a range of information from the basic mechanisms and assays through to cutting-edge research investigating concerns for human health
- Presents a comprehensive, translational look at all aspects of endocrine disruption and its effects on human health
- Offers guidance on the risk assessment of endocrine disruptors and current relevant regulatory considerations
- Newly added content on topics like low-term, low dose mixtures, windows of susceptibility to EDCs, EDCs effect on the gut microbiome, green chemistry, and nanotechnology
Biomedical researchers, health professionals, and graduate students new to endocrine disruptors and the effects of endocrine disruption on human health, across the fields of public health and toxicology
- Cover image
- Title page
- Table of Contents
- Copyright
- Contributors
- Preface
- Section 1. Overview and scope
- Chapter 1. What Are Endocrine Disrupters and Where Are They Found?
- 1.1. Introduction
- 1.2. Historical Background
- 1.3. Evidence for Endocrine Disruption in Wildlife Populations and How This May Predict Effects on Human Health
- 1.4. Which Hormones Are Disrupted by EDCs?
- 1.5. How do EDCs Disrupt Hormone Action?
- 1.6. Which Chemicals Are Sources of Human Exposure to Endocrine Disrupters?
- 1.7. Concluding Comments
- Chapter 2. How Could Endocrine Disrupters Affect Human Health?
- 2.1. Introduction
- 2.2. Routes of Entry Into Human Tissues
- 2.3. Tissue Measurements
- 2.4. Role of Metabolism in Biological Activity of EDCS
- 2.5. Biological Availability
- 2.6. Dose-Response Considerations
- 2.7. Effect of Exposure to Mixtures of Chemicals
- 2.8. Importance of Timing of EDC Exposure
- 2.9. Multigenerational and Transgenerational Transmission and Epigenetic Mechanisms
- 2.10. EDCs Do Not Have the Same Effect in All Tissues
- 2.11. EDCs Can Change the Microenvironment Within a Tissue
- 2.12. EDCS Do Not Have the Same Effects in Every Individual: The Interaction of Genetics With Environment
- 2.13. Concluding Comments
- Section 2. Mechanisms and assay systems
- Chapter 3. Disrupters of Estrogen Action and Synthesis
- 3.1. Physiological Actions of Estrogen and Implications of Disruption
- 3.2. Molecular Actions of Estrogen and Mechanisms of Disruption
- 3.3. Synthesis of Endogenous Estrogens and Disruption of Necessary Enzymatic Activities
- 3.4. Assay Systems
- 3.5. Environmental Estrogens
- 3.6. Concluding Comments
- Chapter 4. Disruptors of Androgen Action and Synthesis
- 4.1. Physiological Actions of Androgens
- 4.2. Androgen Biosynthesis and Metabolism
- 4.3. Androgen Receptor
- 4.4. Role of Androgens and the AR in Human Diseases
- 4.5. Antiandrogens
- 4.6. Bioassays for the Evaluation of Disruptors of Androgenic Action
- 4.7. Environmental Disruptors of Androgenic Action
- Chapter 5. Disrupters of Thyroid Hormone Action and Synthesis
- 5.1. The Importance of the Thyroid Hormonal System for Human Health
- 5.2. Disruption of the Thyroid Hormonal System
- 5.3. Testing for Thyroid Hormone Disruption
- 5.4. Conclusions
- Chapter 6. Disruption of Other Receptor Systems: Progesterone, Glucocorticoid and Mineralocorticoid Receptors, Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors, Pregnane X Receptor and Constitutive Androstane Receptor, and Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor
- 6.1. Introduction
- 6.2. Progesterone Receptor
- 6.3. Glucocorticoid and Mineralocorticoid Receptors
- 6.4. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors
- 6.5. Pregnane X Receptor and Constitutive Androstane Receptor
- 6.6. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor
- 6.7. Prostaglandins
- 6.8. Concluding Comments—How Many Other Receptors May Be Disrupted?
- Chapter 7. Low Dose Effects and Nonmonotonic Dose Responses for Endocrine Disruptors
- 7.1. Introduction
- 7.2. Defining Low Dose Effects
- 7.3. What Is the Evidence in Support of Low Dose Effects?
- 7.4. Mechanisms for Low Dose Effects
- 7.5. Implication of Low Dose Effects
- 7.6. What Is Nonmonotonicity?
- 7.7. Nonmonotonicity in Pharmacology, Endocrinology, and Nutrition
- 7.8. Mechanisms for Nonmonotonicity
- 7.9. How Does Nonmonotonicity Influence Chemical Safety Assessments?
- 7.10. Conclusions
- Chapter 8. Exposure to Mixtures of EDCs and Long-Term Effects
- 8.1. Introduction
- 8.2. Exposure to Mixtures of EDCs: Additive Effects of Receptor-Mediated Mechanisms
- 8.3. Mixture Effects at Real-Life Tissue Concentrations
- 8.4. Exposure to Mixtures of EDCs with Different Mechanisms of Action
- 8.5. Long-Term Exposure to EDCs
- 8.6. Concluding Comments
- Section 3. Concerns for human health
- Chapter 9. Endocrine Disruption and Female Reproductive Health
- 9.1. Introduction
- 9.2. Major Targets of Endocrine Disruption for Female Reproductive Health
- 9.3. Sources of Endocrine Disruption for Female Reproductive Health
- 9.4. Exposure to DES and Consequences for Female Reproductive Health
- 9.5. Pubertal Development
- 9.6. Disorders of the Ovary
- 9.7. Uterine Disorders
- 9.8. Benign Breast Disease
- 9.9. Final Comments
- Chapter 10. Endocrine Disruption and Male Reproductive Health
- 10.1. Introduction
- 10.2. What are the Endocrine Targets for Disruption of Male Reproductive Health?
- 10.3. Sources and Timing of Endocrine Disruption for Male Reproductive Health
- 10.4. Exposure to DES in Utero and Fetal Origin of Endocrine Dysfunction in Men
- 10.5. Exposure to EDCs in Adult Life and Gynecomastia
- 10.6. Urogenital Tract Malformations
- 10.7. Sperm Counts and Sperm Quality as Indicators of Fertility
- 10.8. Testicular Dysgenesis Syndrome
- 10.9. Pubertal Development
- 10.10. Prostatic Hyperplasia
- 10.11. Gender Identity
- 10.12. Final Comments
- Chapter 11. Endocrine Disruption and Cancer of Reproductive Tissues
- 11.1. Introduction: How Could Endocrine Disruption Influence Cancer Development?
- 11.2. Cancers in Female Reproductive Tissues
- 11.3. Cancers in Male Reproductive Tissues
- 11.4. Final Comments
- Chapter 12. Endocrine Disruption of Thyroid Function: Chemicals, Mechanisms, and Toxicopathology
- 12.1. Endocrinology of the HPT Axis
- 12.2. Examples of Chemical Disrupters of Thyroid Function
- 12.3. Characteristic Toxicopathology of the Thyroid Gland
- 12.4. Regulatory Considerations and Toxicology Strategy for Examining Thyroid Functional Disruption
- 12.5. Evidence of Environmentally Mediated Thyroid Endocrine Disruption: Relevance to Human Health
- Chapter 13. Endocrine Disruption of Adrenocortical Function
- 13.1. Endocrinology of the HPA Axis and Physiological Actions of Adrenocortical Steroids
- 13.2. Steroidogenic Pathway and Examples of Chemical Disrupters
- 13.3. Toxicology Strategy for Examining Adrenocortical Functional Disruption
- 13.4. Factors Predisposing the Adrenal Cortex to Toxicity
- 13.5. Evidence of Environmentally Mediated Adrenal Endocrine Disruption: Relevance to Human Health
- Chapter 14. Endocrine Disruption of Developmental Pathways and Children's Health
- 14.1. Overview
- 14.2. Developmental End Points of Concern (Figure 14.1)
- 14.3. Conclusions
- Chapter 15. Endocrine Disruption and Disorders of Energy Metabolism
- 15.1. Introduction
- 15.2. EDCs and Obesity
- 15.3. EDCs and Metabolic Syndrome
- 15.4. EDCs and Type 2 Diabetes
- 15.5. EDCs and CVD
- 15.6. Final Comments on Obesogens and Disease
- Chapter 16. Immunomodulatory Role of EDCs in Disrupting Metabolic Health
- 16.1. Introduction
- 16.2. Role of the Immune System in Metabolic Health
- 16.3. The Direct and Indirect Effect of EDCs on the Immune System
- 16.4. Conclusion
- Chapter 17. Endocrine Disruption and the Gut Microbiome
- 17.1. Introduction
- 17.2. Evolution of the Human Gut Microbiome
- 17.3. Timeline of Gut Microbiome Development
- 17.4. Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals
- 17.5. Effects of EDC Exposure
- 17.6. Antibiotics and Endocrine Disruption
- 17.7. Quorum Sensing and EDC
- 17.8. Targeting the Gut Microbiome
- 17.9. Conclusions
- Section 4. Public policy and regulatory considerations
- Chapter 18. An Introduction to the Challenges for Risk Assessment of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals
- 18.1. Introduction
- 18.2. Risk Assessment for EDCs
- 18.3. Value and Limitations of Different Types of Evidence
- 18.4. How is Regulation Brought About in Different Countries?
- 18.5. Role of Nongovernmental Organizations
- 18.6. Role of the Mass Media and Citizen Responsibility
- 18.7. Precautionary Principle
- 18.8. Concluding Comments
- Chapter 19. Regulatory Considerations for Endocrine Disrupters in Food
- 19.1. Introduction
- 19.2. Manufactured Food Contaminants
- 19.3. Naturally Occurring Food Contaminants
- 19.4. Natural Food Constituents
- 19.5. Assay Models for Endocrine Disruptive Activity
- 19.6. Conclusion and Future Directions
- Chapter 20. Considerations of Endocrine Disrupters in Water
- 20.1. Introduction
- 20.2. Standards and Guidelines
- 20.3. Overview of Sewage Treatment
- 20.4. Fate of Steroid Estrogens During Sewage Treatment
- 20.5. Removal of EDCs During Sewage Treatment
- 20.6. Overview of Drinking Water Treatment
- 20.7. Removal of EDCs During Drinking Water Treatment
- 20.8. Occurrence of EDCs in Drinking Water
- 20.9. Summary and Conclusions
- Chapter 21. Endocrine Disrupters in Air
- 21.1. Introduction
- 21.2. Sources of Exposure and Measurement of Endocrine Disrupters in Air
- 21.3. Contribution of Endocrine Disrupters in Air to Overall Human Body Burdens and Evidence for Effects on Human Endocrine Health
- 21.4. Concluding Comments
- Chapter 22. Regulatory Considerations for Dermal Application of Endocrine Disrupters in Personal Care Products
- 22.1. Introduction
- 22.2. Where Are EDCs Found in PCPs?
- 22.3. Evidence That EDCs Can Be Absorbed From Dermal Application of Cosmetics
- 22.4. Reported Cases Where Absorption of EDCs From PCPs Has Affected Human Endocrine Health
- 22.5. Dermal Exposure and Measurement in Human Tissue
- 22.6. The Potential for Placental Transfer and Exposure in Utero From Dermally Applied Cosmetics
- 22.7. Application of Nanotechnology
- 22.8. Regulatory Considerations for Cosmetic Products
- Chapter 23. Protecting Against Endocrine Disruption Using Green and Sustainable Chemistry: Hope for the Future
- 23.1. Introduction
- 23.2. Green and Sustainable Chemistry
- 23.3. Design Challenges for Applying Green Chemistry to Endocrine Disruption
- 23.4. Role for Education in Safer Chemical Design
- Appendix. List of abbreviations
- Index
- No. of pages: 538
- Language: English
- Edition: 2
- Published: September 19, 2021
- Imprint: Academic Press
- Paperback ISBN: 9780128219850
- eBook ISBN: 9780128219881
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