Endocrine Disruption and Human Health

**Selected for Doody’s Core Titles® 2024 in Endocrinology/Metabolic Disease**

Updated with new and expanded chapters, Endocrine Disruption and Human Health, Second Edition provides an introduction to what endocrine disruptors are, the issues surrounding them, the source of these chemicals in the ecosystem and the mechanisms of action and assay systems. Contributions by specialists are included to discuss the varying effects of endocrine disruption on human health, and procedures for risk assessment of endocrine disruptors, and current approaches to their regulation are also covered.

With new material on topics such as low-term, low dose mixtures, windows of susceptibility, epigenetics, EDCs effect on the gut microbiome, EDCs in from polluted air and oral exposures, green chemistry, and nanotechnology, the new edition of Endocrine Disruption and Human Health is a valuable and informative text for academic and clinical researchers and other health professionals approaching endocrine disruption and its effects on human health for the first time, graduate students, and advanced undergraduate students.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
Preface
Section 1. Overview and scope
Chapter 1. What Are Endocrine Disrupters and Where Are They Found?
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Historical Background
1.3. Evidence for Endocrine Disruption in Wildlife Populations and How This May Predict Effects on Human Health
1.4. Which Hormones Are Disrupted by EDCs?
1.5. How do EDCs Disrupt Hormone Action?
1.6. Which Chemicals Are Sources of Human Exposure to Endocrine Disrupters?
1.7. Concluding Comments
Chapter 2. How Could Endocrine Disrupters Affect Human Health?
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Routes of Entry Into Human Tissues
2.3. Tissue Measurements
2.4. Role of Metabolism in Biological Activity of EDCS
2.5. Biological Availability
2.6. Dose-Response Considerations
2.7. Effect of Exposure to Mixtures of Chemicals
2.8. Importance of Timing of EDC Exposure
2.9. Multigenerational and Transgenerational Transmission and Epigenetic Mechanisms
2.10. EDCs Do Not Have the Same Effect in All Tissues
2.11. EDCs Can Change the Microenvironment Within a Tissue
2.12. EDCS Do Not Have the Same Effects in Every Individual: The Interaction of Genetics With Environment
2.13. Concluding Comments
Section 2. Mechanisms and assay systems
Chapter 3. Disrupters of Estrogen Action and Synthesis
3.1. Physiological Actions of Estrogen and Implications of Disruption
3.2. Molecular Actions of Estrogen and Mechanisms of Disruption
3.3. Synthesis of Endogenous Estrogens and Disruption of Necessary Enzymatic Activities
3.4. Assay Systems
3.5. Environmental Estrogens
3.6. Concluding Comments
Chapter 4. Disruptors of Androgen Action and Synthesis
4.1. Physiological Actions of Androgens
4.2. Androgen Biosynthesis and Metabolism
4.3. Androgen Receptor
4.4. Role of Androgens and the AR in Human Diseases
4.5. Antiandrogens
4.6. Bioassays for the Evaluation of Disruptors of Androgenic Action
4.7. Environmental Disruptors of Androgenic Action
Chapter 5. Disrupters of Thyroid Hormone Action and Synthesis
5.1. The Importance of the Thyroid Hormonal System for Human Health
5.2. Disruption of the Thyroid Hormonal System
5.3. Testing for Thyroid Hormone Disruption
5.4. Conclusions
Chapter 6. Disruption of Other Receptor Systems: Progesterone, Glucocorticoid and Mineralocorticoid Receptors, Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors, Pregnane X Receptor and Constitutive Androstane Receptor, and Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Progesterone Receptor
6.3. Glucocorticoid and Mineralocorticoid Receptors
6.4. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors
6.5. Pregnane X Receptor and Constitutive Androstane Receptor
6.6. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor
6.7. Prostaglandins
6.8. Concluding Comments—How Many Other Receptors May Be Disrupted?
Chapter 7. Low Dose Effects and Nonmonotonic Dose Responses for Endocrine Disruptors
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Defining Low Dose Effects
7.3. What Is the Evidence in Support of Low Dose Effects?
7.4. Mechanisms for Low Dose Effects
7.5. Implication of Low Dose Effects
7.6. What Is Nonmonotonicity?
7.7. Nonmonotonicity in Pharmacology, Endocrinology, and Nutrition
7.8. Mechanisms for Nonmonotonicity
7.9. How Does Nonmonotonicity Influence Chemical Safety Assessments?
7.10. Conclusions
Chapter 8. Exposure to Mixtures of EDCs and Long-Term Effects
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Exposure to Mixtures of EDCs: Additive Effects of Receptor-Mediated Mechanisms
8.3. Mixture Effects at Real-Life Tissue Concentrations
8.4. Exposure to Mixtures of EDCs with Different Mechanisms of Action
8.5. Long-Term Exposure to EDCs
8.6. Concluding Comments
Section 3. Concerns for human health
Chapter 9. Endocrine Disruption and Female Reproductive Health
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Major Targets of Endocrine Disruption for Female Reproductive Health
9.3. Sources of Endocrine Disruption for Female Reproductive Health
9.4. Exposure to DES and Consequences for Female Reproductive Health
9.5. Pubertal Development
9.6. Disorders of the Ovary
9.7. Uterine Disorders
9.8. Benign Breast Disease
9.9. Final Comments
Chapter 10. Endocrine Disruption and Male Reproductive Health
10.1. Introduction
10.2. What are the Endocrine Targets for Disruption of Male Reproductive Health?
10.3. Sources and Timing of Endocrine Disruption for Male Reproductive Health
10.4. Exposure to DES in Utero and Fetal Origin of Endocrine Dysfunction in Men
10.5. Exposure to EDCs in Adult Life and Gynecomastia
10.6. Urogenital Tract Malformations
10.7. Sperm Counts and Sperm Quality as Indicators of Fertility
10.8. Testicular Dysgenesis Syndrome
10.9. Pubertal Development
10.10. Prostatic Hyperplasia
10.11. Gender Identity
10.12. Final Comments
Chapter 11. Endocrine Disruption and Cancer of Reproductive Tissues
11.1. Introduction: How Could Endocrine Disruption Influence Cancer Development?
11.2. Cancers in Female Reproductive Tissues
11.3. Cancers in Male Reproductive Tissues
11.4. Final Comments
Chapter 12. Endocrine Disruption of Thyroid Function: Chemicals, Mechanisms, and Toxicopathology
12.1. Endocrinology of the HPT Axis
12.2. Examples of Chemical Disrupters of Thyroid Function
12.3. Characteristic Toxicopathology of the Thyroid Gland
12.4. Regulatory Considerations and Toxicology Strategy for Examining Thyroid Functional Disruption
12.5. Evidence of Environmentally Mediated Thyroid Endocrine Disruption: Relevance to Human Health
Chapter 13. Endocrine Disruption of Adrenocortical Function
13.1. Endocrinology of the HPA Axis and Physiological Actions of Adrenocortical Steroids
13.2. Steroidogenic Pathway and Examples of Chemical Disrupters
13.3. Toxicology Strategy for Examining Adrenocortical Functional Disruption
13.4. Factors Predisposing the Adrenal Cortex to Toxicity
13.5. Evidence of Environmentally Mediated Adrenal Endocrine Disruption: Relevance to Human Health
Chapter 14. Endocrine Disruption of Developmental Pathways and Children's Health
14.1. Overview
14.2. Developmental End Points of Concern (Figure 14.1)
14.3. Conclusions
Chapter 15. Endocrine Disruption and Disorders of Energy Metabolism
15.1. Introduction
15.2. EDCs and Obesity
15.3. EDCs and Metabolic Syndrome
15.4. EDCs and Type 2 Diabetes
15.5. EDCs and CVD
15.6. Final Comments on Obesogens and Disease
Chapter 16. Immunomodulatory Role of EDCs in Disrupting Metabolic Health
16.1. Introduction
16.2. Role of the Immune System in Metabolic Health
16.3. The Direct and Indirect Effect of EDCs on the Immune System
16.4. Conclusion
Chapter 17. Endocrine Disruption and the Gut Microbiome
17.1. Introduction
17.2. Evolution of the Human Gut Microbiome
17.3. Timeline of Gut Microbiome Development
17.4. Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals
17.5. Effects of EDC Exposure
17.6. Antibiotics and Endocrine Disruption
17.7. Quorum Sensing and EDC
17.8. Targeting the Gut Microbiome
17.9. Conclusions
Section 4. Public policy and regulatory considerations
Chapter 18. An Introduction to the Challenges for Risk Assessment of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals
18.1. Introduction
18.2. Risk Assessment for EDCs
18.3. Value and Limitations of Different Types of Evidence
18.4. How is Regulation Brought About in Different Countries?
18.5. Role of Nongovernmental Organizations
18.6. Role of the Mass Media and Citizen Responsibility
18.7. Precautionary Principle
18.8. Concluding Comments
Chapter 19. Regulatory Considerations for Endocrine Disrupters in Food
19.1. Introduction
19.2. Manufactured Food Contaminants
19.3. Naturally Occurring Food Contaminants
19.4. Natural Food Constituents
19.5. Assay Models for Endocrine Disruptive Activity
19.6. Conclusion and Future Directions
Chapter 20. Considerations of Endocrine Disrupters in Water
20.1. Introduction
20.2. Standards and Guidelines
20.3. Overview of Sewage Treatment
20.4. Fate of Steroid Estrogens During Sewage Treatment
20.5. Removal of EDCs During Sewage Treatment
20.6. Overview of Drinking Water Treatment
20.7. Removal of EDCs During Drinking Water Treatment
20.8. Occurrence of EDCs in Drinking Water
20.9. Summary and Conclusions
Chapter 21. Endocrine Disrupters in Air
21.1. Introduction
21.2. Sources of Exposure and Measurement of Endocrine Disrupters in Air
21.3. Contribution of Endocrine Disrupters in Air to Overall Human Body Burdens and Evidence for Effects on Human Endocrine Health
21.4. Concluding Comments
Chapter 22. Regulatory Considerations for Dermal Application of Endocrine Disrupters in Personal Care Products
22.1. Introduction
22.2. Where Are EDCs Found in PCPs?
22.3. Evidence That EDCs Can Be Absorbed From Dermal Application of Cosmetics
22.4. Reported Cases Where Absorption of EDCs From PCPs Has Affected Human Endocrine Health
22.5. Dermal Exposure and Measurement in Human Tissue
22.6. The Potential for Placental Transfer and Exposure in Utero From Dermally Applied Cosmetics
22.7. Application of Nanotechnology
22.8. Regulatory Considerations for Cosmetic Products
Chapter 23. Protecting Against Endocrine Disruption Using Green and Sustainable Chemistry: Hope for the Future
23.1. Introduction
23.2. Green and Sustainable Chemistry
23.3. Design Challenges for Applying Green Chemistry to Endocrine Disruption
23.4. Role for Education in Safer Chemical Design
Appendix. List of abbreviations
Index

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

Social Sciences & Humanities

Health

Endocrine Disruption and Human Health

Purchase options

World Book Day Celebration!

Institutional subscription on ScienceDirect

Philippa D. Darbre

Related books