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Encyclopedia of Health Economics
1st Edition - February 21, 2014
Editor: A J. Culyer
Hardback ISBN:9780123756787
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 3 7 5 6 7 8 - 7
eBook ISBN:9780123756794
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 3 7 5 6 7 9 - 4
The Encyclopedia of Health Economics, Three Volume Set offers students, researchers and policymakers objective and detailed empirical analysis and clear reviews of current… Read more
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The Encyclopedia of Health Economics, Three Volume Set offers students, researchers and policymakers objective and detailed empirical analysis and clear reviews of current theories and polices. It helps practitioners such as health care managers and planners by providing accessible overviews into the broad field of health economics, including the economics of designing health service finance and delivery and the economics of public and population health. This encyclopedia provides an organized overview of this diverse field, providing one trusted source for up-to-date research and analysis of this highly charged and fast-moving subject area.
Features research-driven articles that are objective, better-crafted, and more detailed than is currently available in journals and handbooks
Combines insights and scholarship across the breadth of health economics, where theory and empirical work increasingly come from non-economists
Provides overviews of key policies, theories and programs in easy-to-understand language
Students, researchers, and policy makers in health and related fields, in business, government, and academia
Editor-in-Chief
Section Editors
Preface
What Do Health Economists Do?
... And How Do They Do It?
A Schematic of Health Economics
A Word on Textbooks
Acknowledgments
Further Reading
Permission Acknowledgments
Demand for Health and Health Care
Collective Purchasing of Health Care
Collective Purchasing of Health-Care Inputs
Collective Purchasing of Health Insurance
Collective Purchasing of Health-Care Treatments: The Role of Insurers
Summary
See also
References
Further Reading
Demand Cross Elasticities and ‘Offset Effects’
Abstract
Glossary
Introduction
Empirical Literature Cross Elasticities
A Model of Offsets in Health Insurance
Rule for Welfare Effects
A Simple Rule for When Offsets Increase Welfare
Final Comments
See also
References
Further Reading
Demand for Insurance That Nudges Demand
Abstract
Introduction
The Core Model
The Setting and the Behavioral Model
Deviations from Optimality
The Gain from ‘Nudging’
Modeling Deviation
The Best Case for Voluntary Value-Based Cost Sharing: Positive Insured Cost Offsets
A Good Case for Voluntary Value-Based Cost Sharing: The Consumer Looking to the Future Seeks to Control His Irrational Current Self
Better Information as the Solution
The Cost of Bother
Perception of Nonmonetary Cost
Other Threats: Heterogeneity
The Mixed Case
Focus Group Evidence
Solutions
See also
References
Education and Health: Disentangling Causal Relationships from Associations
Abstract
Glossary
Introduction
The Grossman Model
Econometric Methods Used to Test for Causal Effects
Effect of Health on Education
Effect of Education on Health
Drawing Conclusions from Health Economics Research
See also
References
Further Reading
Health Care Demand, Empirical Determinants of
Abstract
Introduction
Some Rules of Thumb
Empirical Determinants of Health Care Demand: A Survey of Current Practices
Empirical Determinants of Health Care Demand: An Illustration
Conclusion
Disclaimer
See also
Further Reading
Medical Decision Making and Demand
Abstract
Introduction
Medical Decision Making
Health Care Demand
Double Moral Hazard under Two-Sided Asymmetric Information
Concluding Remarks
See also
References
Peer Effects, Social Networks, and Healthcare Demand
Abstract
Glossary
Overview
Definitions of Peer Effects, Social Learning, and Social Network Effects
Social Network Effects and the Challenge of Identification
Empirical Approaches in the Estimation of Peer Effects in a Social Network
Selected Application of Social Network Models to Health and Healthcare
Final Comment
See also
References
Further Reading
Physician-Induced Demand
Abstract
Introduction
Empirical Evidence
Related Literature
Suggestions for Future Research and Policy Implications
See also
References
Further Reading
Physician Management of Demand at the Point of Care
Introduction
Questions That Have Been Informed by Microlevel Interaction Analysis
Perspectives from Behavioral Economics
What Is the Value of This Research in Improving The Functioning of Patient–Physician Interaction?
Where This Research Area Should Go?
See also
Further Reading
Price Elasticity of Demand for Medical Care: The Evidence since the RAND Health Insurance Experiment
Abstract
Glossary
Introduction
A Brief Review of the RAND Health Insurance Experiment
Need for More Recent Evidence
Estimates of Own-Price Elasticity of Demand since the HIE
Cross-Price Elasticities
Implications for Insurance Design
Final Comments
See also
References
Further Reading
Quality Reporting and Demand
Abstract
Introduction
Quality Information and Quality of Care
Evidence on Quality Reporting and Demand
Quality Reporting and Demand in Other Markets: Comparing Healthcare to Education
Conclusion
See also
References
Rationing of Demand
Abstract
Glossary
Introduction
Direct Rationing
Rationing by Waiting Times and Quality
Price Rationing
Conclusions
See also
References
Determinants of Health and Ill-Health
Abortion
Abstract
Glossary
Introduction
Conceptual Link between Abortion and Health
Abortion: Data and Demographics
Overview of Studies on Health
Summary
See also
References
Relevant Websites
Addiction
Abstract
Glossary
Introduction
Perfectly Rational Addiction
Imperfectly Rational Models of Addiction
Irrational Models of Addiction
Empirical Evidence
Policy Implications of Addiction Perspectives
Summary
Acknowledgment
See also
References
Further Reading
Advertising as a Determinant of Health in the USA
Abstract
Overview
Conceptual Framework
Advertising in Health Markets
New Directions
Summary
See also
References
Further Reading
Aging: Health at Advanced Ages
Abstract
Introduction
Causal Effects of Early-Life Conditions
Indirect Effects: Causal Pathways from Early Childhood by Way of Education to Later-Life Morbidity and Mortality
Summary and Implications for Health Policy
See also
References
Further Reading
Alcohol
Abstract
Introduction
Alcohol's Pharmacological Profile
Economics Perspectives on Alcohol Use and Alcohol Regulation: Distinguishing Factors
Alcohol Control Policies and Alcohol Consumption
Causal Effects of Alcohol Consumption on Outcomes
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Education and Health
Abstract
Stylized Facts about Education and Health
Understanding the Relationship between Education and Health
Evidence on the Mechanisms Linking Education and Health
Summary
Data Appendix
Acknowledgment
See also
References
Further Reading
Illegal Drug Use, Health Effects of
Abstract
Introduction
The Extent of Illegal Drug Use
Health Effects of Illegal Drug Use
Discussion and Conclusion
See also
References
Intergenerational Effects on Health – In Utero and Early Life
Abstract
Glossary
Introduction
Theoretical Framework
The Intergenerational Transmission of Health
Factors Affecting In Utero and Later Health
Conclusion
See also
References
Further Reading
Macroeconomy and Health
Abstract
Glossary
Introduction
Time-Series Analyses
Estimation Using Pooled Data
Mortality is Procyclical
Other Measures of Health
Changes in Behaviors and Use of Medical Care
Sources of Countercyclical Variations in Health
Caveats and Uncertainties
See also
References
Further Reading
Mental Health, Determinants of
Abstract
Glossary
Introduction
Income
Macroeconomic Conditions
Employment
See also
References
Further Reading
Nutrition, Economics of
Abstract
Introduction
The Effect of Economic Conditions on Nutrition
A Framework for Nutrition Policy Options
Food Assistance Programs
The Economics of Information Policy
Direct Interventions: Taxes and Subsidies
Government Supply Interventions
Behavioral Economics: Nudges
See also
References
Peer Effects in Health Behaviors
Abstract
Introduction
A Brief History of Empirical Approaches
Newer Approaches and Extension of Outcomes
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
See also
References
Further Reading
Pollution and Health
Abstract
Glossary
Introduction
Conceptual Framework
Empirical Challenges
Evidence
Conclusion
See also
References
Sex Work and Risky Sex in Developing Countries
Abstract
Introduction
Why Might Women Enter the Sex Market?
Why Do Sex Workers Engage in Noncondom Use?
Conclusion
See also
References
Smoking, Economics of
Abstract
Glossary
What is the Economics of Smoking and Why Should One Care?
Alternative Frameworks
Direct Empirical Tests of the Alternative Frameworks
Other Empirical Evidence to Explain Continued Smoking
Price: Effect of Cigarette Taxes
Effects of Other Cigarette Demand Determinants
Effects of Smoking on Longevity and Health
Other Effects of Smoking
Effects of Policy Interventions
See also
References
Economic Evaluation
Adoption of New Technologies, Using Economic Evaluation
Abstract
Glossary
Introduction
Normative Economic Evaluation
A National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence Case Study
The Problem
Empirical Work
Barriers to the Use of Economic Evaluation
Prescriptions for Improvement
Further National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence Reflections
The Research-Practice Divide
A More ‘Positive’ Approach?
Conclusions
See also
References
Further Reading
Analysing Heterogeneity to Support Decision Making
Abstract
Glossary
Introduction
Standard Approaches to Assess Heterogeneity in Evaluation of Healthcare Technologies
Value of Heterogeneity
Preferences and Choice as Sources of Heterogeneity
Conclusions
References
Further Reading
Budget-Impact Analysis
Abstract
Abbreviations
Introduction
Key Elements of a Budget-Impact Analysis
Categorization of Budget-Impact Modeling Approaches
Conclusions and Where Next
See also
Further Reading
Cost-Effectiveness Modeling Using Health State Utility Values
Abstract
Glossary
Introduction
What Measures Should be Used?
Source of Health State Utility Values
Predicting Health State Utility Values When Preference-Based Data are Not Available
Applying Health State Utility Values in Cost-Effectiveness Models
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Decision Analysis: Eliciting Experts' Beliefs to Characterize Uncertainties
Abstract
Glossary
Introduction
The Design Process
Conducting the Exercise
Synthesizing Multiple Elicited Beliefs
Assessing Adequacy
Discussion
See also
References
Further Reading
Economic Evaluation, Uncertainty in
Abstract
Sources of Uncertainty
Incorporating Uncertainty within Analyses
Presenting Uncertainty
Intervals and Distributions for Net Benefits
Linking Analysis of Uncertainty to Decision Making
See also
Reference
Further Reading
Incorporating Health Inequality Impacts into Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
Abstract
Introduction
Estimating the Baseline Health Distribution
Estimating the Distribution of Health Changes Due to the Intervention
Measuring the Level of Inequality in the Estimated Health Distributions
Adjusting for Social Value Judgments Regarding Fair and Unfair Sources of Inequality
Social Welfare Functions and Distributional Dominance
Social Welfare Indices
Comparing and Ranking Interventions
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Infectious Disease Modeling
Abstract
Glossary
Introduction
Direct Airborne Transmission
An Example Transmission Model
Toward Further Realism
Choice of Model
Burden of Disease
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
Further Reading
Information Analysis, Value of
Absrtact
Policy Relevance
The Value of Additional Evidence
What Type of Evidence?
Value of Implementation
Uncertainty, Variability, and Individualized Care
Value of Information and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
See also
Further Reading
Observational Studies in Economic Evaluation
Abstract
Glossary
Introduction
Example
The Fundamentals
Methods to Address Selection Bias
Example Revisited
Acknowledgments
See also
References
Policy Responses to Uncertainty in Healthcare Resource Allocation Decision Processes
Abstract
Background
Decision Uncertainty in Healthcare Resource Allocation
Designing Patient Access Schemes
Evidence for the Success or Otherwise of Patient Access Schemes
Linking Research and Reimbursement Decisions
Value-Based Pricing and Decision Uncertainty
Opportunities and Challenges in Emerging Decision Uncertainty Management Frameworks
See also
Further Reading
Problem Structuring for Health Economic Model Development
Glossary
Introduction
The Interpretation of Mathematical Models
Problem Structuring in Health Economics and Other Fields
Definition and Purpose of Conceptual Modeling
Practical Approaches to Conceptual Modeling in HTA
Switching Costs in Competitive Health Insurance Markets
Abstract
Glossary
Introduction
Switching Costs
Managed Competition in Switzerland: The Regulatory Framework
Stylized Facts: The Ineffectiveness of Competition to Date
Possible Barriers to Switching Behaviors
Conclusion
See also
References
Further Reading
Waiting Times
Abstract
Glossary
Introduction
Waiting-Time Measures
Waiting Times as a Mechanism to Bring the Healthcare Market to an Equilibrium
Competition and Choice
Waiting Times and the Private Sector
Maximum Waiting-Time Guarantees
Equity Issues
Conclusions
Technical Appendix
See also
References
Further Reading
Pharmaceutical and Medical Equipment Industries
Biopharmaceutical and Medical Equipment Industries, Economics of
Abstract
Introduction
R&D: Costs, Regulation, and IP
Markets for Biopharmaceuticals and Medical Technology
Conclusion
See also
References
Further Reading
Biosimilars
Abstract
Introduction
Biosimilar Experience in the European Union
The United States Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act
Food and Drug Administration Regulations and the Costs of Developing a Biosimilar
The Perspectives of Healthcare Payers, Providers, and Patients
Biosimilar Competition versus Generic Competition
Projected Savings to United States Consumers
Innovation Incentives
Summary and Conclusion
See also
References
Further Reading
Cross-National Evidence on Use of Radiology
Abstract
Introduction
United States
United Kingdom/England
Canada
Japan
Conclusion
See also
References
Diagnostic Imaging, Economic Issues in
Abstract
Introduction
The Role of Diagnostic Imaging in Healthcare Delivery
Overview of the Market for Diagnostic Imaging
Supply of Equipment: Cost, Location, and Regulation
Demand for Imaging: Moral Hazard and Asymmetric Information among Providers and Patients
Fee-for-Service Payment and Incentives
Economic and Comparative Evaluations of Imaging Appropriateness
Imaging Utilization Management Strategies and Appropriateness Tools
Trends in US Imaging Spending: Growth and Controls
Innovation and Dynamic Efficiency
Conclusion
See also
References
Further Reading
Markets with Physician Dispensing
Abstract
Introduction
Potential Conflict of Interest
Physician Dispensing in Japan
Physician Dispensing in South Korea
Physician Dispensing in Taiwan
Research Agenda
Conclusions and Lessons Learned
See also
References
Further Reading
Mergers and Alliances in the Biopharmaceuticals Industry
Abstract
Introduction
Determinants of Mergers, Acquisitions, and Alliances
The Effects of Pharmaceutical Mergers and Alliances
Policy Issues
Summary and Concluding Comments
See also
References
Further Reading
Patents and Other Incentives for Pharmaceutical Innovation
Abstract
Introduction
Intellectual Property: Advantages and Disadvantages
Alternative Push and Pull Schemes
Discussion
See also
Further Reading
Patents and Regulatory Exclusivity in the USA
Abstract
Introduction
Pharmaceutical Patents
Regulatory Exclusivity for Drugs
Medical Devices
Biosimilars
Regulatory Exclusivities versus Patents
Conclusion
See also
References
Further Reading
Personalized Medicine: Pricing and Reimbursement Policies as a Potential Barrier to Development and Adoption, Economics of
Abstract
Background: Barriers to Personalized Medicine
Economic Incentives for Personalized Medicine Development: A Framework
Personalized Medicine Products
Personalized Medicine, Cost-Effectiveness Analysis, and Pharmacoeconomics
Regulatory and Policy Issues and Implications
Conclusion
See also
References
Further Reading
Pharmaceutical Company Strategies and Distribution Systems in Emerging Markets
Abstract
Background
The Unique Characteristics of Emerging Markets
Pharmaceutical Distribution Systems in Developed Markets
Pharmaceutical Distribution Systems in Emerging Markets
Strategy for Emerging Markets
Distribution Strategy for Emerging Markets
Conclusions
See also
References
Further Reading
Pharmaceutical Marketing and Promotion
Abstract
Introduction
Background
Conceptual Framework
Empirical Evidence
Conclusion
See also
References
Pharmaceutical Parallel Trade: Legal, Policy, and Economic Issues
Abstract
Glossary
Background
The Legal Debate
Conceptual Frameworks for Evaluating Parallel Trade
Determinants of Parallel Trade
Parallel Trade and Its Economic Impact
Conclusions
See also
References
Further Reading
Pharmaceutical Pricing and Reimbursement Regulation in Europe
Abstract
Introduction
The Concept of Pricing and Reimbursement in the EU
The Process of a Price and Reimbursement Decision in the EU
Demand- and Supply-Side Regulation Structure
Concluding Remarks
See also
References
Prescription Drug Cost Sharing, Effects of
Abstract
Introduction
Economic Framework
Types of Cost Sharing
Empirical Evidence on the Effects of Drug Cost Sharing
Value-Based Insurance Design
Conclusion
See also
References
Pricing and Reimbursement of Biopharmaceuticals and Medical Devices in the USA
Abstract
Introduction
Overview of the Drug Distribution System and Price Levels
Why Biopharmaceuticals Markets are Different
Reimbursement Rules for Onpatent Brands
See also
References
Further Reading
Regulation of Safety, Efficacy, and Quality
Abstract
Glossary
Introduction
Overview of Pharmaceutical Regulation
The European Medicines Agency
Evidence about the Effects of Pharmaceutical Regulation
Recent Reforms of Food and Drug Administration Regulation
See also
References
Further Reading
Research and Development Costs and Productivity in Biopharmaceuticals
Abstract
Introduction
Quantitative Overview
The R&D Phases
Estimating R&D Cost per Successful New Drug
Critiques
Reasons for Change
Conclusion
See also
References
Further Reading
Vaccine Economics
Abstract
Introduction
Background
Demand
Conclusion
See also
References
Further Reading
Value of Drugs in Practice
Abstract
Introduction
The Elements of Value to Be Included
Estimating the Opportunity Cost of Adopting a Technology
Making Decisions about Value
Using Coverage with Evidence Development Evidence to Handle Uncertainty in Decision-Making
Implementation of Technologies Regarded as Good Value
Disinvestment from Treatments that are not Good Value
Regional Collaboration in the Assessment of and Decision-Making about Value
See also
References
Further Reading
Public Health
Economic Evaluation of Public Health Interventions: Methodological Challenges
Abstract
Glossary
Introduction
Methods for the Economic Evaluation of Healthcare Interventions
Methods Challenges for the Economic Evaluation of Public Health Interventions
Recent Guidance for the Economic Evaluation of Public Health Interventions
Methods Developments in the Economic Evaluation of Public Health Interventions
Summary
See also
References
Further Reading
Ethics and Social Value Judgments in Public Health
Abstract
Glossary
Introduction
Justifications for Government Intervention
Individual Freedom versus Public Health
Distributive Justice in Public Health
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Fetal Origins of Lifetime Health
Abstract
Glossary
Introduction
Early Evidence
Conceptual Framework
Empirical Evidence
The 1918 Influenza
Identification
Evidence from Sudden Shocks
Longer Natural Experiments
Further Issues: Measurements of Fetal Health
Further Issues: Bias from Selective Prenatal Mortality
Conclusion
Acknowledgement
See also
Further Reading
Infectious Disease Externalities
Abstract
Glossary
Introduction
Basic Nature of the Externality
Policies to Offset Externalities
Need for Persistent Policies
Span of the Externality
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Pay for Prevention
Introduction
Evidence
Strengthening the Payment Mechanism
Objections
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Preschool Education Programs
Abstract
Introduction
Evidence from Program Evaluations
Economic Case for Preschool Investments
See also
References
Further Reading
Priority Setting in Public Health
Abstract
Glossary
Introduction
The Scope of the Challenge: The Social Determinants of Health
How to Encourage Intersectoral Alignment: The Role of Economic Evaluation
Translating Evidence into Policy: The Role of Priority Setting Tools
Conclusions
See also
Reference
Further Reading
Public Choice Analysis of Public Health Priority Setting
Abstract
Glossary
Interest Groups
Voting Models
Bureaucratic Decision Making
Conclusion
See also
References
Further Reading
Public Health in Resource Poor Settings
Abstract
Glossary
Introduction
What is Distinctive about Low- and Middle-Income Countries?
Addressing Public Health in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Public Health Profession
Abstract
Introduction
The Origins of the Public Health Profession
Academic Public Health
The Creation of Community Medicine
Multidisciplinary Public Health
Training in Public Health
System Failure
The Chief Medical Officer
Future Directions
See also
Further Reading
Public Health: Overview
Abstract
Glossary
Introduction
The Nature and Scope of Public Health Intervention
Economic Arguments for Government Intervention in Public Health
Economic Evaluation in Public Health
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Unfair Health Inequality
Abstract
Glossary
Introduction
Pure Health Inequality
Socioeconomic Health Inequalities
Unfairness and the Causes of Inequality: A General Framework
Health and Well-Being
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Ambulance and Patient Transport Services
Introduction
Taxonomy of Ambulance and Patient Transport Services
US Emergency Medical Services
Private Provision of Emergency Medical Services
Factors Affecting Quality of Care
Quality of Care and Health Outcomes
Demand for Emergency Medical Services
Cost-Effectiveness/Cost–Benefit Analyses
Conclusion
See also
References
Further Reading
Cost Function Estimates
Abstract
Glossary
The Economic Cost Function: Foundations
Approaches to Cost Function Estimation
Challenges in Cost Function Estimation
Useful Constructs
Functional Form of the Cost Function
Some Applications
Stochastic Frontier Cost Function Estimation: Measuring Inefficiency
Further Reading
Healthcare Safety Net in the US
Abstract
Introduction
Special Needs of Lower Income Populations
Challenges to Providers
Precarious Future
See also
Further Reading
Home Health Services, Economics of
Introduction
Home Health Care Industry
Reimbursement under Medicare
The Nature of Competition
Nature, Roles, and Impacts of Regulation
The Role of Integration
The Use of Technology in Home Health Care
The Nature, Role, and Impact of Quality Initiatives in Home Health Care
Acknowledgements
See also
Further Reading
Long-Term Care
Abstract
Introduction
Who Needs Long-Term Care?
Who Provides Long-Term Care?
Who Pays for Long-Term Care?
Government Regulation of Long-Term Care
Key Economic Questions in Long-Term Care
See also
Further Reading
Production Functions for Medical Services
Abstract
Glossary
Introduction: Distinction between Production Functions for Medical Care versus Production Functions for Health
Hospital Production Functions
Functional Forms
Interpretation of Production Function Estimates
Stochastic Frontier Estimation and Data Envelopment Analysis
Multiproduct Adjustments
Specific Applications: Specialty Care
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Understanding Medical Tourism
Abstract
Glossary
Growth of Medical Tourism
Medical Tourism through a Systems Thinking Perspective
Economic Drivers of Medical Tourism
Health Policy Issues in Medical Tourism
The Future of Medical Tourism
See also
Further Reading
Index
Author Index
No. of pages: 1664
Language: English
Published: February 21, 2014
Imprint: Elsevier
Hardback ISBN: 9780123756787
eBook ISBN: 9780123756794
AC
A J. Culyer
Tony Culyer is Ontario Research Professor of Health Policy & System Design in the faculty of Medicine at the University of Toronto (Canada) and a professor of economics at the University of York (England). He is a founding father of health economics. He was founding co-editor of the Journal of Health Economics and the founding Organiser of the (UK) Health Economists’ Study Group, the first of its kind anywhere). He was, from its creation in 1999 until 2003, Vice Chair of the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) and is chair of NICE International’s Advisory Committee. He has been a member of or chaired many UK National Health Service committees (especially those to do with research) and trusts and was responsible for the 1994 report that led to the redesign of the NHS's system for supporting R&D. He is chair of the Office of Health Economics in London (England). For many years he was chair of the Department of Economics & Related Studies at the University of York (England) and, for six of them, was also deputy vice-chancellor of the university, with special responsibility for the University’s research infrastructure and performance. He is currently Editor-in-Chief of a new on-line Encyclopaedia of Health Economics.
His Canadian connections include having been Chief Scientist at the Institute for Work & Health in Toronto and chair of the Toronto-based Workplace Safety & Insurance Board’s Research Advisory Council. He is a board member of the Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH) and has served on several Ontario Ministry of Health and Long Term Care committees. Dr Culyer has published around 300 articles in various books and scholarly journals and he has written or edited 33 books. A collection of his essays, called The Humble Economist, edited by Karl Claxton and Richard Cookson, was published in 2012 (University of York & Office of Health Economics) and is now available on-line free of charge.
He is a founding Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences. His honours include Commander of the British Empire, Hon DEcon (Stockholm School of Economics) and Honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of London.