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Fish form an extremely diverse group of vertebrates. At a conservative estimate at least 40% of the world's vertebrates are fish. On the one hand they are united by their… Read more
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Editor-in-Chief
Associate Editors
Editors Biographies
Section Editors
Preface
Permission Acknowledgments
Article Titles
AIR-BREATHING FISHES | Circulatory Adaptations for Air-Breathing Fishes
Glossary
Introduction
Defining the Problem
Patterns of ABO Circulation: Lungs and Respiratory Gas Bladders
Circulation Patterns for Other ABOs
Coronary Circulation and Air Breathing
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
AIR-BREATHING FISHES | Respiratory Adaptations for Air-Breathing Fishes
Glossary
Introduction
Types
The Lung and Respiratory Gas Bladder
Other ABOs
Head Region
Digestive Tube
Gills
Skin
ABO Ventilation
See also
Further Reading
AIR-BREATHING FISHES | The Biology, Diversity, and Natural History of Air-Breathing Fishes: An Introduction
Glossary
Introduction
The Diversity of Fish Air Breathing
The Types of Air-Breathing Fishes
The Evolution of Air Breathing
Air Breathing and Natural History
Summary
See also
Further Reading
AQUACULTURE | Physiology of Fish in Culture Environments
Glossary
Introduction
Bioenergetics
Temperature
Oxygen and Oxygen Demand
Carbon Dioxide and Acid–Base Balance
Osmoregulation, Salinity Tolerance, and Smoltification in Cultured Fishes
Exercise and Cultured Fishes
See also
Further Reading
BEHAVIOR AND PHYSIOLOGY | Linking Fish Behavior and Physiology: An Introduction
Glossary
Sensory Systems, Perception, and Learning
Interactions with the Environment
Social and Reproductive Behaviors
See also
Further Reading
BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES TO THE ENVIRONMENT | A Survival Guide for Fishes: How to Obtain Food While Avoiding Being Food
Glossary
The Need for Food and Demands Placed upon Its Acquisition
Foraging Models–What Should You Try to be Doing?
What Should You Eat?
Where Should You Go to Get Food?
How Should You Capture and Consume Your Food?
Dealing with Competition
The Role of Predation Risk and How It Changes the Rules
Tactics for Avoiding Predators
Are There Overall Consequences?
See also
Further Reading
BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES TO THE ENVIRONMENT | Anthropogenic Influences on Fish Behavior
Glossary
Interactions between Physiology and Behavior
Disruption of Sensory Information
Neurotoxins and Interference with Brain Function
Toxicants that Interfere with Respiration
Reproductive Impairment
Future Studies
See also
Further Reading
BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES TO THE ENVIRONMENT | Behavioral Responses to Hypoxia
Glossary
Overview
Altered Activity Patterns
Hypoxia as a Refuge
Surfacing Behaviors
Trade-Off with Predation Risk
Surfacing Behaviors and Parental Care
Terrestrial Behaviors
Future Studies
See also
Further Reading
BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES TO THE ENVIRONMENT | Effects of Compensatory Growth on Fish Behavior
Glossary
Introduction
Behavioral Changes during Compensation
Deferred Costs of Compensatory Growth
Summary
See also
Further Reading
BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES TO THE ENVIRONMENT | Manipulation of Fish Phenotype by Parasites
Glossary
The Parasitic Way of Life
Trophic Transmission and Host Manipulation
Future Directions
See also
Further Reading
BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES TO THE ENVIRONMENT | Sleep in Fish
Glossary
What Is Sleep?
Sleeping Fish
See also
Further Reading
BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES TO THE ENVIRONMENT | Temperature Preference: Behavioral Responses to Temperature in Fishes
Glossary
Introduction
Species Preferences
Environmental Observations
See also
Further Reading
BLOOD | Cellular Composition of the Blood
Glossary
Introduction
Separating Blood Cells
Red Blood Cells
White Blood Cells
See also
Further Reading
BLOOD | Erythropoiesis in Fishes
Glossary
Introduction
See also
Further Reading
BONY FISHES | Blind Cavefish
Glossary
Introduction
Astyanax Cavefish
Troglomorphism
Eye Degeneration
Feeding Apparatus Amplification
Inheritance of Troglomorphic Traits
Evolution of Troglomorphism
See also
Further Reading
BONY FISHES | Crucian Carp
Glossary
Introduction
Occurrence and Habitat
Avoiding Anoxic Energy Deficiency
Ethanol Production
Neural Depression
Heart Activity in Anoxia
Mechanisms of Metabolic Depression
Strategies to Avoid Tissue Anoxia
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
BONY FISHES | Life in Hot Water: The Desert Pupfish
Glossary
Introduction
Habitats
Physiological Studies of Desert Pupfish
Conservation
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
BONY FISHES | Zebrafish
Glossary
Introduction
Appearance
Taxonomy
Distribution and Natural History
Lifecycle and Reproduction
Zebrafish as a Model Organism for Scientific Research
See also
Further Reading
BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM | Autonomic Nervous System of Fishes
Glossary
Introduction
The ANS and Chromaffin Tissue
The ANS of Different Fish Groups
Functional Aspects of the Fish ANS
See also
Further Reading
BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM | Cranial and Spinal Nerves of Fishes: Evolution of the Craniate Pattern
Glossary
Introduction
The Acorn Worm CNS and the Molecular Basis for Its Development
Inducing a CNS and Suppressing Neuronal Capacity in General Ectoderm: A Common Theme Shared among Chordates but Not With All Hemichordates?
Motor Neuron(s), The Ancient Efferent Communication of All Nerves to Induce Muscle Movements for Locomotion
Summary and Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM | Functional Morphology of the Brains of Agnathans
Glossary
Introduction
Hindbrain
Midbrain
Forebrain
See also
Further Reading
BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM | Functional Morphology of the Brains of Cartilaginous Fishes
Glossary
Introduction
Hindbrain
Midbrain
Forebrain
See also
Further Reading
BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM | Functional Morphology of the Brains of Ray-Finned Fishes
Glossary
Introduction
Hindbrain
Midbrain
Forebrain
See also
Further Reading
BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM | Functional Morphology of the Brains of Sarcopterygian Fishes: Lungfishes and Latimeria
Glossary
Introduction
Macroscopical Anatomy of the Brain in Lungfishes and Latimeria
Histological Features of the Brain in Lungfishes
The Brain of the Coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae
See also
Further Reading
BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM | Functional Morphology of the Nervous System: An Introduction
Glossary
Overview of Brain Organization
Historical Perspective
Variation in Brain Structure across the Taxa
See also
Further Reading
BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM | Motor Control Systems of Fish
Glossary
Goal-Directed Locomotion–Overview of Neural Control System
Concluding Remarks
See also
Further Reading
BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM | Opioids and Opioid Receptors in Fishes
Glossary
Endogenous Opioid Peptides
Opioid Receptors
See also
Further Reading
BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM | Physiology of the Mauthner Cell: Discovery and Properties
Glossary
Introduction
The Mauthner Cell
The Mauthner Cell As Model Vertebrate Neuron
Summary
See also
Further Reading
BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM | Physiology of the Mauthner Cell: Function
Glossary
Introduction
Functions of the Mauthner Cell
Cellular Properties as Functional Specializations
Summary
See also
Further Reading
BUOYANCY, LOCOMOTION, AND MOVEMENT IN FISHES | Biomimetics: Robotics Based on Fish Swimming
Glossary
Fish and Robotic Fish
Biomimetics as an Approach to Fish Robotics
Classification of Fish Robots
Design of Fish Robots
Robotic Fish: The Next Generation
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
BUOYANCY, LOCOMOTION, AND MOVEMENT IN FISHES | Buoyancy in Fishes
Glossary
Introduction
Densities of Fishes
Density and Lifestyle
Buoyancy Strategies
See also
Further Reading
BUOYANCY, LOCOMOTION, AND MOVEMENT IN FISHES | Buoyancy, Locomotion, and Movement in Fishes: An Introduction
Glossary
A Short Historical Perspective on Buoyancy and Locomotion
Buoyancy and Locomotion Today
See also
Further Reading
BUOYANCY, LOCOMOTION, AND MOVEMENT IN FISHES | Experimental Hydrodynamics
Glossary
Introduction
Basic Fluid Dynamic Principles
Measuring Fluid Velocities
Interpreting Flow Fields
Future Developments
See also
Further Reading
BUOYANCY, LOCOMOTION, AND MOVEMENT IN FISHES | Fast Start
Glossary
Introduction
Neural Control
Muscle Activity
Hydrodynamics
Performance and Kinematics
Body Design
Environmental Factors
Future Directions
See also
Further Reading
BUOYANCY, LOCOMOTION, AND MOVEMENT IN FISHES | Feeding Mechanics
Glossary
How Do Fishes Capture Prey?
Feeding in Jawless Fishes
The Evolution of Suction Feeding
What Is Suction-Feeding Performance?
Hydrodynamics of Suction Feeding
Ecomorphology of Feeding
Jaw Protrusion
The Integration of Locomotion and Feeding
Future Directions
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
BUOYANCY, LOCOMOTION, AND MOVEMENT IN FISHES | Functional Properties of Skeletal Muscle: Work Loops
Glossary
Work, Swimming, and Muscles
Measuring Work
What We Have Learned Using Work-Loop Analysis
See also
Further Reading
BUOYANCY, LOCOMOTION, AND MOVEMENT IN FISHES | Maneuverability
Glossary
Introduction
Definitions of Maneuvers and Agility
Methodology
Effectors
Types of Maneuvers
Fish Size
Body Form
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
BUOYANCY, LOCOMOTION, AND MOVEMENT IN FISHES | Paired Fin Swimming
Glossary
Diversity of Paired fins
Anatomy of Paired Fins
Fin Motion
Maneuvering
Fin Control
Hydrodynamics
See also
Further Reading
BUOYANCY, LOCOMOTION, AND MOVEMENT IN FISHES | Stability and Turbulence
Glossary
Introduction
Instabilities
The Nature of Turbulent Flows
The Importance of Scale
Response Latency
Fish–Eddy Interactions
Control Systems
Using Eddies
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
BUOYANCY, LOCOMOTION, AND MOVEMENT IN FISHES | Swimbladder Function and Buoyancy Control in Fishes
Glossary
Introduction
Morphology
Metabolic Activity and the Single Concentrating Effect
The Single Concentrating Effect
Countercurrent Concentration
Resorption of Gas
Failure of Swimbladder Inflation
Control of Swimbladder Inflation
See also
Further Reading
BUOYANCY, LOCOMOTION, AND MOVEMENT IN FISHES | Undulatory Swimming
Glossary
Introduction
Undulatory Swimming Modes
Myotomal Muscle Anatomy
Muscle Length Change and Activity
Muscle Mechanical Performance
Force and Power Transmission
Roles of Myotomal Muscle in Addition to Power Production
See also
Further Reading
CELLULAR, MOLECULAR, GENOMICS, AND BIOMEDICAL APPROACHES | Culture of Fish Cell Lines
Glossary
Introduction
Sources
Equipment
Culture Vessels
Growth Media
Growth Temperature
Passaging
Cryopreservation
Applications
See also
Further Reading
CELLULAR, MOLECULAR, GENOMICS, AND BIOMEDICAL APPROACHES | Evolution of Fish Genomes
Glossary
Genome Size and Chromosome Number in Fish
Ancestral Teleost-Specific Genome Duplication and Biodiversity
Diversity of Transposable Elements
Rapid Evolutionary Turnover of Sex Chromosomes
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
CELLULAR, MOLECULAR, GENOMICS, AND BIOMEDICAL APPROACHES | Fish as Model Organisms for Medical Research
Glossary
Introduction
Forward Genetic Screens
Reverse Genetics
Morpholino Gene Knockdown
Transgenesis
Transplantation
Chemical Biology
In Vivo Imaging
Blood
Heart
Kidney
Neuroscience
Muscle
Skin
Behavior
Future
See also
Further Reading
CELLULAR, MOLECULAR, GENOMICS, AND BIOMEDICAL APPROACHES | Germ Cell Migration and Trans Sex
Glossary
What Is a Germ Cell?
How Specified Are PGCs?
Specific Markers for PGCs
When Is a PGC Specified?
PGC Migration
Why Do PGCs Migrate?
High Plasticity in Sex Determination of Fish
What Is a Trans Sex Phenomenon?
When Do Fish Change Sex?
Plasma Steroids Play a Critical Role in Sex Change
See also
Further Reading
CELLULAR, MOLECULAR, GENOMICS, AND BIOMEDICAL APPROACHES | Global Gene Expression Profiling in Fish
Glossary
Introduction
Why Is Global Gene Expression Measured?
How Is Global Gene Expression Measured?
Sources of Variation in Gene Expression Data
Physiological Insights Arising from Global Gene Expression Data
See also
Further Reading
CELLULAR, MOLECULAR, GENOMICS, AND BIOMEDICAL APPROACHES | Growth Hormone Overexpression in Transgenic Fish
Glossary
Brief History of Genetic Engineering in Fish
Physiology of GH Is Well Known
How GH Transgenic Fish Are Made
Growth Effects of GH Transgenes in Fish
Expression of Transgenes and Endocrine Effects
Phenotypic Effects–Morphology
General Viability and Immunology
Nutritional Requirements and Energy Use
Oxygen Uptake, Exercise, and Energy Use
Behavior
Application in Aquaculture, and Environmental Risk Assessments
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
CELLULAR, MOLECULAR, GENOMICS, AND BIOMEDICAL APPROACHES | Molecular and Chromosomal Aspects of Sex Determination
Glossary
Introduction
Genetic Sex Determination
Molecular Control of Sex Differentiation
See also
Further Reading
CELLULAR, MOLECULAR, GENOMICS, AND BIOMEDICAL APPROACHES | Molecular Fish Pathology
Glossary
Introduction
Bacterial Fish Pathogens
Extracellular Products
Excretion Systems
Infection
Fish Viruses
Methods of Control
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
CELLULAR, MOLECULAR, GENOMICS, AND BIOMEDICAL APPROACHES | Physiology of Triploid Fish
Glossary
Introduction
Reproductive Physiology
Hematology, Gas Transport, and Cardiovascular Physiology
Respiration and Metabolism
Stress Response and Environmental Tolerances
Immunology and Disease Resistance
Nutrition and Growth
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
CELLULAR, MOLECULAR, GENOMICS, AND BIOMEDICAL APPROACHES | Pigment Genes and Cancer Genes
Glossary
Introduction
Pigment Cells in Fish
Genetic Control of Pigment Cell Development
Pigment Synthesis Genes
Color Change
Pigment Polymorphisms in the Wild
Pigment Cell Tumors
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
CELLULAR, MOLECULAR, GENOMICS, AND BIOMEDICAL APPROACHES | Transgenesis and Chromosome Manipulation in Fish
Glossary
Introduction
Fish Transgenesis
See also
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
CHONDRICHTHYES | Physiology of Sharks, Skates, and Rays
Glossary
General Overview
Sensory Biology
Muscle Physiology and Swimming
Electric Organs
Buoyancy Regulation
Deep-Water Elasmobranchs
Freshwater Elasmobranchs
Respiration
Circulation
Reproduction
Osmo- and Ionoregulation/Osmoconformation
Digestion
Intermediary Metabolism
Excretion
Neurophysiology
Immune System and Disease Resistance
Endocrinology
Endothermy in Elasmobranchs
Acid–Base Physiology
Summary
See also
Further Reading
General Overview
Sensory Biology
CIRCULATION | Circulatory System Design: Roles and Principles
Glossary
Function of the Cardiovascular System
Operating Principles of the Cardiovascular System
Hemostatics and Hemodynamics
Building a Cardiovascular System
Functional Definitions of Blood Vessels
See also
Further Reading
CIRCULATION | The Circulatory System: An Introduction
Glossary
A Historical Perspective on Circulatory Systems
Circulatory Systems in Fishes Today
See also
Further Reading
CONTROL OF RESPIRATION | Generation of the Respiratory Rhythm in Fish
Glossary
Introduction
The Central Respiratory Rhythm Generator
Influences from the Midbrain
Mechanoreceptors
Episodic Breathing
Recruitment of Feeding Muscles
Air-Breathing Fishes
Summary
See also
Further Reading
CONTROL OF RESPIRATION | Oxygen Sensing in Fish
Glossary
Introduction
Reflex Responses to Hypoxia
Microscopic Observations of Gill O2 Chemoreceptors
Chemoreceptor Response to Hypoxia
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
CONTROL OF RESPIRATION | The Ventilatory Response to CO2/H+
Glossary
Introduction
Reflex Responses
Location of CO2 Chemoreceptors
Stimulus Specificity
See also
Further Reading
DEEP-SEA FISHES
Glossary
What Is the Deep Sea?
Feeding among the Deep-Sea Fishes
Effects of Pressure
Summary
See also
Further Reading
DESIGN AND PHYSIOLOGY OF ARTERIES AND VEINS | Anatomical Pathways and Patterns
Glossary
Fish Vascular Anatomy
Arterial System
Venous System
Hagfish
Elasmobranchs
See also
Further Reading
DESIGN AND PHYSIOLOGY OF ARTERIES AND VEINS | Branchial Anatomy
Glossary
Introduction
The Gill Arch
Gill Filament
Respiratory Lamellae
Epithelial Cells
Gill Vessels
Innervation of the Gill Arch
See also
Further Reading
DESIGN AND PHYSIOLOGY OF ARTERIES AND VEINS | Physiology of Capacitance Vessels
Glossary
Introduction to the Venous System
Functions of Veins
Anatomy
The Fahraeus Effect and the Physiology of Venules and Small Veins
Physiological Significance of Regulation of Venous Tone and Compliance
Physiological Factors That Affect the Capacitance Curve and Therefore Cardiac Output
Techniques for Measurement of Venous Compliance and Venous Tone
See also
Further Reading
DESIGN AND PHYSIOLOGY OF ARTERIES AND VEINS | Physiology of Resistance Vessels
Glossary
Introduction to the Arterial System
Anatomy of Resistance Vessels
Hemodynamics: The Importance of Vascular Resistance on Blood Pressure and Blood Flow
Remote Control of Vascular Resistance
Local Control of Vascular Resistance
Factors That Affect Vascular Resistance
Methods for Measuring Arterial Resistance in Fish
See also
Further Reading
Introduction to the Arterial System
Anatomy of Resistance Vessels
Hemodynamics: The Importance of Vascular Resistance on Blood Pressure and Blood Flow
Remote Control of Vascular Resistance
Local Control of Vascular Resistance
Factors That Affect Vascular Resistance
Methods for Measuring Arterial Resistance in Fish
See also
DESIGN AND PHYSIOLOGY OF ARTERIES AND VEINS | The Gastrointestinal Circulation
Glossary
Introduction
Definition of the GI Tract
Vascularization of the GI Tract
The Liver
The Pancreas
Control of the GBF under Routine Conditions
Factors Influencing the GBF in the Unfed Animal
Concluding Remarks
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Definition of the GI Tract
Vascularization of the GI Tract
The Liver
The Pancreas
Control of the GBF under Routine Conditions
Factors Influencing the GBF in the Unfed Animal
Concluding Remarks
See also
Relevant Websites
Introduction
Definition of the GI Tract
Vascularization of the GI Tract
The Liver
The Pancreas
Control of the GBF under Routine Conditions
Factors Influencing the GBF in the Unfed Animal
Concluding Remarks
See also
DESIGN AND PHYSIOLOGY OF ARTERIES AND VEINS | The Retia
Glossary
What Is a Rete and How Does It Work?
Factors That Affect the Amountof Exchange
Countercurrent Heat Exchangers in Fishes
Countercurrent Multipliers That Serve the Swimbladder and the Retina in Fishes
Evolution of Retia in Fishes
See also
Further Reading
What Is a Rete and How Does It Work?
Factors That Affect the Amountof Exchange
Countercurrent Heat Exchangers in Fishes
Countercurrent Multipliers That Serve the Swimbladder and the Retina in Fishes
Evolution of Retia in Fishes
See also
DESIGN AND PHYSIOLOGY OF CAPILLARIES AND SECONDARY CIRCULATION | Capillaries, Capillarity, and Angiogenesis
Glossary
Introduction
Matching Angiogenesis and Microvascular Function
Concluding Remarks
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Matching Angiogenesis and Microvascular Function
Concluding Remarks
See also
DESIGN AND PHYSIOLOGY OF CAPILLARIES AND SECONDARY CIRCULATION | Circulatory Fluid Balance and Transcapillary Exchange
Glossary
Introduction
The Basic Fluid Compartments
The Important Relationship between Interstitial and Intravascular Compartments
Starling’s Forces and Transcapillary Fluid Balance in Fish
Fluid Movement between Intravascular and Interstitial Compartments
Physiological Significance of Transcapillary Fluid Movement
Comparisons of Transcapillary Fluid Flux, Vascular Permeability, and Interstitial and Intravascular Compliance in Fish and Mammals
Where Are the Leaky and Tight Capillaries?
Do Factors other than Starling’s Forces Play a Role in Transcapillary Fluid Exchange?
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
The Basic Fluid Compartments
The Important Relationship between Interstitial and Intravascular Compartments
Starling’s Forces and Transcapillary Fluid Balance in Fish
Fluid Movement between Intravascular and Interstitial Compartments
Physiological Significance of Transcapillary Fluid Movement
Comparisons of Transcapillary Fluid Flux, Vascular Permeability, and Interstitial and Intravascular Compliance in Fish and Mammals
Where Are the Leaky and Tight Capillaries?
Do Factors other than Starling’s Forces Play a Role in Transcapillary Fluid Exchange?
See also
DESIGN AND PHYSIOLOGY OF CAPILLARIES AND SECONDARY CIRCULATION | Secondary Circulation and Lymphatic Anatomy
Glossary
Lymph Vessels and the Lymphatic System
History of the Secondary Circulation
Anatomy of the Secondary Circulation
Other Features of the Secondary Circulation
See also
Further Reading
Lymph Vessels and the Lymphatic System
History of the Secondary Circulation
Anatomy of the Secondary Circulation
Other Features of the Secondary Circulation
See also
DESIGN AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HEART | Accessory Hearts in Fishes
Glossary
Introduction
Portal Heart of Hagfishes
The Branchial Pumps
Caudal Pumps
Summary
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Portal Heart of Hagfishes
The Branchial Pumps
Caudal Pumps
Summary
See also
DESIGN AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HEART | Action Potential of the Fish Heart
Glossary
What Is the Cardiac Action Potential?
Different Phases of the AP
Species-Specific Differences in AP
See also
Further Reading
What Is the Cardiac Action Potential?
Different Phases of the AP
Species-Specific Differences in AP
See also
DESIGN AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HEART | Cardiac Anatomy in Fishes
Glossary
Introduction
The General Anatomical Structure of a Fish Heart
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
The General Anatomical Structure of a Fish Heart
See also
DESIGN AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HEART | Cardiac Cellular Length–Tension Relationship
Glossary
Introduction
The Frank–Starling Relationship
The SL–Tension Relationship
Myofilament Ca Sensitivity
The SL–Tension Relationship in the Fish Heart
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
The Frank–Starling Relationship
The SL–Tension Relationship
Myofilament Ca Sensitivity
The SL–Tension Relationship in the Fish Heart
Conclusions
See also
DESIGN AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HEART | Cardiac Excitation–Contraction Coupling: Calcium and the Contractile Element
Glossary
Cardiomyocyte Contraction: An Overview
The Activation of a Cardiomyocyte Contraction by Ca2+
The Influence of Temperature on Ca2+ Binding by the Contractile Element
Adaptation of the Trout Contractile Element to Low Temperature
Phylogenetic Analysis of cTnC from a Variety of Vertebrate Species
Cardiac Contractility in Changing Environmental Temperatures
Future Directions
See also
Further Reading
Cardiomyocyte Contraction: An Overview
The Activation of a Cardiomyocyte Contraction by Ca2+
The Influence of Temperature on Ca2+ Binding by the Contractile Element
Adaptation of the Trout Contractile Element to Low Temperature
Phylogenetic Analysis of cTnC from a Variety of Vertebrate Species
Cardiac Contractility in Changing Environmental Temperatures
Future Directions
See also
DESIGN AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HEART | Cardiac Excitation–Contraction Coupling: Routes of Cellular Calcium Flux
Glossary
Introduction
The Ca Transient
Excitation–Contraction Coupling
The Rising Phase of the Ca Transient
The Falling Phase of the Ca Transient
Summary
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
The Ca Transient
Excitation–Contraction Coupling
The Rising Phase of the Ca Transient
The Falling Phase of the Ca Transient
Summary
See also
DESIGN AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HEART | Cellular Ultrastructure of Cardiac Cells in Fishes
Glossary
Introduction
Fish Cardiomyocyte Ultrastructure
Summary
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Fish Cardiomyocyte Ultrastructure
Summary
See also
DESIGN AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HEART | Intracardiac Neurons and Neurotransmitters in Fish
Glossary
Introduction
The Gross Morphology and Anatomy of the Heart
Extrinsic Innervation and Chemical Codes of Autonomic Neurons
Postganglionic Neurons and Neurotransmitter Localization
The Cardiac Pacemaker and Conducting System
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
The Gross Morphology and Anatomy of the Heart
Extrinsic Innervation and Chemical Codes of Autonomic Neurons
Postganglionic Neurons and Neurotransmitter Localization
The Cardiac Pacemaker and Conducting System
Conclusions
See also
DESIGN AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HEART | Physiology of Cardiac Pumping
Glossary
Introduction
The Cardiac Cycle
Pumping Assistance
Cardiac Output
Cardiac Stroke Volume
Heart Rate
Central Arterial Blood Pressure
Cardiac Work
Summary
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
The Cardiac Cycle
Pumping Assistance
Cardiac Output
Cardiac Stroke Volume
Heart Rate
Central Arterial Blood Pressure
Cardiac Work
Summary
See also
DESIGN AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HEART | The Coronary Circulation
Glossary
Introduction
Anatomy
Physiology
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Anatomy
Physiology
See also
DESIGN AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HEART | The Outflow Tract from the Heart
Glossary
Introduction
Terminology, Phylogeny, and Development
Form and Function of the Bulbus Arteriosus
Form and Function of the Conus Arteriosus
Acknowledgment
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Terminology, Phylogeny, and Development
Form and Function of the Bulbus Arteriosus
Form and Function of the Conus Arteriosus
Acknowledgment
See also
Relevant Websites
Introduction
Terminology, Phylogeny, and Development
Form and Function of the Bulbus Arteriosus
Form and Function of the Conus Arteriosus
Acknowledgment
See also
DETECTION AND GENERATION OF ELECTRIC SIGNALS | Active Electrolocation
Glossary
Introduction
EOD Carrier Modulation as a Source of Environmental Information
Prereceptor Mechanisms
Behavioral Performance during Object Detection and Analysis
Foveation in Electrolocation
Electroreceptors for Active Electrolocation
Central Processes
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
EOD Carrier Modulation as a Source of Environmental Information
Prereceptor Mechanisms
Behavioral Performance during Object Detection and Analysis
Foveation in Electrolocation
Electroreceptors for Active Electrolocation
Central Processes
See also
Relevant Websites
Introduction
EOD Carrier Modulation as a Source of Environmental Information
Prereceptor Mechanisms
Behavioral Performance during Object Detection and Analysis
Foveation in Electrolocation
Electroreceptors for Active Electrolocation
Central Processes
See also
DETECTION AND GENERATION OF ELECTRIC SIGNALS | Detection and Generation of Electric Signals in Fishes: An Introduction
Glossary
See also
Further Reading
See also
Relevant Websites
See also
DETECTION AND GENERATION OF ELECTRIC SIGNALS | Development of Electroreceptors and Electric Organs
Glossary
Introduction
Electroreceptor Development
Development of EOs
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Electroreceptor Development
Development of EOs
See also
DETECTION AND GENERATION OF ELECTRIC SIGNALS | Electric Organs
Glossary
Diversity of Electric Organs and Bioelectrogenesis
Morphological Organization of Electrogenic Systems and Its Role in Electrogenesis
See also
Further Reading
Diversity of Electric Organs and Bioelectrogenesis
Morphological Organization of Electrogenic Systems and Its Role in Electrogenesis
See also
DETECTION AND GENERATION OF ELECTRIC SIGNALS | Generation of Electric Signals
Glossary
Introduction
Physiological Mechanisms of Electric Organ Discharges
Central Control of EOD Time Patterns
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Physiological Mechanisms of Electric Organ Discharges
Central Control of EOD Time Patterns
See also
Relevant Websites
Introduction
Physiological Mechanisms of Electric Organ Discharges
Central Control of EOD Time Patterns
See also
DETECTION AND GENERATION OF ELECTRIC SIGNALS | Morphology of Electroreceptive Sensory Organs
Glossary
Introduction
Lampreys: Electroreceptive End Buds
Ampullary Organs
Tuberous Electroreceptive Organs
Monotreme Electroreceptive Organs
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Lampreys: Electroreceptive End Buds
Ampullary Organs
Tuberous Electroreceptive Organs
Monotreme Electroreceptive Organs
See also
DETECTION AND GENERATION OF ELECTRIC SIGNALS | Physiology of Ampullary Electrosensory Systems
Glossary
Introduction
Sources of Electric Fields
Morphology of the Ampullary Organs
Physiology of the Receptors
Information Processing in the Hindbrain
Higher Electrosensory Areas
Electrosensory-Guided Behavior
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Sources of Electric Fields
Morphology of the Ampullary Organs
Physiology of the Receptors
Information Processing in the Hindbrain
Higher Electrosensory Areas
Electrosensory-Guided Behavior
See also
DETECTION AND GENERATION OF ELECTRIC SIGNALS | Physiology of Tuberous Electrosensory Systems
Glossary
Introduction
Amplitude Coding
Time Coding
Physiology of ELL Neurons Receiving Input from Amplitude-Sensitive Electroreceptors
Physiology of Midbrain Neurons: Integration of Sensory Information
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Amplitude Coding
Time Coding
Physiology of ELL Neurons Receiving Input from Amplitude-Sensitive Electroreceptors
Physiology of Midbrain Neurons: Integration of Sensory Information
Conclusion
See also
Relevant Websites
Introduction
Amplitude Coding
Time Coding
Physiology of ELL Neurons Receiving Input from Amplitude-Sensitive Electroreceptors
Physiology of Midbrain Neurons: Integration of Sensory Information
Conclusion
See also
ENERGETIC MODELS | Bioenergetics in Aquaculture Settings
Glossary
Animal Bioenergetics
Defining Bioenergetics: Energy Flow and Partitioning
A Simple Model of Energy Partitioning
Units of Measurement
Chemical Analyses and Energy Determination
Energy Budgets: Growth Trials and the Biological Evaluation of Compound Feeds
Monitoring Feed Intake
Assessment of Nutrient Bioavailability
Metabolic Rates: Energy Expenditure and Rates of Nitrogenous Excretion
Growth and Nutrient Retention Efficiency
Past and Future
See also
Further Reading
Animal Bioenergetics
Defining Bioenergetics: Energy Flow and Partitioning
A Simple Model of Energy Partitioning
Units of Measurement
Chemical Analyses and Energy Determination
Energy Budgets: Growth Trials and the Biological Evaluation of Compound Feeds
Monitoring Feed Intake
Assessment of Nutrient Bioavailability
Metabolic Rates: Energy Expenditure and Rates of Nitrogenous Excretion
Growth and Nutrient Retention Efficiency
Past and Future
See also
ENERGETIC MODELS | Bioenergetics in Ecosystems1
Glossary
Fish Bioenergetics Modeling in Ecosystems: An Overview
A Simple Energy Budget for Fish
Wisconsin Bioenergetics Models for Fish
An Example of Fish Bioenergetics Modeling Guiding Fisheries Management
Estimating the Strength of the Predator–Prey Trophic Link: Other Examples
Use of Bioenergetics Modeling to Better Understand Fish Growth and Consumption
Role of Fish in Cycling Nutrients in Aquatic Ecosystems: Bioenergetics Model Applications
Contaminant Accumulation in Fish: Bioenergetics Model Applications
Limitations to Fish Bioenergetics Model Applications
See also
Further Reading
Fish Bioenergetics Modeling in Ecosystems: An Overview
A Simple Energy Budget for Fish
Wisconsin Bioenergetics Models for Fish
An Example of Fish Bioenergetics Modeling Guiding Fisheries Management
Estimating the Strength of the Predator–Prey Trophic Link: Other Examples
Use of Bioenergetics Modeling to Better Understand Fish Growth and Consumption
Role of Fish in Cycling Nutrients in Aquatic Ecosystems: Bioenergetics Model Applications
Contaminant Accumulation in Fish: Bioenergetics Model Applications
Limitations to Fish Bioenergetics Model Applications
See also
ENERGETICS | Energetics: An Introduction
Glossary
Energy Use by Fish
See also
ENERGETICS | General Energy Metabolism
Glossary
Metabolic Rates of Fish
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Metabolic Rates of Fish
Conclusions
See also
ENERGETICS | Physiological Functions that Scale to Body Mass in Fish
Glossary
Introduction
Scaling in Embryonic Fish
Ontogenetic Changes in Standard Metabolic Rate after Hatching
Interspecific Scaling
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Scaling in Embryonic Fish
Ontogenetic Changes in Standard Metabolic Rate after Hatching
Interspecific Scaling
See also
Relevant Websites
Introduction
Scaling in Embryonic Fish
Ontogenetic Changes in Standard Metabolic Rate after Hatching
Interspecific Scaling
See also
ENERGY UTILIZATION IN GROWTH | Energetics of Growth
Glossary
Introduction
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Conclusion
See also
Relevant Websites
Introduction
Conclusion
See also
ENERGY UTILIZATION IN GROWTH | Growth: Environmental Effects
Glossary
Introduction
Abiotic Factors
Biotic Factors
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Abiotic Factors
Biotic Factors
Conclusion
See also
FISH MIGRATIONS | Eel Migrations
Glossary
Introduction
Larval Migration: The Early Years
Migration from the Coastal Shelf: Life as a Glass Eel
Life in freshwater
The Downstream Migration: Back to the Sea
The Spawning Migration: Into the Big Blue
Concluding Thoughts
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Larval Migration: The Early Years
Migration from the Coastal Shelf: Life as a Glass Eel
Life in freshwater
The Downstream Migration: Back to the Sea
The Spawning Migration: Into the Big Blue
Concluding Thoughts
See also
Relevant Websites
Introduction
Larval Migration: The Early Years
Migration from the Coastal Shelf: Life as a Glass Eel
Life in freshwater
The Downstream Migration: Back to the Sea
The Spawning Migration: Into the Big Blue
Concluding Thoughts
See also
FISH MIGRATIONS | Pacific Salmon Migration: Completing the Cycle
Glossary
Introduction
Larval Developmental Migration
Migration to Larval Feeding Grounds
Smolting and Migration to Sea
Migration to Ocean Feeding Grounds
Directed Migration to the Coast and Natal River
Adult Upriver Migration to Natal Stream
Anthropogenic Threats Involving Salmon Migrations
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Larval Developmental Migration
Migration to Larval Feeding Grounds
Smolting and Migration to Sea
Migration to Ocean Feeding Grounds
Directed Migration to the Coast and Natal River
Adult Upriver Migration to Natal Stream
Anthropogenic Threats Involving Salmon Migrations
Conclusions
See also
FISH MIGRATIONS | The Biology of Fish Migration
Glossary
What is Migration?
Classifying Migrations
Orientation and Navigation
Energetics of Migration
Environmental Factors That Influence Migration
Anthropogenic Impacts on Migration
See also
Further Reading
What is Migration?
Classifying Migrations
Orientation and Navigation
Energetics of Migration
Environmental Factors That Influence Migration
Anthropogenic Impacts on Migration
See also
FISH MIGRATIONS | Tracking Oceanic Fish
Glossary
Introduction
Acoustic Tags
Early Satellite Transmitters
Further Reading
Introduction
Acoustic Tags
Early Satellite Transmitters
Relevant Websites
Introduction
Acoustic Tags
Early Satellite Transmitters
FOOD ACQUISITION AND DIGESTION | Cost of Digestion and Assimilation
Glossary
Introduction
Future Directions
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Future Directions
See also
FOOD ACQUISITION AND DIGESTION | Dietary Requirements of Fish Under Culture Conditions
Glossary
Introduction
Nutrient Functions and Their Requirements
AAs/Protein
Fatty Acids
Minerals and Vitamins
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Nutrient Functions and Their Requirements
AAs/Protein
Fatty Acids
Minerals and Vitamins
See also
FOOD ACQUISITION AND DIGESTION | Digestive Efficiency
Glossary
Concepts in Digestive Efficiency
Dietary Effects on Digestive Efficiency
Fish Digestive Strategies
See also
Further Reading
Concepts in Digestive Efficiency
Dietary Effects on Digestive Efficiency
Fish Digestive Strategies
See also
FOOD ACQUISITION AND DIGESTION | Energetics of Foraging Decisions and Prey Handling
Glossary
Introduction
The Motivation to Feed–When to Forage?
Habitat Selection–Where to Forage?
Searching for Food–How to Forage?
Prey Selection–What to Forage?
More on Prey Handling
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
The Motivation to Feed–When to Forage?
Habitat Selection–Where to Forage?
Searching for Food–How to Forage?
Prey Selection–What to Forage?
More on Prey Handling
See also
FOOD ACQUISITION AND DIGESTION | Energetics of Prey Capture: From Foraging Theory to Functional Morphology
Glossary
Overview of Competition Theory and Relevance
The Ecomorphological Paradigm
Foraging and Prey Capture Behavior
Performance Consequences
See also
Further Reading
Overview of Competition Theory and Relevance
The Ecomorphological Paradigm
Foraging and Prey Capture Behavior
Performance Consequences
See also
GAS EXCHANGE | Respiration: An Introduction
Glossary
Introduction
The Environment: Water and Air as Respiratory Media
Ventilation and Gas-Exchange Organs
Gas Transport and Exchange
Tissue Respiration
Whole Animal and Techniques in Respiratory Physiology
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
The Environment: Water and Air as Respiratory Media
Ventilation and Gas-Exchange Organs
Gas Transport and Exchange
Tissue Respiration
Whole Animal and Techniques in Respiratory Physiology
See also
GUT ANATOMY AND MORPHOLOGY | Development of Fish Gut
Glossary
Introduction
Specification of Endoderm
Development of the Digestive Tract: Formation of the Pharynx, Esophagus, and Intestine
Determination of the Anterior-to-Posterior Position of the Liver and Pancreas
Differentiation of Digestive Organs
Concluding Remarks
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Specification of Endoderm
Development of the Digestive Tract: Formation of the Pharynx, Esophagus, and Intestine
Determination of the Anterior-to-Posterior Position of the Liver and Pancreas
Differentiation of Digestive Organs
Concluding Remarks
See also
GUT ANATOMY AND MORPHOLOGY | Gut Anatomy
Glossary
Introduction
General Anatomy of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Morphology
Species Differences
Other Factors That May Affect Gut Morphology
Concluding Remarks
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
General Anatomy of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Morphology
Species Differences
Other Factors That May Affect Gut Morphology
Concluding Remarks
See also
GUT ANATOMY AND MORPHOLOGY | Pancreas
Glossary
The Pancreas Has Many Functions
Structure of the Adult Pancreas
Embryological Development of the Pancreas
Evolution of the Pancreas
Hormones of the Pancreas
Enzymes of the Pancreas
Regulation of Pancreatic Secretion
Concluding Remarks
See also
Further Reading
The Pancreas Has Many Functions
Structure of the Adult Pancreas
Embryological Development of the Pancreas
Evolution of the Pancreas
Hormones of the Pancreas
Enzymes of the Pancreas
Regulation of Pancreatic Secretion
Concluding Remarks
See also
HAGFISHES AND LAMPREY | Hagfishes
Glossary
The Fascination and a Few Misconceptions
Anaerobic Abilities
The Unique Physiology and Anatomy of Hagfishes
See also
Further Reading
The Fascination and a Few Misconceptions
Anaerobic Abilities
The Unique Physiology and Anatomy of Hagfishes
See also
HAGFISHES AND LAMPREY | Lampreys: Energetics and Development
Glossary
Background
Life History of Lampreys
Locomotion and the Skeletal-Muscle System
Metamorphosis
Upstream Migration and Reproduction
Feeding
Growth and Metabolism
The Great Lakes Invasion by Sea Lampreys
See also
Further Reading
Background
Life History of Lampreys
Locomotion and the Skeletal-Muscle System
Metamorphosis
Upstream Migration and Reproduction
Feeding
Growth and Metabolism
The Great Lakes Invasion by Sea Lampreys
See also
Relevant Websites
Background
Life History of Lampreys
Locomotion and the Skeletal-Muscle System
Metamorphosis
Upstream Migration and Reproduction
Feeding
Growth and Metabolism
The Great Lakes Invasion by Sea Lampreys
See also
HAGFISHES AND LAMPREY | Lampreys: Environmental Physiology
Glossary
Introduction
Gas Exchange and Cardiovascular System
Osmoregulation
Acid–Base Regulation
Nitrogenous Waste Production and Excretion
Concluding Remarks
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Gas Exchange and Cardiovascular System
Osmoregulation
Acid–Base Regulation
Nitrogenous Waste Production and Excretion
Concluding Remarks
See also
HEARING AND LATERAL LINE | Acoustic Behavior
Glossary
Introduction–Fish Behavior and Underwater Sound
What Species Make Sound?
Why Do Fishes Make Sound?
Sound Production and Ontogeny, Sex Differences
Sound Production as a Fishery Management Tool
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Introduction–Fish Behavior and Underwater Sound
What Species Make Sound?
Why Do Fishes Make Sound?
Sound Production and Ontogeny, Sex Differences
Sound Production as a Fishery Management Tool
Conclusion
See also
Relevant Websites
Introduction–Fish Behavior and Underwater Sound
What Species Make Sound?
Why Do Fishes Make Sound?
Sound Production and Ontogeny, Sex Differences
Sound Production as a Fishery Management Tool
Conclusion
See also
HEARING AND LATERAL LINE | Auditory System Morphology
Glossary
Vertebrate Ears
Fish Ears
Getting Sound to the Ear
Hair Cell Number and Fish Growth
Summary
See also
Further Reading
Vertebrate Ears
Fish Ears
Getting Sound to the Ear
Hair Cell Number and Fish Growth
Summary
See also
Relevant Websites
Vertebrate Ears
Fish Ears
Getting Sound to the Ear
Hair Cell Number and Fish Growth
Summary
See also
HEARING AND LATERAL LINE | Auditory/Lateral Line CNS: Anatomy
Glossary
Evolutionary Overview
Central Anatomy of the Auditory and Mechanosensory Lateral Line Systems
Summary
See also
Further Reading
Evolutionary Overview
Central Anatomy of the Auditory and Mechanosensory Lateral Line Systems
Summary
See also
HEARING AND LATERAL LINE | Biomechanics of the Inner Ear in Fishes
Glossary
Introduction
Propagation of Sound Underwater
Interaction of Sound with Fishes
Mechanics of the Hearing Process
Summary and Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Propagation of Sound Underwater
Interaction of Sound with Fishes
Mechanics of the Hearing Process
Summary and Conclusions
See also
Relevant Websites
Introduction
Propagation of Sound Underwater
Interaction of Sound with Fishes
Mechanics of the Hearing Process
Summary and Conclusions
See also
HEARING AND LATERAL LINE | Effects of Human-Generated Sound on Fish
Glossary
Introduction
Sound Sources
Impacts on Fish
Regulation and Mitigation
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Sound Sources
Impacts on Fish
Regulation and Mitigation
See also
Relevant Websites
Introduction
Sound Sources
Impacts on Fish
Regulation and Mitigation
See also
HEARING AND LATERAL LINE | Fish Bioacoustics: An Introduction
Glossary
Origin of the Ear and Hearing
Origin of Knowledge of Fish Hearing
Perspectives on Fish Bioacoustics
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Origin of the Ear and Hearing
Origin of Knowledge of Fish Hearing
Perspectives on Fish Bioacoustics
Conclusions
See also
Relevant Websites
Origin of the Ear and Hearing
Origin of Knowledge of Fish Hearing
Perspectives on Fish Bioacoustics
Conclusions
See also
HEARING AND LATERAL LINE | Lateral Line Neuroethology
Glossary
Introduction
Movement and the Response Characteristics of Lateral Line Submodalities
Feeding
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Movement and the Response Characteristics of Lateral Line Submodalities
Feeding
Conclusion
See also
Relevant Websites
Introduction
Movement and the Response Characteristics of Lateral Line Submodalities
Feeding
Conclusion
See also
HEARING AND LATERAL LINE | Lateral Line Structure
Glossary
What Is the Mechanosensory Lateral Line System?
Structure and Function of Neuromast Receptor Organs in Bony Fishes
Structural Variation in the Lateral Line System among Bony Fishes
Development of the Lateral Line System in Bony Fishes
The Lateral Line System of Chondrichthyan Fishes
The Lateral Line System of Jawless Fishes
See also
Further Reading
What Is the Mechanosensory Lateral Line System?
Structure and Function of Neuromast Receptor Organs in Bony Fishes
Structural Variation in the Lateral Line System among Bony Fishes
Development of the Lateral Line System in Bony Fishes
The Lateral Line System of Chondrichthyan Fishes
The Lateral Line System of Jawless Fishes
See also
HEARING AND LATERAL LINE | Physiology of the Ear and Brain: How Fish Hear
Glossary
Introduction
Auditory Transduction
Afferent Coding of Sounds
Central Representation of Sounds
Summary
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Auditory Transduction
Afferent Coding of Sounds
Central Representation of Sounds
Summary
See also
Relevant Websites
Introduction
Auditory Transduction
Afferent Coding of Sounds
Central Representation of Sounds
Summary
See also
HEARING AND LATERAL LINE | Psychoacoustics: What Fish Hear
Glossary
Fish Can Hear!
How Is Hearing Measured?
Classical Conditioning
Instrumental Avoidance Conditioning
Auditory Evoked Potentials
Species Variation in Hearing Ability
The Determinants of Sensitivity
Frequency Discrimination
Auditory Scene Analysis
What Do Fishes Listen to?
See also
Further Reading
Fish Can Hear!
How Is Hearing Measured?
Classical Conditioning
Instrumental Avoidance Conditioning
Auditory Evoked Potentials
Species Variation in Hearing Ability
The Determinants of Sensitivity
Frequency Discrimination
Auditory Scene Analysis
What Do Fishes Listen to?
See also
HEARING AND LATERAL LINE | Sound Source Localization and Directional Hearing in Fishes
Glossary
Introduction
Behavioral Evidence for Directional Hearing and Sound Source Localization
Theories of Directional Hearing and Sound Source Localization
Brain Mechanisms Underlying Sound Source Localization
Summary and Unresolved Issues
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Behavioral Evidence for Directional Hearing and Sound Source Localization
Theories of Directional Hearing and Sound Source Localization
Brain Mechanisms Underlying Sound Source Localization
Summary and Unresolved Issues
See also
HEARING AND LATERAL LINE | The Ear and Hearing in Sharks, Skates, and Rays
Glossary
Anatomy
Auditory Sensitivity
Summary
See also
Further Reading
Anatomy
Auditory Sensitivity
Summary
See also
HEARING AND LATERAL LINE | Vestibular System Anatomy and Physiology
Glossary
Introduction
Organization of the Vestibular Sensory Periphery
Central Location of Vestibular-Related Octavolateral Nuclei
Origin of the Octavolateral Vestibular Subgroups
Central Terminations of Semicircular Canal and Utricular Afferents
Hindbrain Vestibuloocular Origins and Projections to Extraocular Motor Nuclei
Horizontal Vestibuloocular Subgroups
Vestibulospinal Projections for Locomotor Control and Posture Stabilization
Auxiliary Vestibular Connections for Gaze and Posture Control
Conservation of Fish Vestibular Organization in Other Vertebrates
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Organization of the Vestibular Sensory Periphery
Central Location of Vestibular-Related Octavolateral Nuclei
Origin of the Octavolateral Vestibular Subgroups
Central Terminations of Semicircular Canal and Utricular Afferents
Hindbrain Vestibuloocular Origins and Projections to Extraocular Motor Nuclei
Horizontal Vestibuloocular Subgroups
Vestibulospinal Projections for Locomotor Control and Posture Stabilization
Auxiliary Vestibular Connections for Gaze and Posture Control
Conservation of Fish Vestibular Organization in Other Vertebrates
See also
HEARING AND LATERAL LINE | Vocal Behavior of Fishes: Anatomy and Physiology
Glossary
Introduction
Vocalizations
Vocal Organs
Sexual Dimorphisms in Sound-Producing Muscles
Vocal Neuron Control
Concluding Comments
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Vocalizations
Vocal Organs
Sexual Dimorphisms in Sound-Producing Muscles
Vocal Neuron Control
Concluding Comments
See also
Relevant Websites
Introduction
Vocalizations
Vocal Organs
Sexual Dimorphisms in Sound-Producing Muscles
Vocal Neuron Control
Concluding Comments
See also
HORMONAL CONTROL OF METABOLISM AND IONIC REGULATION | Corticosteroids
Glossary
Introduction
Corticosteroid Synthesis
Central Regulation of Cortisol Release
Corticosteroid Plasma Levels
Molecular Biology of Corticosteroid Receptors
11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2
Molecular Mechanisms of CorticosteroidSignaling
Corticosteroid Target Tissue: Expression of Teleost Corticosteroid Receptors
Regulation of the Corticosteroid Signaling System by Stress Exposure
Evolution of the Teleost Corticosteroid Signaling System: What Is the Role of the Mineralocorticoid-Like Axis?
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Corticosteroid Synthesis
Central Regulation of Cortisol Release
Corticosteroid Plasma Levels
Molecular Biology of Corticosteroid Receptors
11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2
Molecular Mechanisms of CorticosteroidSignaling
Corticosteroid Target Tissue: Expression of Teleost Corticosteroid Receptors
Regulation of the Corticosteroid Signaling System by Stress Exposure
Evolution of the Teleost Corticosteroid Signaling System: What Is the Role of the Mineralocorticoid-Like Axis?
See also
HORMONAL CONTROL OF METABOLISM AND IONIC REGULATION | The Hormonal Control of Osmoregulation in Teleost Fish
Glossary
Introduction: Salt and Water Balance in Fish
Cortisol
Prolactin
Growth Hormone and IGF-I
Thyroid Hormones
The Special Case of Anadromy
Summary
See also
Further Reading
Introduction: Salt and Water Balance in Fish
Cortisol
Prolactin
Growth Hormone and IGF-I
Thyroid Hormones
The Special Case of Anadromy
Summary
See also
HORMONAL CONTROL OF REPRODUCTION AND GROWTH | Control of Appetite in Fish
Glossary
How Is Appetite Regulated in Vertebrates?
Fish as a Model to Study the Mechanisms Regulating Appetite
Studying Appetite in Fish: Methodsand Approaches
Hormones and Appetite in Fish
Influence of Feeding Status and Circulating Metabolite Levels on Appetite
Influence of Gender, Reproductive Status, and Genetics on Appetite
Environmental Control of Appetite
See also
Further Reading
How Is Appetite Regulated in Vertebrates?
Fish as a Model to Study the Mechanisms Regulating Appetite
Studying Appetite in Fish: Methodsand Approaches
Hormones and Appetite in Fish
Influence of Feeding Status and Circulating Metabolite Levels on Appetite
Influence of Gender, Reproductive Status, and Genetics on Appetite
Environmental Control of Appetite
See also
HORMONAL CONTROL OF REPRODUCTION AND GROWTH | Endocrine Control of Sex Differentiation in Fish
Glossary
Introduction
Morphological Aspects
Endocrine Control of Sex Differentiation
Environmental Influences
Concluding Remarks
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Morphological Aspects
Endocrine Control of Sex Differentiation
Environmental Influences
Concluding Remarks
See also
HORMONAL CONTROL OF REPRODUCTION AND GROWTH | Endocrine Regulation of Fish Reproduction
Glossary
Introduction–Overview of the Brain–Hypophyseal–Gonadal Axis
Oogenesis
Spermatogenesis
Gonadal Steroids
Gonadotropins and Their Regulation
See also
Further Reading
Introduction–Overview of the Brain–Hypophyseal–Gonadal Axis
Oogenesis
Spermatogenesis
Gonadal Steroids
Gonadotropins and Their Regulation
See also
HORMONAL CONTROL OF REPRODUCTION AND GROWTH | Endocrinology of Fish Growth
Glossary
Food Intake and Growth Are Coordinated
General Features of Appetite Regulation
Appetite Stimulation
Appetite Suppression
Environmental Influences on Food Intake
Patterns of Growth in Fish
The GH–Insulin-Like Growth Factor System
Other Growth-Regulating Hormones
Control of Growth Hormone Production and Release
Peripheral Control of Growth
Environmental Influences on Growth
See also
Further Reading
Food Intake and Growth Are Coordinated
General Features of Appetite Regulation
Appetite Stimulation
Appetite Suppression
Environmental Influences on Food Intake
Patterns of Growth in Fish
The GH–Insulin-Like Growth Factor System
Other Growth-Regulating Hormones
Control of Growth Hormone Production and Release
Peripheral Control of Growth
Environmental Influences on Growth
See also
HORMONAL RESPONSES TO STRESS | Catecholamines
Glossary
Biosynthesis of Catecholamines
Sites of Catecholamine Synthesis and Storage
Situations Eliciting the Release of Catecholamines into the Circulation
Mechanisms of Catecholamine Secretion
Effects of Plasma Catecholamines and Mechanisms of Action
See also
Further Reading
Biosynthesis of Catecholamines
Sites of Catecholamine Synthesis and Storage
Situations Eliciting the Release of Catecholamines into the Circulation
Mechanisms of Catecholamine Secretion
Effects of Plasma Catecholamines and Mechanisms of Action
See also
HORMONAL RESPONSES TO STRESS | Hormone Response to Stress
Glossary
Hormones, Stress and Stressors
Factors Modifying the Stress Response
Concluding Remarks
See also
Further Reading
Hormones, Stress and Stressors
Factors Modifying the Stress Response
Concluding Remarks
See also
HORMONAL RESPONSES TO STRESS | Impact of Stress in Health and Reproduction
Glossary
Impact of Stress on Reproduction
Impact of Stress on Health
See also
Further Reading
Impact of Stress on Reproduction
Impact of Stress on Health
See also
HORMONAL RESPONSES TO STRESS | Stress Effect on Growth and Metabolism
Glossary
Introduction
Catecholamines
Glucocorticoids
Other Related Hormones
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Catecholamines
Glucocorticoids
Other Related Hormones
See also
HORMONES IN COMMUNICATION | Hormonal Pheromones
Glossary
Introduction
Goldfish and Related Carps
Female Preovulatory Steroid Pheromone
Female Postovulatory Prostaglandin Pheromone
Mechanisms of Pheromone Action
Male-Derived Hormonal Pheromones
A Goldfish Chemical Network?
Hormonal Pheromones and Species Specificity
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Goldfish and Related Carps
Female Preovulatory Steroid Pheromone
Female Postovulatory Prostaglandin Pheromone
Mechanisms of Pheromone Action
Male-Derived Hormonal Pheromones
A Goldfish Chemical Network?
Hormonal Pheromones and Species Specificity
See also
HYPOXIA | Anaerobic Metabolism in Fish
Glossary
Introduction
General Overview of the ATP-GeneratingPathways in Fish
The Fate of Pyruvate
Lactate and Acid
Why Use Anaerobic Metabolism?
Anaerobic Metabolism and Hypoxia Exposure in Fish
Anaerobic Metabolism and Exhaustive Exercise
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
General Overview of the ATP-GeneratingPathways in Fish
The Fate of Pyruvate
Lactate and Acid
Why Use Anaerobic Metabolism?
Anaerobic Metabolism and Hypoxia Exposure in Fish
Anaerobic Metabolism and Exhaustive Exercise
See also
HYPOXIA | Metabolic Rate Suppression as a Mechanism for Surviving Hypoxia
Glossary
Introduction
Defining Metabolic Rate and Metabolic Scope
Measuring Metabolic Rate
Hypoxia Exposure Imposes a Metabolic Stress in Animals
Metabolic Scope for Survival: Suppression of Metabolic Rate Saves Precious Energy
Changes in Behavior Contribute to Metabolic Rate Suppression
Changes in Physiology Contribute to Metabolic Rate Suppression
Changes in Biochemistry Contribute to Metabolic Rate Suppression
Summary
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Defining Metabolic Rate and Metabolic Scope
Measuring Metabolic Rate
Hypoxia Exposure Imposes a Metabolic Stress in Animals
Metabolic Scope for Survival: Suppression of Metabolic Rate Saves Precious Energy
Changes in Behavior Contribute to Metabolic Rate Suppression
Changes in Physiology Contribute to Metabolic Rate Suppression
Changes in Biochemistry Contribute to Metabolic Rate Suppression
Summary
See also
HYPOXIA | Respiratory Responses to Hypoxia in Fishes
Glossary
Introduction
What Is the Hypoxic Hyperventilatory Response?
What Is the Benefit of the Hypoxic Ventilatory Response?
What Are the Pathways Mediating the Hypoxic Ventilatory Response?
Ontogeny and Plasticity of the Hypoxic Ventilatory Response
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
What Is the Hypoxic Hyperventilatory Response?
What Is the Benefit of the Hypoxic Ventilatory Response?
What Are the Pathways Mediating the Hypoxic Ventilatory Response?
Ontogeny and Plasticity of the Hypoxic Ventilatory Response
See also
HYPOXIA | The Expanding Hypoxic Environment
Glossary
Importance of Oxygen and Hypoxia
Where Does Hypoxia Occur?
Rise of Anthropogenic Influence on Oxygen Budgets
Oxygen Budgets and Global Climate Change
See also
Further Reading
Importance of Oxygen and Hypoxia
Where Does Hypoxia Occur?
Rise of Anthropogenic Influence on Oxygen Budgets
Oxygen Budgets and Global Climate Change
See also
INTEGRATED CONTROL AND RESPONSE OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM | Central Control of Cardiorespiratory Interactions in Fish
Glossary
Introduction
Elasmobranchs
Teleosts
Air-Breathing Fish
The Neural Basis of CRIs
Summary
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Elasmobranchs
Teleosts
Air-Breathing Fish
The Neural Basis of CRIs
Summary
See also
INTEGRATED CONTROL AND RESPONSE OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM | Hormone Metabolism in the Circulation
Glossary
Hormones and the Endocrine System
Types of Hormones
Mechanisms of Hormone Inactivation in Mammals
Mechanisms of Hormone Inactivation in Fish
Methods for Measuring Hormone Inactivation
See also
Further Reading
Hormones and the Endocrine System
Types of Hormones
Mechanisms of Hormone Inactivation in Mammals
Mechanisms of Hormone Inactivation in Fish
Methods for Measuring Hormone Inactivation
See also
INTEGRATED CONTROL AND RESPONSE OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM | Integrated Cardiovascular Responses of Fish to Swimming
Glossary
Introduction
Aerobic Swimming
Anaerobic Swimming
Summary
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Aerobic Swimming
Anaerobic Swimming
Summary
See also
INTEGRATED CONTROL AND RESPONSE OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM | Integrated Control of the Circulatory System
Glossary
Introduction
Control Systems
Integrative Analysis of the Fish Cardiovascular System
Examples of Complex and Simple Cardiovascular Regulation Using Negative Feedback Loops
Examples of Cardiovascular Regulation Using Feedforward Mechanisms
Examples of Cardiovascular Regulation Using Rheostasis
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Control Systems
Integrative Analysis of the Fish Cardiovascular System
Examples of Complex and Simple Cardiovascular Regulation Using Negative Feedback Loops
Examples of Cardiovascular Regulation Using Feedforward Mechanisms
Examples of Cardiovascular Regulation Using Rheostasis
See also
INTEGRATED CONTROL AND RESPONSE OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM | Integrated Responses of the Circulatory System to Digestion
Glossary
Introduction
Blood Supply of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Regulation of the Gastrointestinal Blood Flow during Digestion
Other Factors Influencing the Response of the Circulatory System after Feeding
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Blood Supply of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Regulation of the Gastrointestinal Blood Flow during Digestion
Other Factors Influencing the Response of the Circulatory System after Feeding
See also
Relevant Websites
Introduction
Blood Supply of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Regulation of the Gastrointestinal Blood Flow during Digestion
Other Factors Influencing the Response of the Circulatory System after Feeding
See also
INTEGRATED CONTROL AND RESPONSE OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM | Integrated Responses of the Circulatory System to Hypoxia
Glossary
Introduction
Acute Hypoxia
Summary
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Acute Hypoxia
Summary
See also
INTEGRATED CONTROL AND RESPONSE OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM | Integrated Responses of the Circulatory System to Temperature
Glossary
Introduction
Acute Temperature Effects on Resting Cardiac Function
Temperature Effects on Maximum Cardiac Function and Scope for Cardiac Output
Responses of the Cardiovascular System to Temperature Acclimation
Adaptations of the Cardiovascular System
Summary
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Acute Temperature Effects on Resting Cardiac Function
Temperature Effects on Maximum Cardiac Function and Scope for Cardiac Output
Responses of the Cardiovascular System to Temperature Acclimation
Adaptations of the Cardiovascular System
Summary
See also
INTEGRATED FUNCTION AND CONTROL OF THE GUT | Barrier Function of the Gut
Glossary
Introduction
The Epithelium
The Intestinal Barrier
The Barrier Function of Different Intestinal Regions
Translocation of Pathogens across the Barriers
The Barrier in Stress and Disease
Species Differences
Concluding Remarks
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
The Epithelium
The Intestinal Barrier
The Barrier Function of Different Intestinal Regions
Translocation of Pathogens across the Barriers
The Barrier in Stress and Disease
Species Differences
Concluding Remarks
See also
INTEGRATED FUNCTION AND CONTROL OF THE GUT | Endocrine Systems of the Gut
Glossary
Introduction
Gastrin, Histamine, and Somatostatin Interact in the Control of Gastric Acid Secretion
CCK Affects Appetite and Digestion
Serotonin–Hormone or Transmitter?
Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Has a Deviant Effect in Fish
Ghrelin Influences Appetite and Growth-Hormone Secretion
Leptin’s Role in the Gut Is Not Yet Known in Fish
Concluding Remarks
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Gastrin, Histamine, and Somatostatin Interact in the Control of Gastric Acid Secretion
CCK Affects Appetite and Digestion
Serotonin–Hormone or Transmitter?
Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Has a Deviant Effect in Fish
Ghrelin Influences Appetite and Growth-Hormone Secretion
Leptin’s Role in the Gut Is Not Yet Known in Fish
Concluding Remarks
See also
INTEGRATED FUNCTION AND CONTROL OF THE GUT | Gut Motility
Glossary
What Is Gut Motility?
Different Motility Patterns Are Present in the Gut
Cellular Mechanisms behind Motility
Gut Motility Is Tightly Controlled
Development of Gut Motility and Control
Integrated Effects on Gut Motility
Concluding Remarks
See also
Further Reading
What Is Gut Motility?
Different Motility Patterns Are Present in the Gut
Cellular Mechanisms behind Motility
Gut Motility Is Tightly Controlled
Development of Gut Motility and Control
Integrated Effects on Gut Motility
Concluding Remarks
See also
INTEGRATED FUNCTION AND CONTROL OF THE GUT | Gut Secretion and Digestion
Glossary
Introduction
Secretion
Digestion
Concluding Remarks
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Secretion
Digestion
Concluding Remarks
See also
INTEGRATED FUNCTION AND CONTROL OF THE GUT | Intestinal Absorption
Glossary
Introduction
The Intestine as a Transporting Epithelium
Transepithelial Transport of Macronutrients
Protein Absorption
Lipid Absorption
Carbohydrate Absorption
Intestinal Ion and Water Transport
Micronutrient Absorption
Regionalization of Intestinal Absorption
Concluding Remarks
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
The Intestine as a Transporting Epithelium
Transepithelial Transport of Macronutrients
Protein Absorption
Lipid Absorption
Carbohydrate Absorption
Intestinal Ion and Water Transport
Micronutrient Absorption
Regionalization of Intestinal Absorption
Concluding Remarks
See also
INTEGRATED FUNCTION AND CONTROL OF THE GUT | Nervous System of the Gut
Glossary
Autonomic Nerves Innervate the Gut
Anatomy of the Gut Nervous System
Neurotransmitters and Their Receptors
Concluding Remarks
See also
Further Reading
Autonomic Nerves Innervate the Gut
Anatomy of the Gut Nervous System
Neurotransmitters and Their Receptors
Concluding Remarks
See also
INTERTIDAL FISHES | Intertidal Habitats
Glossary
Introduction
Tidal Cycles
Types of Intertidal Habitats
Adaptations to Changing Salinity
Adaptations to Changing Oxygenation
Adaptations to Changing Temperature
Other Environmental Factors
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Tidal Cycles
Types of Intertidal Habitats
Adaptations to Changing Salinity
Adaptations to Changing Oxygenation
Adaptations to Changing Temperature
Other Environmental Factors
See also
MUSCLES, SKELETON, SKIN, AND MOVEMENT | Functional Anatomy of Bones, Muscle, and Skin: An Introduction
Glossary
A Brief Historical Perspective on Functional Anatomy of Fishes
Functional Anatomy of Fishes Today
See also
Further Reading
A Brief Historical Perspective on Functional Anatomy of Fishes
Functional Anatomy of Fishes Today
See also
NITROGENOUS-WASTE BALANCE | Excretion of Ammonia
Glossary
Introduction
Ammonia Gas, Ammonium Ions, and pH
Ammonia Excretion and pH
Ammonia Transfer across Cell Membranes
Ammonia and Gill Ventilation
Ammonia Volatilization
Ammonia Toxicity
Ureogenesis
Feeding and Exercise
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Ammonia Gas, Ammonium Ions, and pH
Ammonia Excretion and pH
Ammonia Transfer across Cell Membranes
Ammonia and Gill Ventilation
Ammonia Volatilization
Ammonia Toxicity
Ureogenesis
Feeding and Exercise
See also
NITROGENOUS-WASTE BALANCE | Ureotelism
Glossary
Introduction
Synthesis of Urea
Retention of Urea in Elasmobranchs and Coelacanths
Urea Excretion
Environmental Impacts on Urea Excretion
Early Life Stages
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Synthesis of Urea
Retention of Urea in Elasmobranchs and Coelacanths
Urea Excretion
Environmental Impacts on Urea Excretion
Early Life Stages
See also
OSMOTIC, IONIC AND NITROGENOUS-WASTE BALANCE | Mechanisms of Gill Salt Secretion in Marine Teleosts
Glossary
Introduction
The Mitochondrion-Rich Cell
Mechanisms of NaCl Transport across the MRC
Molecular Evidence for Routes of NaCl Transport
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
The Mitochondrion-Rich Cell
Mechanisms of NaCl Transport across the MRC
Molecular Evidence for Routes of NaCl Transport
See also
OSMOTIC, IONIC AND NITROGENOUS-WASTE BALANCE | Mechanisms of Ion Transport in Freshwater Fishes
Glossary
Introduction
Na+ Uptake/Acid Secretion
Cl− Uptake/Base Secretion
Ca2+ Uptake
Different Subtypes of Ionocytes
Functional Regulation to Cope with Fluctuating Environments
Summary
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Na+ Uptake/Acid Secretion
Cl− Uptake/Base Secretion
Ca2+ Uptake
Different Subtypes of Ionocytes
Functional Regulation to Cope with Fluctuating Environments
Summary
See also
OSMOTIC, IONIC AND NITROGENOUS-WASTE BALANCE | Osmoregulation in Fishes: An Introduction
Glossary
Introduction
Paleoecology of Fishes
Osmoregulation in Marine Fishes
Osmoregulation in Freshwater Fishes
The Origin of Ionic Uptake Systems in the Early Vertebrates
Why Aren’t All Fishes Euryhaline?
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Paleoecology of Fishes
Osmoregulation in Marine Fishes
Osmoregulation in Freshwater Fishes
The Origin of Ionic Uptake Systems in the Early Vertebrates
Why Aren’t All Fishes Euryhaline?
See also
OSMOTIC, IONIC AND NITROGENOUS-WASTE BALANCE | Osmosensing
Glossary
Why Do Fishes Need to Sense Environmental Salinity?
Basic Principles of Osmosensory Signal Transduction
Molecular Osmosensors
The Ion–Damage–Cytokine Model of Osmosensing
Cellular Osmosensing and Chloride Cell Differentiation
Role of Osmosensing for Fish Sperm Motility
See also
Further Reading
Why Do Fishes Need to Sense Environmental Salinity?
Basic Principles of Osmosensory Signal Transduction
Molecular Osmosensors
The Ion–Damage–Cytokine Model of Osmosensing
Cellular Osmosensing and Chloride Cell Differentiation
Role of Osmosensing for Fish Sperm Motility
See also
Relevant Websites
Why Do Fishes Need to Sense Environmental Salinity?
Basic Principles of Osmosensory Signal Transduction
Molecular Osmosensors
The Ion–Damage–Cytokine Model of Osmosensing
Cellular Osmosensing and Chloride Cell Differentiation
Role of Osmosensing for Fish Sperm Motility
See also
OSMOTIC, IONIC AND NITROGENOUS-WASTE BALANCE | Water Balance and Aquaporin
Glossary
Introduction
General Aspects of Osmosis
Gill Water Transport
Gastrointestinal Water Transport
Renal Water Flows
Urinary Bladder
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
General Aspects of Osmosis
Gill Water Transport
Gastrointestinal Water Transport
Renal Water Flows
Urinary Bladder
See also
PELAGIC FISHES | An Introduction to the Biology of Pelagic Fishes
Glossary
Introduction
General Adaptations for Life in the Pelagic Realm
Do Pelagic Fish Have a Depth Preference?
What May Limit the Vertical Movements of Pelagic Fishes?
Physiological and Morphological Adaptations That Allow Some Pelagic Fishes to Undergo Rapid and Repeated Vertical Movements in the Water Column
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
General Adaptations for Life in the Pelagic Realm
Do Pelagic Fish Have a Depth Preference?
What May Limit the Vertical Movements of Pelagic Fishes?
Physiological and Morphological Adaptations That Allow Some Pelagic Fishes to Undergo Rapid and Repeated Vertical Movements in the Water Column
See also
PELAGIC FISHES | Endothermy in Tunas, Billfishes, and Sharks
Glossary
Introduction
Systemic Endothermy
Cranial Endothermy
Heater Organ Tissue
How Fish Have Built a Furnace Out of Muscle
Telemetry of Brain Temperature
Why Be Warm?
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Systemic Endothermy
Cranial Endothermy
Heater Organ Tissue
How Fish Have Built a Furnace Out of Muscle
Telemetry of Brain Temperature
Why Be Warm?
See also
PELAGIC FISHES | Physiology of Tuna
Glossary
Introduction
Continuous Swimming
High Metabolic Rates and Aerobic Scopes
Specializations Associated with High Aerobic Capacity
Physiological Consequences of Regional Endothermy
Physiological Consequences of Diving in Tunas
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Continuous Swimming
High Metabolic Rates and Aerobic Scopes
Specializations Associated with High Aerobic Capacity
Physiological Consequences of Regional Endothermy
Physiological Consequences of Diving in Tunas
See also
REPRODUCTION | The Diversity of Fish Reproduction: An Introduction
Glossary
See also
Further Reading
See also
RESPONSES AND ADAPTATIONS TO THE ENVIRONMENT | General Principles of Biochemical Adaptations
Glossary
Introduction
Noncovalent Bonding as a Basis for Environmental Stress
Optimal Values for Biochemical Systems: The Conservative Side of Adaptation
Conservation of Protein Structure and Function
Conservation of an Appropriate Internal Milieu
Conservation of Membrane Function: Homeoviscous and Homeophasic Adaptation
Conservation of Gene Regulatory Ability
Summary
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Noncovalent Bonding as a Basis for Environmental Stress
Optimal Values for Biochemical Systems: The Conservative Side of Adaptation
Conservation of Protein Structure and Function
Conservation of an Appropriate Internal Milieu
Conservation of Membrane Function: Homeoviscous and Homeophasic Adaptation
Conservation of Gene Regulatory Ability
Summary
See also
ROLE OF THE GILLS | Morphology of Branchial Ionocytes
Glossary
Introduction
Pavement Cells
MRCs or Chloride Cells
MCR Identification
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Pavement Cells
MRCs or Chloride Cells
MCR Identification
See also
ROLE OF THE GILLS | The Osmorespiratory Compromise
Glossary
What Is the Osmorespiratory Compromise?
The Effect of Changes in Branchial Surface Area
The Effect of Changes in Branchial Diffusion Distance
Effect of Branchial Remodeling
See also
Further Reading
What Is the Osmorespiratory Compromise?
The Effect of Changes in Branchial Surface Area
The Effect of Changes in Branchial Diffusion Distance
Effect of Branchial Remodeling
See also
ROLE OF THE GUT | Dogfish Rectal Gland
Glossary
Introduction
Anatomy
Studying Rectal Gland Secretory Function
Mechanism of Salt Transport
Controls of Rectal Gland Function
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Anatomy
Studying Rectal Gland Secretory Function
Mechanism of Salt Transport
Controls of Rectal Gland Function
Conclusion
See also
ROLE OF THE GUT | Gut Ion, Osmotic and Acid-Base Regulation
Glossary
Introduction
Gut Anatomy
Ion and Osmotic Regulation Functions of the Gut in Nonfeeding Teleost Fish
Intestinal Cl− and Water Absorption Directly Linked to HCO3− Secretion
Intestinal Water Absorption Indirectly Linked to HCO3− Secretion via Alkaline CaCO3 Precipitation
Ion Regulation in the Gut of Freshwater Fish
Ion and Osmotic Regulation by the Gut of Feeding Freshwater Teleost Fish
Ion and Osmotic Regulation by the Gut of Feeding Marine Teleost Fish
The Role of the Gut in Acid–Base Regulation
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Gut Anatomy
Ion and Osmotic Regulation Functions of the Gut in Nonfeeding Teleost Fish
Intestinal Cl− and Water Absorption Directly Linked to HCO3− Secretion
Intestinal Water Absorption Indirectly Linked to HCO3− Secretion via Alkaline CaCO3 Precipitation
Ion Regulation in the Gut of Freshwater Fish
Ion and Osmotic Regulation by the Gut of Feeding Freshwater Teleost Fish
Ion and Osmotic Regulation by the Gut of Feeding Marine Teleost Fish
The Role of the Gut in Acid–Base Regulation
See also
ROLE OF THE KIDNEYS | Histology of the Kidney
Glossary
Introduction
Evolution of the Kidney
Pronephros or Head Kidney
Opisthonephros
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Evolution of the Kidney
Pronephros or Head Kidney
Opisthonephros
See also
ROLE OF THE KIDNEYS | The Kidney
Glossary
Introduction
Kidney Structure
Urine Formation
Acid–Base Balance by the Kidney
Nitrogen Excretion by the Kidney
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Kidney Structure
Urine Formation
Acid–Base Balance by the Kidney
Nitrogen Excretion by the Kidney
See also
SENSORY SYSTEMS, PERCEPTION, AND LEARNING | Circadian Rhythms in Fish
Glossary
Introduction
Expressions of Circadian Rhythmicity
Entrainment of the Circadian Clock
Diurnality and Nocturnality
Location of the Circadian Clock
Clock Genes
Circatidal Rhythms
Other Rhythms
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Expressions of Circadian Rhythmicity
Entrainment of the Circadian Clock
Diurnality and Nocturnality
Location of the Circadian Clock
Clock Genes
Circatidal Rhythms
Other Rhythms
See also
SENSORY SYSTEMS, PERCEPTION, AND LEARNING | Communication Behavior: Visual Signals
Glossary
Introduction
Bioluminescent Signaling
Signaling with Reflected Light
Evolution of Visual Signals
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Bioluminescent Signaling
Signaling with Reflected Light
Evolution of Visual Signals
See also
SENSORY SYSTEMS, PERCEPTION, AND LEARNING | Fish Learning and Memory
Glossary
Introduction
Different Forms of Learning and Memory
Areas of the Fish Brain Involved in Learning and Memory
Factors That Affect Learning and Memory
Sensitive Phases for Learning or Imprinting
Learning and Memory in Applied Contexts
Summary
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Different Forms of Learning and Memory
Areas of the Fish Brain Involved in Learning and Memory
Factors That Affect Learning and Memory
Sensitive Phases for Learning or Imprinting
Learning and Memory in Applied Contexts
Summary
See also
SENSORY SYSTEMS, PERCEPTION, AND LEARNING | How Fishes Use Sound: Quiet to Loud and Simple to Complex Signalling
Glossary
Introduction to Vocal Fishes: Quiet versus Loud Vocalizers
Discovery and Evolution of Vocal Fish Behavior
Fish Call Characteristics: Simple versus Complex
Chorusing Behavior: Schooling, Spawning, and Feeding
Reproductive Sound Signaling: Male Display and Female Mate Choice
Agonistic Sound Signaling within Species
Avoiding and Repelling Predators
Sound Signals Relative to Other Communication Modalities
Conclusions: What Fish Sounds Can and Cannot Do
See also
Further Reading
Introduction to Vocal Fishes: Quiet versus Loud Vocalizers
Discovery and Evolution of Vocal Fish Behavior
Fish Call Characteristics: Simple versus Complex
Chorusing Behavior: Schooling, Spawning, and Feeding
Reproductive Sound Signaling: Male Display and Female Mate Choice
Agonistic Sound Signaling within Species
Avoiding and Repelling Predators
Sound Signals Relative to Other Communication Modalities
Conclusions: What Fish Sounds Can and Cannot Do
See also
Relevant Websites
Introduction to Vocal Fishes: Quiet versus Loud Vocalizers
Discovery and Evolution of Vocal Fish Behavior
Fish Call Characteristics: Simple versus Complex
Chorusing Behavior: Schooling, Spawning, and Feeding
Reproductive Sound Signaling: Male Display and Female Mate Choice
Agonistic Sound Signaling within Species
Avoiding and Repelling Predators
Sound Signals Relative to Other Communication Modalities
Conclusions: What Fish Sounds Can and Cannot Do
See also
SENSORY SYSTEMS, PERCEPTION, AND LEARNING | Magnetic Sense in Fishes
Glossary
Introduction
Magnetic Fields in Nature and the Laboratory
Behavioral Responses to Magnetic Fields
Neural Responses
Magnetite-Based Magnetoreceptor Cells?
Neuroanatomy
Do Fish Use the Earth’s Magnetic Field to Navigate?
Outlook
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Magnetic Fields in Nature and the Laboratory
Behavioral Responses to Magnetic Fields
Neural Responses
Magnetite-Based Magnetoreceptor Cells?
Neuroanatomy
Do Fish Use the Earth’s Magnetic Field to Navigate?
Outlook
See also
SENSORY SYSTEMS, PERCEPTION, AND LEARNING | Nociception or Pain in Fish
Glossary
What Are Nociception and Pain?
Why Is Fish Pain Controversial?
Learning to Avoid Noxious Stimuli
Behavioral Responses to Pain or Nociception in Fish
Species-Specific Responses
How Important Would Pain Be to a Fish?
Future Research Perspectives
See also
Further Reading
What Are Nociception and Pain?
Why Is Fish Pain Controversial?
Learning to Avoid Noxious Stimuli
Behavioral Responses to Pain or Nociception in Fish
Species-Specific Responses
How Important Would Pain Be to a Fish?
Future Research Perspectives
See also
Relevant Websites
What Are Nociception and Pain?
Why Is Fish Pain Controversial?
Learning to Avoid Noxious Stimuli
Behavioral Responses to Pain or Nociception in Fish
Species-Specific Responses
How Important Would Pain Be to a Fish?
Future Research Perspectives
See also
SENSORY SYSTEMS, PERCEPTION, AND LEARNING | Shocking Comments: Electrocommunication in Teleost Fish
Glossary
Introduction
Discovery of Electrocommunication
Generating Electrocommunication Signals in Two forms: Wave versus Pulse EODs
Communication through the Continuous EOD: Function in Species and Sexual Identification
Communication through EOD Modulations: Function in Aggression and Courtship
Hormonal Influences on Electrocommunication Systems
Evolution of Electrocommunication
Electrocommunication as a Model in Neuroethology
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Discovery of Electrocommunication
Generating Electrocommunication Signals in Two forms: Wave versus Pulse EODs
Communication through the Continuous EOD: Function in Species and Sexual Identification
Communication through EOD Modulations: Function in Aggression and Courtship
Hormonal Influences on Electrocommunication Systems
Evolution of Electrocommunication
Electrocommunication as a Model in Neuroethology
See also
SENSORY SYSTEMS, PERCEPTION, AND LEARNING | Spatial Orientation: How do Fish Find their Way Around?
Glossary
Introduction
Orientation Mechanisms
Sensory Systems Used to Obtain Spatial Information
Flexibility in Learning and Remembering Spatial Information
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Orientation Mechanisms
Sensory Systems Used to Obtain Spatial Information
Flexibility in Learning and Remembering Spatial Information
Conclusion
See also
SMELL, TASTE, AND CHEMICAL SENSING | Chemoreception (Smell and Taste): An Introduction
Glossary
See also
Further Reading
See also
SMELL, TASTE, AND CHEMICAL SENSING | Chemosensory Behavior
Glossary
Feeding Behavior
Reproductive Behavior
Alarm Substance and Fright Reaction
Homing of Salmon
See also
Further Reading
Feeding Behavior
Reproductive Behavior
Alarm Substance and Fright Reaction
Homing of Salmon
See also
SMELL, TASTE, AND CHEMICAL SENSING | Morphology of the Gustatory (Taste) System in Fishes
Glossary
Peripheral Gustatory System
Central Gustatory Pathways
Palatal Organs and Barbels
Alliance with the Trigeminal Nerve
Concluding Remarks
See also
Further Reading
Peripheral Gustatory System
Central Gustatory Pathways
Palatal Organs and Barbels
Alliance with the Trigeminal Nerve
Concluding Remarks
See also
SMELL, TASTE, AND CHEMICAL SENSING | Morphology of the Olfactory (Smell) System in Fishes
Glossary
Peripheral Olfactory Organ
Olfactory Bulb and Central Projections
Concluding Remarks
See also
Further Reading
Peripheral Olfactory Organ
Olfactory Bulb and Central Projections
Concluding Remarks
See also
SMELL, TASTE, AND CHEMICAL SENSING | Neurophysiology of Gustation
Glossary
Responses to Chemical Stimuli
Molecular Basis of Gustatory Receptors and Transduction
Responses to Mechanical/Tactile Stimuli
Concluding Remarks
See also
Further Reading
Responses to Chemical Stimuli
Molecular Basis of Gustatory Receptors and Transduction
Responses to Mechanical/Tactile Stimuli
Concluding Remarks
See also
SMELL, TASTE, AND CHEMICAL SENSING | Neurophysiology of Olfaction
Glossary
Olfactory Signal Transduction
Potency and Specificity of Olfactory Stimuli
Ciliated, Microvillar, or Crypt Receptor Neurons–Functional Specialization?
Signal Processing in the Olfactory Bulb and Telencephalon
Concluding Remarks
See also
Further Reading
Olfactory Signal Transduction
Potency and Specificity of Olfactory Stimuli
Ciliated, Microvillar, or Crypt Receptor Neurons–Functional Specialization?
Signal Processing in the Olfactory Bulb and Telencephalon
Concluding Remarks
See also
SOCIAL AND REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIORS | Dominance Behaviors
Glossary
Dominance Hierarchies
How Is Dominance Measured?
Causes of Dominance
Physiological Consequences of Social Status
Why Study Dominance?
See also
Further Reading
Dominance Hierarchies
How Is Dominance Measured?
Causes of Dominance
Physiological Consequences of Social Status
Why Study Dominance?
See also
SOCIAL AND REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIORS | Nutritional Provision During Parental Care
Glossary
Why Provide Nutrients?
Future Directions
See also
Further Reading
Why Provide Nutrients?
Future Directions
See also
SOCIAL AND REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIORS | Parental Care in Fishes
Glossary
Introduction
Patterns and Diversity in Parental Care
Explaining the Patterns and Diversity of Fish Parental Care
Physiological Mechanisms Underlying Fish Parental Care
Future Research Directions and Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Patterns and Diversity in Parental Care
Explaining the Patterns and Diversity of Fish Parental Care
Physiological Mechanisms Underlying Fish Parental Care
Future Research Directions and Conclusions
See also
SOCIAL AND REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIORS | Sexual Behavior in Fish
Glossary
Overview of Sexual Behaviors in Fish
Hormonal Control of Sexual Behavior
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Overview of Sexual Behaviors in Fish
Hormonal Control of Sexual Behavior
Conclusions
See also
SOCIAL AND REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIORS | Socially Controlled Sex Change in Fishes
Glossary
Introduction
Sexual Patterns in Fishes
Steroid Hormone Patterns
Other Steroid Hormones and Sex Change
Neural Mechanisms of Sex Change
Neural Bases of Behavioral Sex Change
Summary
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Sexual Patterns in Fishes
Steroid Hormone Patterns
Other Steroid Hormones and Sex Change
Neural Mechanisms of Sex Change
Neural Bases of Behavioral Sex Change
Summary
See also
STURGEON | Physiology of Sturgeon
Glossary
Introduction
Reproduction
Endogenous and Environmental Regulation of Reproduction
Growth
Respiratory Metabolism
Blood-Oxygen Affinity
Acid–Base Balance
Gut Blood Flow
Osmoregulation
Swimming Performance
Stress Responses
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Reproduction
Endogenous and Environmental Regulation of Reproduction
Growth
Respiratory Metabolism
Blood-Oxygen Affinity
Acid–Base Balance
Gut Blood Flow
Osmoregulation
Swimming Performance
Stress Responses
See also
SWIMMING AND OTHER ACTIVITIES | Applied Aspects of Fish Swimming Performance
Glossary
Background
Swimming Performance Data–Where Does It Come from?
Limitations of Available Data
See also
Further Reading
Background
Swimming Performance Data–Where Does It Come from?
Limitations of Available Data
See also
SWIMMING AND OTHER ACTIVITIES | Cellular Energy Utilization: Environmental Influences on Metabolism
Glossary
Introduction
Aerobic Metabolic Pathways: Sustaining Functional Scope
Anaerobic Metabolic Pathways: Extending Limits to Function and Time
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Aerobic Metabolic Pathways: Sustaining Functional Scope
Anaerobic Metabolic Pathways: Extending Limits to Function and Time
See also
SWIMMING AND OTHER ACTIVITIES | Energetics of Fish Swimming
Glossary
Introduction
Why Swimming Requires Energy
Types of Fish Muscle and Swimming Activity
Environmental Influences and the Fry Paradigm
Estimating the Costs of Swimming in Wild Fish
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Why Swimming Requires Energy
Types of Fish Muscle and Swimming Activity
Environmental Influences and the Fry Paradigm
Estimating the Costs of Swimming in Wild Fish
Conclusions
See also
TEMPERATURE | Effects of Climate Change
Glossary
Introduction
Ecosystem Level Phenomena: Populations and Communities
Physiological Background of Climate-Change Impacts on Ecosystems
Performance Patterns and Energy Budget
Physiology-Based Projections of Impacts
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Ecosystem Level Phenomena: Populations and Communities
Physiological Background of Climate-Change Impacts on Ecosystems
Performance Patterns and Energy Budget
Physiology-Based Projections of Impacts
See also
TEMPERATURE | Effects of Temperature: An Introduction
Glossary
Introduction
Temperature and Its Measurement
Temperature, Thermal Energy, and Heat
Effects of Temperature on Rate Processes
Q10
Arrhenius Breakpoint Temperature
Effects of Temperature on Weak Bonds
Strategies of Thermal Adaptation and Acclimation
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Temperature and Its Measurement
Temperature, Thermal Energy, and Heat
Effects of Temperature on Rate Processes
Q10
Arrhenius Breakpoint Temperature
Effects of Temperature on Weak Bonds
Strategies of Thermal Adaptation and Acclimation
See also
TEMPERATURE | Heat Shock Proteins and Temperature
Glossary
Introduction
Heat Shock Proteins
HSPs and Fish
HSPs in the Cold
Plasticity of the Heat Shock Response
Thermal/Cross Tolerance
Triggers of the Heat Shock Response
Molecular Regulation of the Heat Shock Response
Physiological Regulation of the Heat Shock Response
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Heat Shock Proteins
HSPs and Fish
HSPs in the Cold
Plasticity of the Heat Shock Response
Thermal/Cross Tolerance
Triggers of the Heat Shock Response
Molecular Regulation of the Heat Shock Response
Physiological Regulation of the Heat Shock Response
Conclusion
See also
TEMPERATURE | Measures of Thermal Tolerance
Glossary
Temperature-Dependent Physiology: The Basis of Thermal Tolerance
Environmental Temperatures (Te’s) and Fishes
Thermal Tolerance of Fishes: A Brief History
Laboratory Measures of Thermal Tolerance
Influences on Thermal Tolerance
Ecophysiological Theory of Thermal Tolerance
Biological Applications of Thermal Tolerance
Concluding Remarks
See also
Further Reading
Temperature-Dependent Physiology: The Basis of Thermal Tolerance
Environmental Temperatures (Te’s) and Fishes
Thermal Tolerance of Fishes: A Brief History
Laboratory Measures of Thermal Tolerance
Influences on Thermal Tolerance
Ecophysiological Theory of Thermal Tolerance
Biological Applications of Thermal Tolerance
Concluding Remarks
See also
TEMPERATURE | Membranes and Temperature: Homeoviscous Adaptation
Glossary
Introduction
Structure of Cellular Membranes
Environmental Effects on Fluidity
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Structure of Cellular Membranes
Environmental Effects on Fluidity
Conclusions
See also
TEMPERATURE | Mitochondria and Temperature
Glossary
Introduction
Fish Mitochondria and Thermal Change
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Fish Mitochondria and Thermal Change
See also
TEMPERATURE | Proteins and Temperature
Glossary
Introduction
Effects of Temperature on Enzyme Function
Structural Modifications in Proteins Important for Temperature Adaptation
Location of Amino Acid Substitutions Is Important in Enzymic Temperature Adaptation
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Effects of Temperature on Enzyme Function
Structural Modifications in Proteins Important for Temperature Adaptation
Location of Amino Acid Substitutions Is Important in Enzymic Temperature Adaptation
See also
TEMPERATURE | Temperature and Excitable Membranes
Glossary
What Is an Excitable Membrane or Cell?
Ion Channels Are Necessary for Excitability
How Does Temperature Affect Excitability?
Significance of Membrane Lipids in Thermal Responses of Excitable Cells
Evolutionary Thermal Adaptation of Excitability
See also
Further Reading
What Is an Excitable Membrane or Cell?
Ion Channels Are Necessary for Excitability
How Does Temperature Affect Excitability?
Significance of Membrane Lipids in Thermal Responses of Excitable Cells
Evolutionary Thermal Adaptation of Excitability
See also
THE GUT | The Gastrointestinal Tract: An Introduction
Glossary
See also
Further Reading
See also
THE MUSCLES | Bony Fish Cranial Muscles
Glossary
Overview
Buccal Pumping
Suction Feeding
Premaxillary Protrusion
Biting/Tearing
Pharyngeal Jaw Processing
See also
Further Reading
Overview
Buccal Pumping
Suction Feeding
Premaxillary Protrusion
Biting/Tearing
Pharyngeal Jaw Processing
See also
THE MUSCLES | Cartilaginous Fishes Cranial Muscles
Glossary
Introduction
Shark Musculature
Batoid Musculature
Holocephalan Musculature
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Shark Musculature
Batoid Musculature
Holocephalan Musculature
See also
THE PITUITARY | Development of the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Interrenal Axis
Glossary
Introduction
Components of the HPI Axis
Ontogeny of the HPI Axis
HPI Axis Development in Zebrafish
Stress Axis Development in Other Teleosts
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Components of the HPI Axis
Ontogeny of the HPI Axis
HPI Axis Development in Zebrafish
Stress Axis Development in Other Teleosts
Conclusion
See also
THE PITUITARY | Pituitary Gland or Hypophysis
Glossary
Anatomy
Hormones of the Adenohypophysis
Hormones of the Neurohypophysis
Histological Structure of the Adenohypophysis
Further Reading
Anatomy
Hormones of the Adenohypophysis
Hormones of the Neurohypophysis
Histological Structure of the Adenohypophysis
THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS AND PROCESSES | Anatomy and Histology of Fish Testis
Glossary
Introduction
General Structure of the Teleost Testis
Anatomy of the Testis, Efferent Duct, and Seminal Vesicles
Germ-Cell Clones, Sertoli Cells, and Cystic Spermatogenesis
Distribution of Spermatogenic Cysts
Spermatogenesis–An Overview
Morphological Characteristics of Germ Cells during Spermatogenesis
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
General Structure of the Teleost Testis
Anatomy of the Testis, Efferent Duct, and Seminal Vesicles
Germ-Cell Clones, Sertoli Cells, and Cystic Spermatogenesis
Distribution of Spermatogenic Cysts
Spermatogenesis–An Overview
Morphological Characteristics of Germ Cells during Spermatogenesis
See also
THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS AND PROCESSES | Regulation of Spermatogenesis
Glossary
Introduction
Regulation of Testis Functions by Pituitary Gonadotropins
Sertoli Cells
Steroid Hormone Blood Levels
Estrogens
Androgens
Progesterones
Final Maturation of Male Gametes
Germ Cell Autonomous Regulation of Spermatogenesis
Synopsis and Outlook
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Regulation of Testis Functions by Pituitary Gonadotropins
Sertoli Cells
Steroid Hormone Blood Levels
Estrogens
Androgens
Progesterones
Final Maturation of Male Gametes
Germ Cell Autonomous Regulation of Spermatogenesis
Synopsis and Outlook
See also
THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS AND PROCESSES | Vitellogenesis in Fishes
Glossary
Introduction
Chemistry of Vitellogenins and Egg Yolk
Vitellogenin Structure and Product YPs
Nomenclature and Classification of Vitellogenins
Endocrine Control of Vitellogenesis
Vitellogenin Synthesis and Secretion
Vitellogenin Uptake and Processing into YPs
Vitellogenin Receptors
Maturational Proteolysis of YPs
Phosvitinless Vitellogenin: The Oddities of VtgC
Vitellogenesis in Livebearing Fishes
Alternative Functions of Vitellogenins
Applications and Perspectives of Vitellogenesis
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Chemistry of Vitellogenins and Egg Yolk
Vitellogenin Structure and Product YPs
Nomenclature and Classification of Vitellogenins
Endocrine Control of Vitellogenesis
Vitellogenin Synthesis and Secretion
Vitellogenin Uptake and Processing into YPs
Vitellogenin Receptors
Maturational Proteolysis of YPs
Phosvitinless Vitellogenin: The Oddities of VtgC
Vitellogenesis in Livebearing Fishes
Alternative Functions of Vitellogenins
Applications and Perspectives of Vitellogenesis
See also
THE SKELETON | Bony Fish Skeleton
Glossary
A Hierarchical Approach to the Study of the Skeleton
Cranial Axial Skeleton
Postcranial Axial Skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
A Hierarchical Approach to the Study of the Skeleton
Cranial Axial Skeleton
Postcranial Axial Skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton
Conclusion
See also
THE SKELETON | Cartilaginous Fish Skeletal Anatomy
Glossary
Introduction
General Anatomy
Sharks
Batoids
Chimaeroids
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
General Anatomy
Sharks
Batoids
Chimaeroids
See also
THE SKELETON | Cartilaginous Fish Skeletal Tissues
Glossary
Introduction
Tissues: No Bones about It…
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Tissues: No Bones about It…
See also
THE SKIN | Bioluminescence in Fishes
Glossary
Light Organs
Light Environment
Luminescence Observation
Flash Kinetics
Counter-illumination
Bioluminescent Fish
The Future
See also
Further Reading
Light Organs
Light Environment
Luminescence Observation
Flash Kinetics
Counter-illumination
Bioluminescent Fish
The Future
See also
Relevant Websites
Light Organs
Light Environment
Luminescence Observation
Flash Kinetics
Counter-illumination
Bioluminescent Fish
The Future
See also
THE SKIN | Coloration and Chromatophores in Fishes
Glossary
Color: An Important Characteristic in Fish Integumentary Function
Pigmentary and Structural Coloration
Chromatophores
How Do Fish Change Color?
Physiological and Morphological Color Changes
The Regulation of Color Changes
Integumentary Patterns in Fish
See also
Further Reading
Color: An Important Characteristic in Fish Integumentary Function
Pigmentary and Structural Coloration
Chromatophores
How Do Fish Change Color?
Physiological and Morphological Color Changes
The Regulation of Color Changes
Integumentary Patterns in Fish
See also
THE SKIN | Functional Morphology of the Integumentary System in Fishes
Glossary
Introduction
General Morphology
Microscopic Features
Integumentary Extensions
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
General Morphology
Microscopic Features
Integumentary Extensions
See also
THE SKIN | Hagfish Slime
Glossary
Introduction
The Hagfish Slime Gland
GMCs and Mucin Vesicles
Gland Thread Cells
Volume and Concentration
Mechanics and Function
Slime Deployment and Maturation
Structure and Function
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
The Hagfish Slime Gland
GMCs and Mucin Vesicles
Gland Thread Cells
Volume and Concentration
Mechanics and Function
Slime Deployment and Maturation
Structure and Function
See also
THE SKIN | The Many Functions of Fish Integument
Glossary
Introduction
Protection
Communication and Sensory Perception
Locomotion
Respiration, Ion Regulation, and Excretion
Other Functions
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Protection
Communication and Sensory Perception
Locomotion
Respiration, Ion Regulation, and Excretion
Other Functions
See also
TISSUE RESPIRATION | Cellular Respiration
Glossary
Cellular Metabolism
Fuel and O2 Delivery to Tissues
Cell Membrane Transport
Cytosolic Transport
Mitochondrial Transport
Cellular Respiration in Fish
Environmental and Energetic Stress
Limits to Cellular Respiration
Novel Species
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Cellular Metabolism
Fuel and O2 Delivery to Tissues
Cell Membrane Transport
Cytosolic Transport
Mitochondrial Transport
Cellular Respiration in Fish
Environmental and Energetic Stress
Limits to Cellular Respiration
Novel Species
Conclusions
See also
Relevant Websites
Cellular Metabolism
Fuel and O2 Delivery to Tissues
Cell Membrane Transport
Cytosolic Transport
Mitochondrial Transport
Cellular Respiration in Fish
Environmental and Energetic Stress
Limits to Cellular Respiration
Novel Species
Conclusions
See also
TISSUE RESPIRATION | Mitochondrial Respiration
Glossary
Introduction
Importance of the Endosymbiotic Origin of Mitochondria
Mitochondrial Structure
Basic Features of OXPHOS
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Importance of the Endosymbiotic Origin of Mitochondria
Mitochondrial Structure
Basic Features of OXPHOS
Conclusions
See also
TISSUE RESPIRATION | Specializations in Mitochondrial Respiration of Fish
Glossary
Introduction
Genetic and Genomic Variation
Mitochondrial Structure and Function
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Genetic and Genomic Variation
Mitochondrial Structure and Function
Conclusions
See also
TOXICOLOGY | The Effects of Toxicants on Olfaction in Fishes
Glossary
Introduction
Odorants, Contaminants, and Their Relevance to Physiological and Behavioral Response
Olfactory–Toxicity Interactions
Future Studies
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Odorants, Contaminants, and Their Relevance to Physiological and Behavioral Response
Olfactory–Toxicity Interactions
Future Studies
See also
Relevant Websites
Introduction
Odorants, Contaminants, and Their Relevance to Physiological and Behavioral Response
Olfactory–Toxicity Interactions
Future Studies
See also
TOXICOLOGY | The Toxicology of Metals in Fishes
Glossary
How Do We Classify Metals?
Environmental Fate and Bioavailability of Metals
Biological Fate and Toxicokinetics
Biological Effects and Toxicodynamics
See also
Further Reading
How Do We Classify Metals?
Environmental Fate and Bioavailability of Metals
Biological Fate and Toxicokinetics
Biological Effects and Toxicodynamics
See also
Relevant Websites
How Do We Classify Metals?
Environmental Fate and Bioavailability of Metals
Biological Fate and Toxicokinetics
Biological Effects and Toxicodynamics
See also
TOXICOLOGY | The Toxicology of Organics in Fishes
Glossary
Introduction
Biological Fate
Specific Organic Contaminants
Chemicals of Emerging Concern
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Biological Fate
Specific Organic Contaminants
Chemicals of Emerging Concern
See also
Relevant Websites
Introduction
Biological Fate
Specific Organic Contaminants
Chemicals of Emerging Concern
See also
TRANSPORT AND EXCHANGE OF RESPIRATORY GASES IN THE BLOOD | Carbon Dioxide Transport and Excretion
Glossary
Introduction
Transfer of Gases to and from the Blood
Regulation of RBC pH
Patterns of Carbon Dioxide Excretion
The Effect of Temperature and Variations in Environmental CO2 Levels
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Transfer of Gases to and from the Blood
Regulation of RBC pH
Patterns of Carbon Dioxide Excretion
The Effect of Temperature and Variations in Environmental CO2 Levels
See also
TRANSPORT AND EXCHANGE OF RESPIRATORY GASES IN THE BLOOD | Carbonic Anhydrase in Gas Transport and Exchange
Glossary
Introduction
Carbonic Anhydrase–The Enzyme
CA Isoforms
Methodological Approaches for Discerning CA Function
Physiological Functions of CA in Gas Transport and Exchange
Summary and Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Carbonic Anhydrase–The Enzyme
CA Isoforms
Methodological Approaches for Discerning CA Function
Physiological Functions of CA in Gas Transport and Exchange
Summary and Conclusions
See also
TRANSPORT AND EXCHANGE OF RESPIRATORY GASES IN THE BLOOD | Evolution of the Bohr Effect
Glossary
Discovery and Definition of the Bohr Effect
Distinction between a Bohr Effect and a Root Effect
Factors Modulating the Magnitude of the Bohr Effect in Vertebrates
Occurrence of the Bohr Effect in Animals
Molecular Mechanism(s) of the Bohr Effect in Vertebrate Hbs
Benefits and Evolution of the Bohr Effect
See also
Further Reading
Discovery and Definition of the Bohr Effect
Distinction between a Bohr Effect and a Root Effect
Factors Modulating the Magnitude of the Bohr Effect in Vertebrates
Occurrence of the Bohr Effect in Animals
Molecular Mechanism(s) of the Bohr Effect in Vertebrate Hbs
Benefits and Evolution of the Bohr Effect
See also
TRANSPORT AND EXCHANGE OF RESPIRATORY GASES IN THE BLOOD | Gas Transport and Exchange: Interaction Between O2 and CO2 Exchange
Glossary
Introduction
Basis for the Interaction between O2 and CO2: Bohr–Haldane Effect
Theoretical Bohr–Haldane Coefficient Optimal for Oxygen Delivery
Nonlinear Bohr–Haldane Effect within the OEC
Implications of Non-Steady-State Conditions for the Interaction between O2 and CO2 Exchange
Concluding Remarks
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Basis for the Interaction between O2 and CO2: Bohr–Haldane Effect
Theoretical Bohr–Haldane Coefficient Optimal for Oxygen Delivery
Nonlinear Bohr–Haldane Effect within the OEC
Implications of Non-Steady-State Conditions for the Interaction between O2 and CO2 Exchange
Concluding Remarks
See also
TRANSPORT AND EXCHANGE OF RESPIRATORY GASES IN THE BLOOD | Hemoglobin
Glossary
Hemoglobin Structure
Binding of Oxygen by Hemoglobin
Factors Affecting the Oxygen-Binding Properties of Hemoglobin
Temperature Effects
Hemoglobin Oxidation
See also
Further Reading
Hemoglobin Structure
Binding of Oxygen by Hemoglobin
Factors Affecting the Oxygen-Binding Properties of Hemoglobin
Temperature Effects
Hemoglobin Oxidation
See also
TRANSPORT AND EXCHANGE OF RESPIRATORY GASES IN THE BLOOD | Hemoglobin Differentiation in Fishes
Glossary
Introduction
Fish Hemoglobin Functional Differentiation
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Fish Hemoglobin Functional Differentiation
See also
TRANSPORT AND EXCHANGE OF RESPIRATORY GASES IN THE BLOOD | O2 Uptake and Transport: The Optimal P50
Glossary
Introduction
Conclusions
Appendix
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Conclusions
Appendix
See also
TRANSPORT AND EXCHANGE OF RESPIRATORY GASES IN THE BLOOD | Red Blood Cell Function
Glossary
Introduction
Membrane Transport, Erythrocyte pH, and Volume
Control of Erythrocytic NTP Concentration
Role of Erythrocytes in Regulating Capillary Function
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Membrane Transport, Erythrocyte pH, and Volume
Control of Erythrocytic NTP Concentration
Role of Erythrocytes in Regulating Capillary Function
See also
TRANSPORT AND EXCHANGE OF RESPIRATORY GASES IN THE BLOOD | Root Effect: Molecular Basis, Evolution of the Root Effect and Rete Systems
Glossary
Discovery of the Root Effect
The Root Effect is Only Loosely Defined
Variations in the Magnitude of the Root Effect
Mechanism of the Root Effect
Physiological Roles of the Root Effect
Evolution of the Root Effect and Rete Systems
See also
Further Reading
Discovery of the Root Effect
The Root Effect is Only Loosely Defined
Variations in the Magnitude of the Root Effect
Mechanism of the Root Effect
Physiological Roles of the Root Effect
Evolution of the Root Effect and Rete Systems
See also
TRANSPORT AND EXCHANGE OF RESPIRATORY GASES IN THE BLOOD | Root Effect: Root Effect Definition, Functional Role in Oxygen Delivery to the Eye and Swimbladder
Glossary
Definition of the Root Effect
Functional Role of the Root Effect
Physiological Significance–Eye and Swimbladder
Ocular Blood Supply and Pseudobranch
See also
Further Reading
Definition of the Root Effect
Functional Role of the Root Effect
Physiological Significance–Eye and Swimbladder
Ocular Blood Supply and Pseudobranch
See also
VENTILATION AND ANIMAL RESPIRATION | Efficiency of Gas Exchange Organs
Glossary
Gas Exchangers
Water versus Air as Respiratory Media
The Efficiencies of Gas Exchange
See also
Further Reading
Gas Exchangers
Water versus Air as Respiratory Media
The Efficiencies of Gas Exchange
See also
VENTILATION AND ANIMAL RESPIRATION | Gill Respiratory Morphometrics
Glossary
Introduction
Gill Morphology
Total Gill Surface Area
Diffusion Distances
Theories on Gill Dimensions
Gill Morphometrics, Fish Habitat, and Metabolic Requirements
Scaling: Fish Gill Morphometrics in Relation to Fish Growth
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Gill Morphology
Total Gill Surface Area
Diffusion Distances
Theories on Gill Dimensions
Gill Morphometrics, Fish Habitat, and Metabolic Requirements
Scaling: Fish Gill Morphometrics in Relation to Fish Growth
See also
VENTILATION AND ANIMAL RESPIRATION | Plasticity in Gill Morphology
Glossary
Introduction
Mechanisms of Gill Remodeling
Why Remodel the Gills
Gill Remodeling in Other Species
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Mechanisms of Gill Remodeling
Why Remodel the Gills
Gill Remodeling in Other Species
See also
VENTILATION AND ANIMAL RESPIRATION | Respiratory Gas Exchange During Development: Models and Mechanisms
Glossary
Respiratory Gases
Properties of Respiratory Gases in Aqueous Solutions
The Respiratory Cascade
Diffusion
Convection
Resistance
See also
Further Reading
Respiratory Gases
Properties of Respiratory Gases in Aqueous Solutions
The Respiratory Cascade
Diffusion
Convection
Resistance
See also
VENTILATION AND ANIMAL RESPIRATION | Respiratory Gas Exchange During Development: Respiratory Transitions
Glossary
Introduction
Resistance to Respiratory Gas Exchange
Diffusive Boundary Layer
Egg Capsule and PVF
Skin
Gills
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Resistance to Respiratory Gas Exchange
Diffusive Boundary Layer
Egg Capsule and PVF
Skin
Gills
See also
VENTILATION AND ANIMAL RESPIRATION | Techniques in Whole Animal Respiratory Physiology
Glossary
Introduction
Apparatus and Techniques
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Apparatus and Techniques
See also
VENTILATION AND ANIMAL RESPIRATION | The Effect of Exercise on Respiration
Glossary
Metabolic Rate and the Cost of Activity
The O2 Cascade and Transport of Respiratory Gases
Cardiovascular Gas Transport
Cardiac Output
Blood O2/CO2 Content
Blood-Flow Distribution
Limitations to Maximum Oxygen Consumption
See also
Further Reading
Metabolic Rate and the Cost of Activity
The O2 Cascade and Transport of Respiratory Gases
Cardiovascular Gas Transport
Cardiac Output
Blood O2/CO2 Content
Blood-Flow Distribution
Limitations to Maximum Oxygen Consumption
See also
VISION | Adaptations of Photoreceptors and Visual Pigments
Glossary
Adaptations to the Photic Environment
See also
Further Reading
Adaptations to the Photic Environment
See also
VISION | Behavioral Assessment of the Visual Capabilities of Fish
Glossary
Introduction
Recognizing Objects
Detecting Color
Spatial Vision
Detecting and Analyzing Movement
Detecting Polarized Light
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Recognizing Objects
Detecting Color
Spatial Vision
Detecting and Analyzing Movement
Detecting Polarized Light
Conclusion
See also
VISION | Color Vision and Color Communication in Reef Fish
Glossary
Introduction
Camouflage and Communication on the Reef
Communication and Deception
Deception and the Use of Your Neighbors Color Message
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Camouflage and Communication on the Reef
Communication and Deception
Deception and the Use of Your Neighbors Color Message
Conclusion
See also
VISION | Extraretinal Photoreception
Glossary
Introduction
Deep-Brain Photosensitivity
The Pineal Complex
Conclusion
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Deep-Brain Photosensitivity
The Pineal Complex
Conclusion
See also
VISION | Inner Retina and Ganglion Cells
Glossary
Introduction
The Major Cells of the Inner Retina
Feedback
Ganglion Cells
Summary and Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
The Major Cells of the Inner Retina
Feedback
Ganglion Cells
Summary and Conclusions
See also
VISION | Optic Tectum
Glossary
Introduction
Anatomical Overview
The Retinotectal Projection and Visual Processing
Tectum–TL Subsystem
Tectum–NI Subsystem
Multimodal Processing and Torus Semicircularis
Ascending Connections–via PTP
Descending Connections and Motor Control
Conclusions
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Anatomical Overview
The Retinotectal Projection and Visual Processing
Tectum–TL Subsystem
Tectum–NI Subsystem
Multimodal Processing and Torus Semicircularis
Ascending Connections–via PTP
Descending Connections and Motor Control
Conclusions
See also
VISION | Photoreceptors and Visual Pigments
Glossary
Visual Pigment Structure
Evolution of Visual Pigments
Cone Types and Retinal Mosaics
See also
Further Reading
Visual Pigment Structure
Evolution of Visual Pigments
Cone Types and Retinal Mosaics
See also
VISION | Physiological Optics in Fishes
Glossary
Introduction
Optical Elements of Fish Eyes
Some Special Optical Adaptations
See also
Further Reading
Introduction
Optical Elements of Fish Eyes
Some Special Optical Adaptations
See also
VISION | Vision in Fishes: An Introduction
Glossary
See also
Further Reading
See also
Relevant Websites
See also
VISION | Visual Adaptations to the Deep Sea
Glossary
The Deep-Sea Light Environment
Deep-Sea Eyes Are Adapted to a Photon-Limited Environment
Ocular Anatomy of Deep-Sea Fish
Visual Pigments
See also
Further Reading
The Deep-Sea Light Environment
Deep-Sea Eyes Are Adapted to a Photon-Limited Environment
Ocular Anatomy of Deep-Sea Fish
Visual Pigments
See also
Subject Index
Authors
AF