ABC TransportersAbscisic Acid (ABA)Actin Assembly/DisassemblyActin Capping and Severing ProteinsActin-Related ProteinsAdenosine Receptors Adenylyl CyclasesAdrenergic ReceptorsAffinity ChromatographyAffinity Tags for Protein PurificationAllosteric RegulationAlternative Splicing: Regulation of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR)Alternative Splicing: Regulation of Sex Determination in Drosophila melanogaster Amine OxidasesAmino Acid MetabolismAminopeptidasesAmyloidAnaplerosisAngiotensin Receptorsara OperonARF Family ProteinsAspartic ProteasesATP Synthesis in Plant Mitochondria: Substrates, Inhibitors, UncouplersATP Synthesis: Mitochondrial Cyanide-Resistant Terminal OxidasesAutophagy in Fungi and MammalsBax and Bcl2 Cell Death Enhancers and InhibitorsB-Cell Antigen ReceptorBile Salts and Their MetabolismBiliary Cirrhosis, PrimaryBioenergetics: General Definition of PrinciplesBiotinBiotinylation of ProteinsBradykinin Receptors Branched-Chain ¨¢-KetoacidsBrassinosteroidsB12-Containing EnzymesCadherin SignalingCadherin-Mediated Cell¨CCell AdhesionCalcitonin Gene-Related Peptide and Adrenomedullin Receptors Calcitonin Receptor Calcium-Binding Proteins, Cytosolic (Annexins, Gelsolins, C2-Domain Proteins)Calcium, Biological Fitness of Calcium Buffering Proteins: CalbindinsCalcium Buffering Proteins: ER Luminal ProteinsCalcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein KinasesCalcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase IICalcium-Modulated Proteins (EF-hand)Calcium OscillationsCalcium-Sensing ReceptorCalcium Signaling: Calmodulin-Dependent PhosphataseCalcium Signaling: Cell CycleCalcium Signaling: Motility (Actomyosin-Troponin System)Calcium Signaling: NO SynthaseCalcium Transport in MitochondriaCalcium WavesCalpainCarbohydrate Chains: Enzymatic and Chemical SynthesisCarnitine and ¦Â-OxidationCaspases and Cell DeathCell Cycle: Control of Entry and Progression Through S PhaseCell Cycle: Controls in G1 and G0Cell Cycle: DNA Damage CheckpointsCell Cycle: Mitotic CheckpointCell Death by Apoptosis and NecrosisCell¨CMatrix InteractionsCell Migration Centromeres Centrosomes and Microtubule NucleationChaperones for MetalloproteinsChaperones, MolecularChaperoninsChemiluminescence and BioluminescenceChemiosmotic TheoryChemokine ReceptorsChemolithotrophyChemotactic Peptide/Complement Receptors Chlorophylls and CarotenoidsChloroplast Redox Poise and SignalingChloroplastsCholesterol SynthesisChromatin: Physical OrganizationChromatin RemodelingChromosome Organization and Structure, OverviewCoenzyme ACollagenasesCollagensCyclic AMP Receptors of DictyosteliumCyclic GMP PhosphodiesterasesCyclic Nucleotide-Dependent Protein KinasesCyclic Nucleotide PhosphodiesterasesCyclic Nucleotide-Regulated Cation ChannelsCysteine ProteasesCytochrome bc1 Complex (Respiratory Chain Complex III)Cytochrome b6f ComplexCytochrome cCytochrome Oxidases, BacterialCytochrome P-450CytokinesCytokinesisCytokininDesmosomes and HemidesmosomesDetergent PropertiesDiabetesDiacylglycerol Kinases and Phosphatidic Acid PhosphatasesDisulfide Bond FormationDNA Base Excision RepairDNA Damage: AlkylationDNA Glycosylases: MechanismsDNA Helicases: Dimeric Enzyme ActionDNA Helicases: Hexameric Enzyme ActionDNA Ligases: Mechanism and FunctionsDNA Ligases: StructuresDNA Methyltransferases, BacterialDNA Methyltransferases: Eubacterial GATCDNA Methyltransferases: Structural ThemesDNA Mismatch Repair and the DNA Damage ResponseDNA Mismatch Repair and Homologous RecombinationDNA Mismatch Repair Defects and CancerDNA Mismatch Repair: E. coli Vsr and Eukaryotic G-T SystemsDNA Mismatch Repair in BacteriaDNA Mismatch Repair in MammalsDNA OxidationDNA PhotolyaseDNA Polymerase I, BacterialDNA Polymerase II, BacterialDNA Polymerase III, BacterialDNA Polymerase α, EukaryoticDNA Polymerase β, EukaryoticDNA Polymerase δ, EukaryoticDNA Polymerase ε, EukaryoticDNA Polymerases: Kinetics and MechanismDNA Replication: Eukaryotic Origins and the Origin Recognition ComplexDNA Replication Fork, BacterialDNA Replication Fork, EukaryoticDNA Replication: Initiation in BacteriaDNA Replication, MitochondrialDNA Restriction and Modification: Type I EnzymesDNA Restriction and Modification: Type II EnzymesDNA Restriction and Modification: Type III EnzymesDNA Secondary StructureDNA Sequence Recognition by ProteinsDNA SupercoilingDNA Topoisomerases: Type IDNA Topoisomerases: Type IIDNA Topoisomerases: Type III-RecQ Helicase SystemsDopamine Receptors DynactinDynein EF-G and EF-Tu Structures and Translation Elongation in BacteriaEicosanoid ReceptorsElastinEndocannabinoidsEndocytosisEndoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Protein DegradationEnergy Transduction in Anaerobic ProkaryotesEnzyme InhibitorsEnzyme KineticsEnzyme Reaction Mechanisms: StereochemistryEpidermal Growth Factor Receptor FamilyER/SR Calcium Pump: FunctionER/SR Calcium Pump: StructureExonucleases, BacterialFAK FamilyFat Mobilization: Perilipin and Hormone-Sensitive LipaseF1-F0 ATP SynthaseFatty Acid OxidationFatty Acid ReceptorsFatty Acid Synthesis and Its RegulationFerredoxinFerredoxin-NADP+ Reductasec-fes Proto-OncogeneFibroblast Growth Factor Receptors and Cancer Associated PerturbationsFlavinsFlippasesFocal AdhesionsFree Radicals, Sources and Targets of: MitochondriaFriedreich's AtaxiaGABAA Receptor Proteins GABAB Receptors GalectinsGenome-Wide Analysis of Gene ExpressionGi Family of Heterotrimeric G ProteinsGq Family of Heterotrimeric G ProteinsGs Family of Heterotrimeric G ProteinsG12/G13 Family of Heterotrimeric G ProteinsGiant Mitochondria (Megamitochondria)GlcNAc Biosynthesis and Function, O-LinkedGlucagon Family of Peptides and Their ReceptorsGluconeogenesisGlucose/Sugar Transport in BacteriaGlucose/Sugar Transport in MammalsGlucosidases and Mannosidases: N-Linked Glycan Processing Glutamate Receptors, IonotropicGlutamate Receptors, MetabotropicGlutathione PeroxidasesGlycationGlycine ReceptorsGlycogen MetabolismGlycogen Storage DiseasesGlycogen Synthase Kinase-3Glycolipid-Dependent Adhesion ProcessesGlycolysis, OverviewGlycoprotein Folding and Processing ReactionsGlycoprotein-Mediated Cell Interactions, O-LinkedGlycoproteins, N-Linked Glycosylation, Congenital Disorders ofGlycosylation in Cystic FibrosisGlycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) AnchorsGolgi ComplexG Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinases and ArrestinsG Protein Signaling RegulatorsGreen Bacteria: The Light-Harvesting Chlorosome Green Bacteria: Secondary Electron Donor (Cytochromes)Green Sulfur Bacteria: Reaction Center and Electron TransportHeat/Stress ResponsesHematopoetin ReceptorsHeme ProteinsHeme SynthesisHepatocyte Growth Factor/Scatter Factor Receptor Hexokinases/GlucokinasesHistamine ReceptorsHIV ProteaseHIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase StructureHomologous Recombination in MeiosisHPLC Separation of PeptidesImaging MethodsImmunoglobulin (Fc) ReceptorsInorganic BiochemistryInositol Lipid 3-PhosphatasesInositol Phosphate Kinases and PhosphatasesInsulin and Glucagon Secreting Cells of the PancreasInsulin Receptor FamilyIntegrin SignalingInterferon ReceptorsIntermediate Filament Linker Proteins: Plectin and BPAG1 Intermediate FilamentsIntracellular Calcium Channels: c-ADPr-Modulated Ryanodine ReceptorsIntracellular Calcium Channels: NAADP+-ModulatedIon Channel Protein SuperfamilyIP3 ReceptorsIron-Sulfur ProteinsJAK-STAT Signaling ParadigmKeratins and the SkinKetogenesisp70 S6 Kinase/mTORA-Kinase Anchoring ProteinsKinesins as Microtubule Disassembly EnzymesKinesin Superfamily ProteinsKinetic Isotope Effectslac OperonLectinsLeptinLexA Regulatory SystemLigand-Operated Membrane Channels: Calcium (Glutamate)Ligand-Operated Membrane Channels: GABALight-Harvesting Complex (LHC) I and II: Pigments and ProteinsLipasesLipid Bilayer StructureLipid Modification of Proteins: Targeting to MembranesLipid RaftsLipoproteins, HDL/LDLLow Barrier Hydrogen BondsLuft's DiseaseLysophospholipid ReceptorsMDR Membrane ProteinsMeiosisMelanocortin System Membrane-Associated Energy Transduction in Bacteria and ArchaeaMembrane FusionMembrane Transport, General ConceptsMembrane Transporters: Na+Ca2+ ExchangersMetabolite Channeling: Creatine Kinase MicrocompartmentsMetalloproteasesMetalloproteinases, MatrixMetaphase ChromosomeMethyl-CpG Binding ProteinsMicrotubule-Associated ProteinsMitochondrial Auto-AntibodiesMitochondrial ChannelsMitochondrial DNAMitochondrial Genes and Their Expression: YeastMitochondrial Genome, OverviewMitochondrial Genome EvolutionMitochondrial InheritanceMitochondrial Membranes, Structural OrganizationMitochondrial Metabolite Transporter FamilyMitochondrial Outer Membrane and the VDAC ChannelMitogen-Activated Protein Kinase FamilyMitosismRNA Polyadenylation in EukaryotesmRNA Processing and Degradation in BacteriaMucin Family of GlycoproteinsMucins in Embryo ImplantationMultiple Sequence Alignment and Phylogenetic TreesMuscarinic Acetylcholine ReceptorsMyosin MotorsNatriuretic Peptides and Their ReceptorsN-End Rule for Protein DegradationNeoglycoproteinsNeuronal Calcium SignalNeuronal Intermediate FilamentsNeuropeptide Y ReceptorsNeurotensin Receptors Neurotransmitter TransportersNeurotrophin Receptor SignalingNicotinamide Nucleotide TranshydrogenaseNicotinic Acetylcholine ReceptorsNitric Oxide SignalingNon-Homologous End-JoiningNon-Homologous Recombination: Bacterial TransposonsNon-Homologous Recombination: RetrotransposonsNuclear CompartmentalizationNuclear Envelope and LaminsNuclear Factor kappaB (NFκB)Nuclear Genes in Mitochondrial Function and BiogenesisNuclear Organization, Chromatin Structure, and Gene SilencingNuclear Pores and Nuclear Import/ExportNucleoid Organization of Bacterial ChromosomesNucleolus, OverviewNucleotide Excision Repair and Human DiseaseNucleotide Excision Repair, Bacterial: the UvrABCD SystemNucleotide Excision Repair: BiologyNucleotide Excision Repair in EukaryotesOlfactory Receptors Oligosaccharide Analysis by Mass SpectrometryOligosaccharide Chains: Free, N-Linked, or O-LinkedOncocytesOpioid Receptors Ornithine CycleOxygenasesParathyroid Hormone/Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein ReceptorPCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)Pentose Phosphate (Hexose Mono Phosphate) PathwayPentose Phosphate Pathway, History ofPeptide AmidationPeriplasmic Electron Transport Systems in BacteriaPeroxisome Proliferator-Activated ReceptorsPeroxisomesp53 ProteinPhage Display for Protein BindingPheromone Receptors (Yeast)PHO RegulonPhosphatidylinositol Bisphosphate and TrisphosphatePhosphatidylinositol 3-PhosphatePhosphofructokinase-2/Fructose Bisphosphatase-2Phosphoinositide 3-KinasePhosphoinositide 4- and 5-Kinases and PhosphatasesPhosphoinositide-Dependent Protein KinasesPhospholipase A2Phospholipase CPhospholipase DPhospholipid Metabolism in MammalsPhospholipid Synthesis in Yeast PhotoreceptorsPhotosynthesisPhotosynthetic Carbon Dioxide FixationPhotosystem I: FX, FA, and FB Iron-Sulfur ClustersPhotosystem I: Structure and FunctionPhotosystem II: Assembly and Turnover of the D1 ProteinPhotosystem II Light Harvesting System: Dynamic BehaviorPhotosystem II: Protein ComponentsPhotosystem II: Water Oxidation, OverviewPlant GlycoproteinsPlant Signaling: PeptidesPlasma Membrane Calcium Pump: Structure and FunctionPlastocyaninPlatelet-Activating Factor Receptor Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor FamilyPolysialic Acid in Molecular MedicinePorphyrin MetabolismPre-tRNA and Pre-rRNA Processing in BacteriaPre-tRNA and Pre-rRNA Processing in EukaryotesPrions, OverviewPrions and Epigenetic InheritanceProcessivity Clamps in DNA Replication: Clamp LoadingPropionyl CoA-Succinyl CoA PathwayProstaglandins and LeukotrienesProteases in Blood ClottingProteasomes, Overview26S Proteasome, Structure and FunctionProteinase-Activated ReceptorsProtein Carboxyl-MethylationProtein Data ResourcesProtein DegradationProtein Folding and AssemblyProtein Glycosylation, OverviewProtein Glycosylation InhibitorsProtein Import into MitochondriaProtein Kinase BProtein Kinase C FamilyProtein N-MyristoylationProtein PalmitoylationProtein Tyrosine PhosphatasesProteoglycansPteridinesP-Type Pumps: Copper Pump P-Type Pumps: H+/K+ PumpP-Type Pumps: Na+/K+ PumpP-Type Pumps: Plasma Membrane H+ PumpP2X Purinergic ReceptorsP2Y Purinergic Receptors Purple Bacteria: Electron Acceptors and DonorsPurple Bacteria: Photosynthetic Reaction CentersPyridoxal PhosphatePyrimidine BiosynthesisPyruvate Carboxylation, Transamination and GluconeogenesisPyruvate Dehydrogenase Pyruvate KinaseQuinonesRab FamilyRan GTPaseRas FamilyRecombination-Dependent DNA ReplicationRecombination: Heteroduplex and Mismatch Repair in vitroRecombination: Strand TransferasesrecQ DNA Helicase Family in Genomic StabilityRegulated Intramembrane Proteolysis (Rip)Respiratory Chain and ATP SynthaseRespiratory Chain Complex IRespiratory Chain Complex II and Succinate:Quinone OxidoreductasesRespiratory Chain Complex IVRespiratory Processes in Anoxygenic and Oxygenic PhototrophsRetinoblastoma Protein (Rb)Retinoic Acid ReceptorsReverse Transcriptase and Retroviral ReplicationRho GTPases and Actin Cytoskeleton DynamicsRibosome AssemblyRibosome StructureRibozyme MechanismsRibozymes and EvolutionRibozyme Structural Elements: Group I IntronsRibozyme Structural Elements: Hairpin RibozymeRNA EditingRNA Polymerase I and RNA Polymerase III in EukaryotesRNA Polymerase II and Basal Transcription Factors in Eukaryotes RNA Polymerase II Elongation Control in EukaryotesRNA Polymerase II Structure in EukaryotesRNA Polymerase Reaction in BacteriaRNA Polymerase Structure in BacteriaSecondary Structure in Protein AnalysisSecretasesSecretory Pathway Selenoprotein SynthesisSeptins and CytokinesisSerine/Threonine PhosphatasesSerotonin Receptor SignalingSiglecsSigma FactorsSliding Clamps in DNA Replication: E. coli B Clamp and PCNA StructuresSmall GTPasesSomatostatin ReceptorsSpastic ParaplegiaSpectrophotometric AssaysSphingolipid BiosynthesisSphingolipid CatabolismSpliceosomeSrc Family of Protein Tyrosine KinasesStarvationSteroid/Thyroid Hormone ReceptorsStore-Operated Membrane Channels: CalciumSubstrate Binding, Catalysis, and Product ReleaseSugar Nucleotide TransportersSUMO ModificationSuperoxide DismutaseSyk Family of Protein Tyrosine KinasesTachykinin/Substance P Receptors Taste Receptors T-Cell Antigen ReceptorTec/Btk Family Tyrosine KinasesTelomeres: Maintenance and ReplicationThyroid-Stimulating Hormone/Luteinizing Hormone/Follicle-Stimulating Hormone ReceptorsTight JunctionsToll-Like ReceptorsTranscriptional SilencingTranscription-Coupled DNA Repair, OverviewTranscription TerminationTransforming Growth Factor β Receptor Superfamily Translation Elongation in BacteriaTranslation Elongation in EukaryotesTranslation Initiation in Bacteria: Factors and MechanismsTranslation Initiation in Eukaryotes: Factors and MechanismsTranslation Termination and Ribosome RecyclingTranslesion DNA Polymerases, EukaryoticTrehalose MetabolismTricarboxylic Acid CycleT7 RNA PolymerasetRNA Synthetasestrp Operon and AttenuationTubulin and Its IsoformsTumor Necrosis Factor ReceptorsTwo-Dimensional Gel ElectrophoresisTwo-Hybrid Protein-Protein InteractionsTyrosine SulfationUbiquitin-Like ProteinsUbiquitin SystemumuC,D Lesion Bypass DNA Polymerase VUncoupling ProteinsUnfolded Protein ResponseUrea Cycle, Inborn Defects ofVacuolesVascular Endothelial Growth Factor ReceptorsVasopressin/Oxytocin Receptor FamilyV-ATPasesVitamin B12 and B12-ProteinsVitamin CVitamin DVitamin D ReceptorVitamin EVitamin K: Biochemistry, Metabolism, and Nutritional AspectsVitamin K: Blood Coagulation and Use in TherapyVoltage-Dependent K+ ChannelsVoltage-Sensitive Ca2+ ChannelsVoltage-Sensitive Na+ Channelsvon Hippel-Lindau (VHL) ProteinXPV DNA Polymerase and Ultraviolet Damage BypassX-Ray Determination of 3-D Structure in ProteinsYeast GAL1-GAL10 SystemZinc Fingers