Emergency and Trauma Care for Nurses and Paramedics
- 3rd Edition - June 19, 2019
- Authors: Kate Curtis, Clair Ramsden, Ramon Z. Shaban, Margaret Fry, Julie Considine
- Language: English
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 7 2 9 5 - 8 7 1 9 - 8
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 7 2 9 5 - 8 7 2 0 - 4
Endorsed by the College of Emergency Nursing Australasia CENA is the peak professional association representing emergency nurses and has endorsed this text in recognition of the… Read more
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Request a sales quoteEndorsed by the College of Emergency Nursing Australasia
CENA is the peak professional association representing emergency nurses and has endorsed this text in recognition of the relevance it has to emergency nursing across Australasia.
Led by an expanded editorial team of internationally recognised clinicians, researchers and leaders in emergency care, the 3rd edition of Emergency and Trauma Care for Nurses and Paramedics continues to be the foremost resource for students preparing to enter the emergency environment and for clinicians seeking a greater understanding of multidisciplinary emergency care.
The text provides nursing and paramedicine students and clinicians with the opportunity to understand the best available evidence behind the treatment that is provided throughout the emergency care trajectory. This unique approach ultimately seeks to strengthen multidisciplinary care and equip readers with the knowledge and skills to provide safe, quality, emergency care.
The 3rd edition builds on the strengths of previous editions and follows a patient journey and body systems approach, spanning the pre-hospital and hospital environments.
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- Cover image
- Title Page
- Table of Contents
- Copyright
- Foreword
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Contributors
- Reviewers
- Section 1 Foundations of Emergency Care
- Introduction
- 1 Emergency nursing in Australia and New Zealand
- Emergency nursing
- Emergency departments
- Emergency service (re-)design of models of care
- Australasian nurse competency standards
- Development of emergency nursing professional bodies
- Emergency nurse specialisation
- Clinical roles
- Leadership and management
- Professional development
- Summary
- Useful websites
- References
- 2 Paramedicine in Australia and New Zealand
- Historical overview of paramedicine by jurisdiction
- Evolutions in pre-hospital care
- Air ambulance services
- Role of volunteers in pre-hospital care
- Current status of paramedicine
- Regulation of paramedicine
- The future of paramedicine
- Summary
- Useful websites
- References
- 3 Clinical ethics for emergency healthcare
- Ethics: an ancient and evolving field
- The ethical framework of emergency healthcare: our moral commitments and obligations
- Ethical decision-making
- Sequelae—Another key value: taking care of yourself
- Summary
- References
- 4 Emergency care and the law
- What is the law?
- Different types of laws
- Professional competency and patient safety
- The Coroner's Court
- Investigations and court
- Child Protection Act and mandatory reporting
- Documentation
- Confidentiality
- Privacy
- Assault and consent
- Who may give consent when the patient can not
- Advance care directive
- Palliative care
- Medicines
- Mental health and involuntary detention
- Restraint
- Negligence
- Nurse practitioner responsibilities
- Summary
- References
- 5 Cultural considerations in emergency care
- Culture and what it means for healthcare workers
- What does the word ‘culture’ describe?
- Understanding the health–illness experience from the patient's perspective
- Matters specific to Australia
- Matters specific to New Zealand–Aotearoa
- Summary
- Useful websites
- References
- 6 Patient safety and quality in emergency care
- Safety and quality frameworks
- Outcomes
- Structure of the ED
- Emergency care processes
- Summary
- Useful websites
- References
- 7 Research for emergency care
- Evidence-based practice
- Research and the process
- Method
- Data analysis
- Ethical considerations in research
- Results, conclusions and recommendations
- Dissemination and translation of research findings
- Research priorities for emergency care
- Summary
- References
- 8 Patient and carer engagement and communication
- Health literacy
- Effective patient communication
- Targeting patient education about medication adherence
- Health promotion activities and disease prevention strategies
- Verbal patient education and communication
- Written patient information
- Developing written patient information
- Summary
- Useful websites
- References
- Section 2 Clinical Concepts and Systems
- Introduction
- 9 Scene assessment, management and rescue
- Safety first—keeping you and the patient safe
- Scene management priorities—why an organised scene is priceless
- Scene assessment
- Scene access
- Patient extrication
- Scene egress
- Management of specific hazards
- Summary
- Useful websites
- References
- 10 Physiology and pathophysiology for emergency care
- Homeostasis
- Oxygen transport
- Carbon dioxide transport
- Oxygen therapy
- Homeostatic temperature control
- Fluid and electrolyte balance in homeostasis
- Nervous system functions—Fright, fight and flight, or Rest and digest
- Capillaries and nutritive blood flow
- Cellular metabolism
- Cell protection: the blood–brain barrier
- Shock
- Unique population groups
- Summary
- References
- 11 Clinical reasoning, problem-solving and triage
- Clinical reasoning for quality emergency care
- Theoretical considerations
- Triage
- Triage decision-making tools
- Triage nurse decision-making
- Triage nurse education
- Triage documentation and legal aspects
- Paramedic applications: patterns and protocols and triage for problem-solving
- Special conditions
- Communicating for patient safety
- Summary
- Useful websites
- References
- 12 Major incident preparedness and management
- What is a mass-casualty incident?
- Government planning for mass-casualty incidents
- The challenge for paramedics and other healthcare providers
- Risk analysis in planning by hospitals
- The pre-hospital phase
- Hospital phase
- Debriefing
- Chemical–biological–radiological MCIs
- Likelihood of a CBR attack
- CBR agents and their effects
- Pre-hospital management of a CBR MCI
- Personal protective equipment
- Bioethical implications in triage
- Awareness training and education
- Summary
- Useful websites
- References
- 13 Patient assessment and essentials of care
- The assessment process
- The primary survey
- Assessment (clinical examination)
- Head-to-toe assessment
- Special considerations
- Communication
- Essentials of care
- Caring
- Personal hygiene and preventing complications
- Prevention of deconditioning
- Nutrition
- Elimination
- Summary
- Useful websites
- References
- 14 Resuscitation
- Identification of and response to the deteriorating patient
- Basic life support
- Advanced life support
- Care of families and family presence during resuscitation
- Summary
- Useful websites
- References
- 15 Stabilisation and transfer
- Intra- and inter-facility patient transport
- Types of transport
- Clinical coordination and communication
- Team preparation
- Principles of transport
- Monitoring and equipment
- Stressors of transport
- Debrief and post-mission review
- Psychological considerations
- Summary
- Useful websites
- References
- 16 Clinical skills
- Airway management
- Capnography/end-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring
- Cervical spine immobilisation
- Suctioning techniques
- Arterial blood gases
- Blood glucose level sampling
- Underwater-seal drains
- Respiratory function testing
- Cardiac monitoring
- Temporary cardiac pacing
- Vascular access
- Haemodynamic monitoring
- Central venous catheters
- Soft tissue injuries
- Casts
- Splinting
- Crutches and walking sticks
- Regional anaesthesia and nerve blocks
- Removal of objects
- Wound closure
- Eye emergencies
- Summary
- Acknowledgement
- Useful websites
- References
- 17 Minor injury and management
- Pre-hospital care
- Initial assessment
- Practical care
- Hospital/health facility care
- A systematic approach to injury assessment
- Injuries around the shoulder
- Injuries to the elbow, forearm and wrist
- Injuries of the hand and digits
- Injuries around the knee
- The lower leg, ankle and foot
- Injuries of the skin: wounds
- Summary
- References
- 18 Pain management
- Definition of pain
- Anatomy and physiology of pain
- Pathophysiology
- Patient assessment
- Management
- Anaesthesia
- Summary
- Useful websites
- References
- 19 Organ and tissue donation
- Donation and transplantation in Australia and New Zealand
- Pathways of donation
- The procurement process
- Donor family care
- Summary
- Useful websites
- References
- 20 End of life
- Cultural considerations
- Palliative care
- Advance care planning
- Sudden and unexpected death
- Sudden death of a child
- Family presence during resuscitation
- Care of a deceased patient
- Post-mortem examination
- Mass casualty incidents
- Staff support
- Summary
- Useful websites
- References
- Section 3 Emergencies
- Introduction
- 21 Respiratory emergencies
- Respiratory failure
- Respiratory assessment
- Emergency care considerations for respiratory issues
- Support of respiratory function
- Non-invasive ventilation
- Invasive mechanical ventilation
- Acute pulmonary oedema
- Asthma
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- Pneumonia
- Pulmonary emboli
- Respiratory outpatient care programs
- Inhalation injuries
- Summary
- Acknowledgement
- Useful websites
- References
- 22 Cardiovascular emergencies
- Anatomy and physiology
- Electrocardiogram interpretation
- Cardiac assessment
- Acute chest pain
- Acute coronary syndromes
- Cardiogenic shock
- Percutaneous coronary intervention
- Pharmacological management
- Cardiac dysrhythmias
- Cardiac pacing
- Chronic heart failure
- Acute pericarditis
- Aortic aneurysm
- Aortic dissection
- Hypertensive emergencies
- Summary
- Useful websites
- References
- 23 Neurological emergencies
- Anatomy and physiology of the nervous system
- Divisions of the nervous system
- Assessment of the patient with altered consciousness
- Investigations
- Delirium
- Transient ischaemic attacks
- Vertebrobasilar attacks
- Stroke
- Seizures
- Headache
- Inflammatory brain conditions
- Summary
- Useful websites
- References
- 24 Gastrointestinal emergencies
- Anatomy and physiology
- General assessment
- Upper gastrointestinal emergencies
- Lower gastrointestinal emergencies
- Summary
- Websites
- References
- 25 Renal and genitourinary emergencies
- Anatomy and physiology
- Patient assessment
- Physical assessment
- Specific conditions
- Summary
- Useful websites
- References
- 26 Endocrine emergencies
- Anatomy and physiology
- Diabetes
- Hyperglycaemic, hyperosmolar syndrome
- Adrenal insufficiency
- Acute pituitary apoplexy
- Thyroid storm
- Myxoedema coma
- Cushing's syndrome
- Summary
- Useful websites
- References
- 27 Healthcare-associated infections and infectious diseases
- Healthcare-associated infection and infectious disease in emergency care
- Overview of infection and infectious disease
- Breaking the chain—preventing infection
- Specific challenges for infection prevention in emergency care
- Summary
- References
- 28 Environmental emergencies
- Temperature-related emergencies
- Heat-related emergencies
- Cold-related emergencies
- Drowning
- Atmospheric-pressure-related emergencies
- Diving emergencies
- Envenomations
- Antivenom
- Snakebite
- Snakes
- Spiders
- Other terrestrial envenomations
- Marine envenomations
- Summary
- Useful websites
- References
- 29 Oncological and haematological emergencies
- Cancer incidence in Australia and New Zealand
- Cancer pathophysiology
- Cancer and the immune system
- Cancer diagnosis and treatment
- Oncological emergencies
- Haematological emergencies
- Thrombocytopenia emergencies
- The patient who is bleeding
- Metabolic emergencies
- Non-metabolic oncological emergencies
- Venous access
- Summary
- Useful websites
- References
- 30 Toxicological emergencies
- Demographics and common presentations
- Resuscitation
- Risk assessment
- Supportive care
- Investigations
- Gastrointestinal decontamination
- Enhanced elimination
- Antidotes
- Disposition
- Commonly ingested agents
- Summary
- References
- 31 Dental, ear, nose and throat emergencies
- Anatomy and physiology
- Patient assessment
- Dental emergencies
- Ear emergencies
- Nasal emergencies
- Throat emergencies
- Facial emergencies
- Summary
- Useful websites
- References
- 32 Ocular emergencies and trauma
- Anatomy and physiology
- Patient assessment
- Ophthalmic examination
- Eye emergencies
- Trauma
- Chemical burns
- Glaucoma
- Central retinal artery occlusion
- Central (branch) retinal vein occlusion
- Ocular pharmacology
- Summary
- References
- 33 Gynaecological emergencies
- Anatomy and physiology
- Patient assessment
- Clinical presentations
- Ovarian emergencies
- Infections
- Sexually transmitted infections
- Common types of genital tumour
- Endometriosis
- Emergency contraception
- Summary
- Useful websites
- References
- 34 Obstetric emergencies
- Obstetric emergencies
- Anatomy and physiology
- Recognition of the sick woman
- Maternal collapse
- Clinical presentations
- Summary
- Useful websites
- References
- 35 Paediatric emergencies
- Approach to paediatrics
- Assessment
- Triage
- Respiratory emergencies
- Cardiovascular emergencies
- Neurological emergencies
- Abdominal emergencies
- Rashes and soft-tissue infections
- Neonatal presentations
- Fever
- Trauma
- Pain management and procedural sedation
- Health promotion
- Summary
- Useful websites
- References
- 36 Mental health emergencies
- Background
- Prevalence of mental health admissions in EDs
- Supporting individuals in the out-of-hospital environment
- Pathways to the ED
- Out-of-hospital assessment and management
- ED triage assessment
- After triage
- Mental health conditions
- Substance misuse and dual diagnosis
- Suicide and self-harm
- Other considerations when providing emergency mental health care
- Early intervention in aggression and mitigation strategies to prevent unnecessary use of restraint and/or restrictive practices
- Cultural considerations when providing an emergency mental health response
- Collaboration and teamwork between mental health professionals
- Summary
- Useful websites
- References
- 37 People with disabilities
- Historical context
- Nature of problem in emergency care
- National Disability Insurance Scheme and New Zealand Disability Strategy
- Broader implications
- Aetiology and epidemiology of intellectual disability
- Intellectual disability morbidity
- Diagnostic overshadowing
- Major emergency care issues for people with an ID
- Assessment of the person with an ID
- Particular clinical presentations
- Communication with the person with an ID
- Summary
- Useful websites
- References
- 38 The older person
- Assessment of normal ageing
- Conditions often seen in older people
- Tips and tools: the geriatric assessment in the emergency health setting
- Discharge risk assessment
- Futility criteria
- Geriatric emergencies
- The dying patient
- Conclusion
- Useful websites
- References
- 39 Violence, abuse and assault
- The child at risk
- Intimate partner violence
- Sexual assault
- Elder abuse and neglect
- Summary
- Useful websites
- References
- 40 Alcohol, tobacco and other drug use
- Overview and background
- Understanding ATOD problems
- ATOD emergency assessment and screening
- Engaging with the patient with an ATOD dependence
- Major ATOD groups
- Cannabis
- Psychostimulants
- Common psychostimulants
- Some other drugs
- Summary
- Useful websites
- References
- Section 4 Major Trauma
- Introduction
- 41 Epidemiology of injury
- The burden of injury
- History
- Epidemiology of trauma in Australia and New Zealand
- Trauma morbidity
- Trauma determinants
- Mechanisms of injury
- Effects of injury on society
- Injury prevention
- Tracking injury in Australia and New Zealand
- Standardised clinical trauma management
- Trauma specialist roles
- Summary
- Useful websites
- References
- 42 Major trauma initial assessment and management
- Preparation
- The trauma team
- Initial resuscitation
- Primary survey
- Secondary survey
- Tertiary survey
- Ongoing nursing care in the ED
- Criteria for early transfer
- Family presence
- Post-traumatic stress
- Summary
- Useful websites
- References
- 43 Traumatic brain injury
- Epidemiology
- Injury mechanism
- Anatomy
- Physiology
- TBI classifications
- Patient assessment and management
- Mild traumatic brain injury
- Summary
- Useful websites
- References
- 44 Maxillofacial trauma
- Anatomy and physiology
- Injury mechanism
- Patient assessment
- Specific fracture management
- Summary
- Useful websites
- References
- 45 Thoracic and neck trauma
- Anatomy and physiology
- Patient assessment
- Clinical interventions
- Radiology
- Fractures of the bony thorax
- Pneumothoraces
- Other thoracic injuries
- Neck injuries
- Summary
- Useful websites
- References
- 46 Abdominal and genitourinary trauma
- Epidemiology
- Anatomy
- Mechanism of injury
- Initial assessment and management
- Investigations
- Ongoing management
- Management techniques
- Specific organ injury
- Genitourinary trauma
- Genital injuries
- Postoperative management
- Summary
- Useful websites
- References
- 47 Spinal trauma
- Epidemiology
- Anatomy and physiology
- Mechanisms and associated injuries
- Pre-hospital assessment and initial management
- Spinal stabilisation
- Ongoing patient assessment
- Pharmacological management
- Definitive care
- Primary and secondary damage
- Classification of spinal cord injuries
- Autonomic dysreflexia/hyperreflexia
- The future
- Summary
- Useful websites
- References
- 48 Major orthopaedic and neurovascular trauma
- Anatomy and physiology
- Patient assessment
- Clinical interventions
- Radiology
- Pain management
- Dislocations and subluxations
- Traumatic amputations
- Fractures
- Mangled limbs
- Pelvic fractures
- Proximal femur and femoral neck fractures
- Crush injury
- Compartment syndrome
- Fat embolism syndrome
- Delayed complications
- Infection prevention
- Traction
- Splints
- Psychosocial aspects
- Summary
- Useful websites
- References
- 49 Burns trauma
- Epidemiology and aetiology of burns
- Pathophysiology
- Paramedic emergency and first aid treatment
- Burns shock and fluid resuscitation
- Inhalational injury
- Burn wound assessment and management
- Specific burn management
- Burns in children
- Summary
- Useful websites
- References
- Index
- Language: English
- Edition: 3
- Published: June 19, 2019
- Imprint: Elsevier
- eBook ISBN: 9780729587198
- eBook ISBN: 9780729587204
KC
Kate Curtis
Affiliations and expertise
Professor Emergency and Trauma Care, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Director Emergency and Critical Care Research, Illawarra Shoalhaven Local Health District, Warrawong, NSW, Australia; Registered Nurse, Wollongong Hospital Emergency Department, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Honorary Professorial Fellow, The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, AustraliaCR
Clair Ramsden
Affiliations and expertise
Executive Director Clinical Services, Opal HealthCare, AustraliaRS
Ramon Z. Shaban
Professor Ramon Z. Shaban
BSc(Med), BN, GradCertInfCon, PGDipPH&TM, MEd, MCommHealthPrac(Hons1), PhD, RN, CICP-E, FCENA, FACN, FACIPC
Clinical Chair of Communicable Diseases Control and Infection Prevention, Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute and Susan Wakil School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia; Clinical Chair of Communicable Diseases Control and Infection Prevention, Public Health Unit, Centre for Population Health, Western Sydney Local Health District, North Parramatta, New South Wales, Australia; District Director and Chief Infection Control Practitioner, Western Sydney Local Health District, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; Associate Director, New South Wales Biocontainment Centre, New South Wales Specialist Service for High Consequence Infectious Diseases Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; Senior Editor, Infection, Disease and Health, Australasian College for Infection Prevention and Control, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Affiliations and expertise
Clinical Chair of Communicable Diseases Control and Infection Prevention, Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute and Susan Wakil School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, AustraliaMF
Margaret Fry
Affiliations and expertise
Professor Emergency and Critical Care, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Northern Sydney Local Health District Nursing and Midwifery Directorate, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Adjunct Professor, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Senior Editor, Australasian Emergency Care, College of Emergency Nursing Australia, Sydney, NSW, AustraliaJC
Julie Considine
Affiliations and expertise
Professor of Nursing, Deakin University – Eastern Health, Burwood, Victoria, Australia ; Senior Editor, Australasian Emergency Care, College of Emergency Nursing Australasia, NSW, Australia