Embedded Hardware: Know It All

CHAPTER 1: Embedded Hardware Basics1.1 Lesson One on Hardware: Reading Schematics1.2 The Embedded Board and the von Neumann Model1.3 Powering the Hardware1.4 Basic Electronics 1.4.1 DC Circuits 1.4.2 AC Circuits 1.4.3 Active Devices1.5 Putting It Together: A Power Supply1.6 EndnotesCHAPTER 2: Logic Circuits2.1 Coding 2.1.1 BCD2.2 Combinatorial Logic 2.2.1 NOT Gate 2.2.2 AND and NAND Gates 2.2.3 OR and NOR Gates 2.2.4 XOR 2.2.5 Circuits 2.2.6 Tristate Devices2.3 Sequential Logic 2.3.1 Logic Wrap-Up2.4 Putting It All Together: The Integrated Circuit2.5 EndnotesCHAPTER 3: Embedded Processors3.2 ISA Architecture Models 3.2.1 Operations 3.2.2 Operands 3.2.3 Storage 3.2.4 Addressing Modes 3.2.5 Interrupts and Exception Handling 3.2.6 Application-Specific ISA Models 3.2.7 General-Purpose ISA Models 3.2.8 Instruction-Level Parallelism ISA Models3.3 Internal Processor Design 3.3.1 Central Processing Unit (CPU) 3.3.2 On-Chip Memory 3.3.3 Processor Input/Output (I/O) 3.3.4 Processor Buses3.4 Processor Performance 3.4.1 Benchmarks3.5 EndnotesCHAPTER 4: Embedded Board Buses and I/O4.1 Board I/O4.2 Managing Data: Serial vs. Parallel I/O 4.2.1 Serial I/O Example 1: Networking and Communications: RS-232 4.2.2 Example: Motorola/Freescale MPC823 FADS Board RS-232 System Model 4.2.3 Serial I/O Example 2: Networking and Communications: IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN 4.2.4 Parallel I/O 4.2.5 Parallel I/O Example 3: “ Parallel” Output and Graphics I/O 4.2.6 Parallel and Serial I/O Example 4: Networking and Communications— Ethernet 4.2.7 Example 1: Motorola/Freescale MPC823 FADS Board Ethernet System Model 4.2.8 Example 2: Net Silicon ARM7 (6127001) Development Board Ethernet System Model 4.2.9 Example 3: Adastra Neptune x86 Board Ethernet System Model4.3 Interfacing the I/O Components 4.3.1 Interfacing the I/O Device with the Embedded Board 4.3.2 Interfacing an I/O Controller and the Master CPU4.4 I/O and Performance4.5 Board Buses4.6 Bus Arbitration and Timing 4.6.1 Nonexpandable Bus: I2C Bus Example 4.6.2 PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) Bus Example: Expandable4.7 Integrating the Bus with Other Board Components4.8 Bus Performance4.9 EndnotesCHAPTER 5: Memory Systems5.1 Introduction5.2 Memory Spaces 5.2.1 L1 Instruction Memory 5.2.2 Using L1 Instruction Memory for Data Placement 5.2.3 L1 Data Memory5.3 Cache Overview 5.3.1 What Is Cache? 5.3.2 Direct-Mapped Cache 5.3.3 Fully Associative Cache 5.3.4 N-Way Set-Associative Cache 5.3.5 More Cache Details 5.3.6 Write-Through and Write-Back Data Cache5.4 External Memory 5.4.1 Synchronous Memory 5.4.2 Asynchronous Memory 5.4.3 Nonvolatile Memories5.5 Direct Memory Access 5.5.1 DMA Controller Overview 5.5.2 More on the DMA Controller 5.5.3 Programming the DMA Controller 5.5.4 DMA Classifications 5.5.5 Register-Based DMA 5.5.6 Descriptor-Based DMA 5.5.7 Advanced DMA Features5.6 EndnotesCHAPTER 6: Timing Analysis in Embedded Systems6.1 Introduction6.2 Timing Diagram Notation Conventions 6.2.1 Rise and Fall Times 6.2.2 Propagation Delays 6.2.3 Setup and Hold Time 6.2.4 Tri-State Bus Interfacing6.2.5 Pulse Width and Clock Frequency6.3 Fan-Out and Loading Analysis: DC and AC 6.3.1 Calculating Wiring Capacitance 6.3.2 Fan-Out When CMOS Drives LSTTL 6.3.3 Transmission-Line Effects 6.3.4 Ground Bounce6.4 Logic Family IC Characteristics and Interfacing 6.4.1 Interfacing TTL Compatible Signals to 5 V CMOS6.5 Design Example: Noise Margin Analysis Spreadsheet6.6 Worst-Case Timing Analysis Example6.7 EndnotesCHAPTER 7: Chooosing a Microcontroller and Other Design Decisions7.1 Introduction7.2 Choosing the Right Core7.3 Building Custom Peripherals with FPGAs7.4 Whose Development Hardware to Use—Chicken or Egg?7.5 Recommended Laboratory Equipment7.6 Development Toolchains7.7 Free Embedded Operating Systems7.8 GNU and You: How Using “Free” Software Affects Your ProductCHAPTER 8:The Essence of Microcontroller Networking: RS-2328.1 Introduction8.2 Some History8.3 RS-232 Standard Operating Procedure8.4 RS-232 Voltage Conversion Considerations8.5 Implementing RS-232 with a Microcontroller 8.5.1 Basic RS-232 Hardware 8.5.2 Building a Simple Microcontroller RS-232 Transceiver8.6 Writing RS-232 Microcontroller Routines in BASIC8.7 Building Some RS-232 Communications Hardware 8.7.1 A Few More BASIC RS-232 Instructions8.8 I2C: The Other Serial Protocol 8.8.1 Why Use I²C? 8.8.2 The I²C Bus 8.8.3 I²C ACKS and NAKS 8.8.4 More on Arbitration and Clock Synchronization 8.8.5 I²C Addressing 8.8.6 Some I²C Firmware 8.8.7 The AVR Master I²C Code 8.8.8 The AVR I²C Master-Receiver Mode Code 8.8.9 The PIC I²C Slave-Transmitter Mode Code 8.8.10 The AVR-to-PIC I²C Communications Ball8.9 Communication Options 8.9.1 The Serial Peripheral Interface Port 8.9.2 The Controller Area Network 8.9.3 Acceptance Filters8.10 EndnotesCHAPTER 9: Interfacing to Sensors and Actuators9.1 Introduction9.2 Digital Interfacing 9.2.1 Mixing 3.3 and 5 V Devices 9.2.2 Protecting Digital Inputs 9.2.3 Expanding Digital Inputs 9.2.4 Expanding Digital Outputs9.3 High-Current Outputs 9.3.1 BJT-Based Drivers 9.3.2 MOSFETs 9.3.3 Electromechanical Relays 9.3.4 Solid-State Relays9.4 CPLDs and FPGAs9.5 Analog Interfacing: An Overview 9.5.1 ADCs 9.5.2 Project 1: Characterizing an Analog Channel9.6 Conclusion9.7 EndnotesCHAPTER 10: Other Useful Hardware Design Tips and Techniques10.1 Introduction10.2 Diagnostics10.3 Connecting Tools10.4 Other Thoughts10.5 Construction Methods 10.5.1 Power and Ground Planes 10.5.2 Ground Problems10.6 Electromagnetic Compatibility10.7 Electrostatic Discharge Effects 10.7.1 Fault Tolerance10.8 Hardware Development Tools 10.8.1 Instrumentation Issues10.9 Software Development Tools10.10 Other Specialized Design Considerations 10.10.1 Thermal Analysis and Design 10.10.2 Battery-Powered System Design Considerations10.11 Processor Performance Metrics 10.11.1 IPS 10.11.2 OPS 10.11.3 BenchmarksAPPENDIX A: Schematic Symbols APPENDIX B: Acronyms and AbbreviationsAPPENDIX C: PC Board Design IssuesC.1 IntroductionC.2 Resistance of ConductorsC.3 Voltage Drop in Signal Leads—“Kelvin” FeedbackC.4 Signal Return CurrentsC.5 Grounding in Mixed Analog/Digital SystemsC.6 Ground and Power PlanesC.7 Double-Sided versus Multilayer Printed Circuit BoardsC.8 Multicard Mixed-Signal SystemsC.9 Separating Analog and Digital GroundsC.10 Grounding and Decoupling Mixed-Signal ICs with Low Digital CurrentsC.11 Treat the ADC Digital Outputs with CareC.12 Sampling Clock ConsiderationsC.13 The Origins of the Confusion About Mixed-Signal Grounding: Applying Single-Card Grounding Concepts to Multicard SystemsC.14 Summary: Grounding Mixed-Signal Devices with Low Digital Currents in a Multicard SystemC.15 Summary: Grounding Mixed-Signal Devices with High Digital Currents in a Multicard SystemC.16 Grounding DSPs with Internal Phase-Locked LoopsC.17 Grounding SummaryC.16 Some General PC Board Layout Guidelines for Mixed-Signal SystemsC.19 Skin EffectC.20 Transmission LinesC.21 Be Careful with Ground Plane BreaksC.22 Ground Isolation TechniquesC.23 Static PCB EffectsC.24 Sample MINIDIP and SOIC Op Amp PCB Guard LayoutsC.25 Dynamic PCB EffectsC.26 Stray CapacitanceC.27 Capacitive Noise and Faraday ShieldsC.28 The Floating Shield ProblemC.29 Buffering ADCs Against Logic NoiseC.28 Endnotes