Electron Probe Microanalysis

Contents

List of Contributors

Foreword

Survey of Microanalysis—Interpolation and Extrapolation

Text

References

Behavior of Electrons in a Specimen

I. Introduction

II. Backscattering and Diffusion of Electrons

III. Spot Size of Diffused X-Ray Source and Depth Distribution of Characteristic X-Ray

IV. Resolving Power of Electron Microprobe

V. Application of Backscattered Electron and Specimen Current Methods

References

The Sandwich Sample Technique Applied to Quantitative Microprobe Analysis

I. Introduction

II. The Absorption Correction

III. Fluorescence Due to Characteristic Lines

IV. The Atomic Number Effect

V. A Model for Quantitative Electron Probe Microanalysis

References

Quantitative Microprobe Analysis: A Basis for Universal Atomic Number Correction Tables and Victor G. Macres

I. Introduction

II. Formulation of Atomic Number Correction

III. Discussion and Evaluation of the Correction Formula

IV. Basis for Universal Correction Tables

V. Application to Experimental Data

VI. Summary and Conclusions

Appendix I. Tabulation of λ' Values

Appendix II. Example Calculation Using Universal Atomic Number Correction Tables

Appendix III. Mass Absorption Coefficients

Appendix IV. Mass Absorption Coefficients

References

Deconvolution: A Technique to Increase Electron Probe Resolution

Summary

I. Introduction

II. Theory of the Deconvolution Method

III. Mathematics of the Deconvolution Method

IV. Experimental Measurements

V. Reduction of Data

VI. Discussion

References

Analysis for Low Atomic Number Elements with the Electron Microprobe

I. Introduction

II. The Stearate Crystal

III. Reduction of Carbon Contamination

IV. Analysis of the Light Elements

References

Changes in X-Ray Emission Spectra Observed between the Pure Elements and Elements in Combination with Others to Form Compounds or Alloys

I. Introduction

II. X-Ray Emission Spectra

III. Applications

References

Backscattered and Secondary Electron Emission as Ancillary Techniques in Electron Probe Analysis

I. Introduction

II. Qualitative Considerations

III. Experimental Techniques

IV. Quantitative Analysis

V. Scanning Images

References

The Influence of the Preparation of Metal Specimens on the Precision of Electron Probe Microanalysis

I. Introduction

II. Problems in Specimen Preparation

III. Effects of Surface Roughness

IV. Effects of Leaching, Deposition, Smearing, and Etching

V. Effects of Anodic or Vapor Deposited Films

VI. Conclusions

References

Electron Probe Microanalysis in Mineralogy

I. Introduction

II. Sample Preparation

III. Problems Inherent in Mineral Analysis

IV. Qualitative Analysis of Minerals

V. Quantitative Analysis of Minerals

VI. Examples of Electron Probe Analysis in Mineralogy

VII. Future Trends

VIII. Conclusions

References

Electron Probe Analysis in Metallurgy

I. Introduction

II. Applications in Metallography

III. Kinetic Processes

IV. Conclusion

References

Scanning Electron Probe Measurement of Magnetic Fields

I. Introduction

II. Basic Description of the Method

III. Magnetic Field Calculation

IV. Angular Deflection of Secondaries

V. Detected Signal Due to Magnetic Field

VI. Detected Signal Due to Surface Relief

VII. Other Limitations

VIII. Description of Detector

IX. Specimen Preparation

X. Measurement Techniques, Results and Discussion

XI. Image Displays

XII. Conclusions

Appendix I. Other Detector Applications

Appendix II. Specimen and Collector Currents under Bias

Conditions

Appendix III. Magnetic Signal under Bias Conditions

References

Nondispersive X-Ray Emission Analysis for Lunar Surface Geochemical Exploration

I. Introduction

II. Data Analysis

III. Application of Least-Square Technique to an Experimental Problem

References

The Divergent Beam X-Ray Technique

List of Symbols

I. Introduction

II. Early Work

III. Formation of the Observed X-Ray Conic Sections

IV. Pattern Interpretation

V. Orientation of Crystals by Means of the Kossel Technique

VI. Use of the Kossel Technique to Study Mechanical and Thermodynamic Characteristics of Crystals

VII. Experimental Methods in Divergent Beam Diffraction

VIII. Contribution of Divergent Beam X-Ray Diffraction to Scientific Research

References

Author Index

Subject Index