Electrocoagulation Based Treatment of Water and Wastewater

Chapter 1 Water and wastewater: A general perspective 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Water resource management 1.2.1 Pollution-prevention approach 1.2.2 Preservation approach 1.2.3 Purification approach 1.3 Water-quality standards 1.3.1 Drinking water standards 1.3.2 Industrial discharge standards 1.4 Major sources of water pollution 1.4.1 Surface water 1.4.2 Ground water 1.4.3 Industrial wastewater 1.5 Conclusion References Chapter 2 Water treatment techniques for the remediation of drinking and industrial wastewater 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Classification of treatment techniques 2.2.1 Physical treatment techniques 2.2.2 Chemical treatment techniques 2.2.3 Energy intensive techniques 2.3 Current treatment processes for water and wastewater 2.3.1 Ozonation process 2.3.2 Adsorption process 2.3.3 Chemical coagulation/flocculation process 2.4 Drawbacks of the conventional processes 2.5 Conclusion References Chapter 3 Fundamentals of electrochemistry 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Overview of electrochemical cells 3.2.1 General cell designs 3.2.2 Establishment and maintenance of inert atmosphere 3.2.3 Cell resistance and capacitance 3.3 Electrode materials 3.3.1 Carbon electrodes 3.3.2 Metal electrodes 3.4 Factors affecting the electrochemical process 3.4.1 Electrode potential 3.4.2 Diffusion coefficients 3.4.3 Liquid junction potentials 3.5 Conclusion References Chapter 4 Advances in electrocoagulation process: Fundamentals and Mechanism 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Overview of electrocoagulation (EC) process 4.2.1 Mechanism of EC process 4.2.2 Reactor design and operational control 4.2.3 Optimization and modelling of EC process 4.3 Commonly used electrode materials for EC process 4.3.1 Aluminium and iron electrodes 4.3.2 Other miscellaneous electrodes 4.4 Operational parameters affecting the removal efficiency of EC process 4.4.1 Current density and solution pH 4.4.2 Inter-electrode distance and electrode connection 4.5 Techno-economic analysis of electrocoagulation process 4.6 Conclusion References Chapter 5 Electrocoagulation and ozonation processes for the treatment of cold rolling mill (CRM) wastewater from Tata Steel Industry, Jamshedpur, India 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Materials and methodology 5.2.1 Materials 5.2.2 Experimental methods 5.2.2.1 Fabrication of an electrocoagulation reactor 5.2.2.2 Lab scale set-up of ozonation unit 5.3 Results and Discussion 5.3.1 Variation in solution pH 5.3.2 Effect of ozone and electrocoagulation on phenol and iron concentration 5.3.3 Removal of COD via ozone and electrocoagulation process 5.3.4 Impact of experimental parameters on oil content 5.3.5 Evaluation of energy consumption and operating cost 5.4 Conclusion References Chapter 6 Hybrid ozonation-electrocoagulation treatment of Tata steel plant generated biological oxidation treated (BOT) wastewater located in Jamshedpur, India 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Materials and methodology 6.2.1 Materials 6.2.2 Experimental method 6.2.2.1 Lab scale design of electrocoagulation layout 6.2.2.3 Batch ozonation set-up 6.3 Results and Discussion 6.3.1 Degradation of cyanide & phenol by ozone-electrocoagulation process 6.3.2 Effect of operating variables on the removal of iron and colour content 6.3.3 Hybrid ozone-electrocoagulation process for the reduction of ammonia 6.3.4 Evaluation of energy consumption and operating cost 6.4 Conclusion References Chapter 7 A real life application on the treatment of petroleum industry effluent located in Minas Gerais, Brazil via hybrid adsorption-electrocoagulation process 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Materials and methodology 7.2.1 Materials 7.2.2 Experimental methods 7.2.2.1 Adsorption process 7.2.2.2 Electrocoagulation process 7.3 Results and Discussion 7.3.1 Adsorption 7.3.1.1 Characterization 7.3.1.2 Kinetics and isotherm of adsorption 7.3.2 Electrocoagulation 7.3.2.1 Electrocoagulation parameters evaluation 7.3.2.2 Kinetics and isotherms of electrocoagulation 7.3.3 Efficiency of hybrid adsorption-electrocoagulation process 7.4 Conclusion References Chapter 8 Continuous electrocoagulation treatment of textile industry effluent located in Istanbul Turkey 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Materials and Methodology 8.2.1 Materials 8.2.2 Experimental methods 8.2.2.1 Continuous electrocoagulation reactor 8.2.2.2 Analytical techniques 8.3 Results and Discussion 8.3.1 Influence of current density on COD, TOC and turbidity 8.3.2 Effect of inlet flow rate on pollutants removal 8.3.3 Impact of COD concentration on textile effluent treatment 8.3.4 Operational cost analysis 8.4 Conclusion References Chapter 9 Hybrid electrocoagulation–microfiltration process for the treatment of NF rejected Tata steel industry effluent located in Jamshedpur, India 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Materials and Methodology 9.2.1 Materials 9.2.2 Experimental methods 9.2.2.1 Fabrication of an electrocoagulation unit 9.2.2.2 Microfiltration membrane preparation 9.3 Results and Discussion 9.3.1 Pollutants removal via change in current density and electrode distance 9.3.2 Effect of transmembrane pressure on microfiltration efficiency 9.3.3 Estimation of corrosion, film thickness and water flux recovery 9.3.4 Energy consumption and operating cost assessment 9.4 Conclusion References Chapter 10 A real life application on the treatment of contaminated drinking water by continuous electrocoagulation process 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Materials and Methodology 10.2.1 Materials 10.2.2 Experimental method 10.2.2.1 Fabrication of a continuous electrocoagulation unit 10.2.2.2 Analytical methods 10.3 Results and Discussion 10.3.1 Influence of applied potential on nitrate removal 10.3.2 Effect of continuous electrocoagulation on arsenic removal 10.3.3 Implications for drinking water treatment 10.3.4 Evaluation of operating cost 10.4 Conclusion References Chapter 11 Fluoride and iron mitigation in drinking water by electrocoagulation process 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Materials and Methodology 11.2.1 Materials 11.2.2 Experimental methods 11.2.2.1 Electrocoagulation reactor 11.2.2.2 Fluoride and iron removal mechanism by EC 11.3 Results and Discussion 11.3.1 Effect of initial pH and NaCl dose on drinking water 11.3.2 Influence of current density and electrode distance on pollutants removal 11.3.3 Electrochemical kinetics 11.3.4 Evaluation of energy consumption 11.4 Conclusion References Chapter 12 Performance of electrocoagulation process for the removal of arsenic from drinking water 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Materials and Methods 12.2.1 Materials 12.2.2 Experimental methods 12.2.2.1 Layout of an electrocoagulation set-up 12.2.2.2 Analytical procedure 12.3 Results and Discussion 12.3.1 Influence of current density and pH on arsenic removal 12.3.2 Effect of initial concentration on arsenic removal 12.3.3 Adsorption kinetics of pollutant removal 12.3.5 Evaluation of operating cost 12.4 Conclusion References Chapter 13 Environmental assessment of wastewater sludge 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Wastewater sludge 13.3 Assessment of wastewater sludge for environmental sustainability 13.3.1 Sludge stabilization 13.3.2 Sludge conditioning 13.3.3 Sludge dewatering operation 13.3.4 Sludge volume reduction 13.4 Application of wastewater sludge 13.5 Conclusion References