Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies Beyond Li-ion Batteries

Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies Beyond Li-ion Batteries: Fundamentals, Materials, Devices focuses on an overview of the current research directions to enable the commercial translation of electrochemical energy storage technologies. The principles of energy storage mechanisms and device design considerations are introduced, along with advances in candidate materials and their path to commercialization and industrialization. Electrochemical energy storage technologies reviewed include rocking chair batteries, metal-air batteries, redox flow batteries, fuel cells, and supercapacitors.

This book is suitable for materials scientists and chemists in academia and industry. It may also be of interest to physicists and energy scientists and practitioners.

Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies Beyond Li-ion Batteries
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
Preface
Part 1: Fundamentals of electrochemical energy storage technologies
Chapter 1 Fundamental electrochemical energy storage mechanisms
Abstract
Keywords
1 Overview
2 Electron transfer and mass transport
3 Electrochemistry of electrolyte
3.1 Aqueous electrolyte
3.2 Organic electrolytes
3.3 Ionic liquids
3.4 Solid/quasisolid electrolytes
3.5 Solid polymer electrolytes
3.6 Gel polymer electrolytes
4 Electrochemistry of electrode
5 Interface
References
Chapter 2 Configurations of electrochemical energy storage devices
Abstract
Keywords
1 Overview
2 Device configuration design principles
2.1 Type of alkali metal ion battery
2.2 Cylindrical battery
2.3 Pouch cells
2.4 Square aluminum shell battery
2.5 Design principle of alkali metal ion battery
2.6 Negative/positive capacity ratio
2.7 Compaction density
2.8 Material and specification of separator
2.9 Amount of electrolyte added
2.10 Safety management principles
3 Redox flow batteries (RFBs)
3.1 All-vanadium RFBs
3.2 Zinc-based RFBs
3.3 Zinc-air RFBs
3.4 Zinc-iron RFBs
4 The function of separators
4.1 The action mechanism of separator in batteries
4.2 The main parameters influence separators’ performances
4.3 Polyolefin-based separator and functional membrane
4.4 Separators beyond polyolefins with extra active functions
4.5 Separators for sodium-ion battery
4.6 Synthesis of separators for sodium-ion battery
4.7 Modification of sodium-ion battery separators
References
Chapter 3 Material characterization and electrochemical test techniques
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
2 Basic characterization and electrochemical test techniques
2.1 X-ray diffraction
2.2 X-ray absorption spectroscopy
2.3 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
2.4 Scanning electron microscopy
2.5 Transmission electron microscopy
2.6 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
2.7 Raman spectroscopy
2.8 Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
2.9 Cyclic voltammetry
3 Advanced characterization and electrochemical test techniques
3.1 Neutron powder diffraction
3.2 Neutron total scattering
3.3 Neutron reflection
3.4 Neutron imaging
3.5 Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance
4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4 Selected quantum chemical studies on the surfaces and interfaces of carbon materials for applications in lithium-ion batteries and beyond
Abstract
Keywords
Acknowledgment
1 Introduction
1.1 Architecture of lithium-ion batteries
1.2 Reactions in LIBs
1.3 Other group I elements as alternatives to Li
2 A brief introduction to density functional theory (DFT)
2.1 Hohenberg-Kohn theorems
2.2 Kohn-Sham equations
2.3 Exchange and correlation functional
3 The interaction of Li, Na, and K with carbon materials
3.1 Interaction with PAHs
3.2 Graphite intercalation compounds
3.3 Graphene with defects and doped graphene
3.4 Graphite oxides and graphene oxides
4 Concluding remarks and perspectives
References
Part 2: Non-lithium-ion rocking chair batteries: Candidate materials and device design considerations
Chapter 5 Sodium-ion batteries
Abstract
Keywords
Acknowledgments
1 Introduction
2 Anode materials
2.1 Intercalation anodes
2.2 Conversion anodes
2.3 Conversion + alloying anodes
2.4 Alloying anodes
3 Electrolytes for NIBs
4 Separators and current collectors for NIBs
5 Cathode materials
5.1 Layered oxide cathodes
5.2 Polyanionic cathodes
5.3 PBAs
6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 6 Potassium-ion batteries: Mechanism, design, and perspectives
Abstract
Keywords
Acknowledgments
1 Introduction
2 Anode materials
2.1 Carbon-based anodes
2.2 Non-carbon-based anodes
3 Cathode materials
3.1 Layered transition metal oxides
3.2 Prussian blue analogs
3.3 Polyanionic compounds
3.4 Organic cathode materials
4 Electrolytes
4.1 Organic liquid electrolytes
4.2 IL electrolytes
4.3 Solid-state electrolytes
4.4 Aqueous electrolytes
5 Binders
6 Conclusion and perspectives
References
Chapter 7 Zinc-ion batteries: Recent trends in zinc-ion batteries
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
2 Materials used in zinc-ion batteries
2.1 Anode
2.2 Cathode
2.3 Electrolytes
2.4 Current collector
2.5 Separators
2.6 Conclusion and perspectives
References
Chapter 8 Rechargeable magnesium-ion batteries: From mechanism to emerging materials
Abstract
Keywords
Acknowledgments
1 Introduction
2 Working mechanism and main challenges
3 Cathode
3.1 Polyanionic cathode materials
3.2 Spinel cathode materials
3.3 Transition metal oxides
3.4 Transition metal sulfides
3.5 Transition metal selenides
4 Anode
4.1 Alloy anode
4.2 Mg metal anode
4.3 Metal oxide anode
4.4 Carbon-based anode
5 Electrolyte
5.1 Mg(TFSI)2
5.2 Nonnucleophilic electrolyte
5.3 Some other electrolytes
6 Summary and outlooks
References
Chapter 9 Aluminum-ion batteries
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction of rechargeable aluminum-ion batteries
2 Cathode materials
2.1 AlCl4− intercalation cathode materials
2.2 Al3+ intercalation cathode materials
2.3 Conversion-type cathode materials
2.4 Summary
3 Electrolytes
3.1 Nonaqueous liquid electrolytes
3.2 Aqueous electrolytes
3.3 Gel polymer electrolytes
3.4 Summary
4 Al metal anode and related technologies
5 Other materials
5.1 Binders
5.2 Current collector
5.3 Separator
5.4 Summary
6 Conclusion and perspectives
References
Chapter 10 Calcium-ion batteries
Abstract
Keywords
1 A general introduction to this technology
2 Challenges in developing modern CIBs
3 Anode materials
3.1 Metallic calcium anodes
3.2 Alloy anodes
3.3 Intercalation anodes
3.4 Organic anodes
4 Cathode
4.1 Prussian blue analogs
4.2 Oxides
4.3 Chalcogenides
4.4 Organic materials
4.5 Other cathode materials
5 Perspectives
5.1 Advanced computation for screening electrode materials
5.2 Surface modification
5.3 Defects engineering
5.4 Designing nanostructure for fast Ca2+ diffusion
5.5 Multiion strategies
5.6 Optimization of testing conditions
References
Chapter 11 Materials electrochemistry for dual-ion batteries
Abstract
Keywords
1 Understanding of dual-ion batteries
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Fundamentals of dual-ion batteries
2 Positive electrode design
2.1 Graphite
2.2 Other cathode candidates
3 Negative electrode design
3.1 Intercalation- and conversion-type anodes
3.2 Alloying-type anodes
3.3 Metallic and organic materials
4 Electrolyte design
4.1 Standard liquid electrolyte
4.2 Solvation effect of anions
4.3 Functional additives
4.4 High-concentration electrolytes
4.5 Quasi-solid-state and gel polymer electrolytes
5 Conclusion and perspectives
References
Part 3: Emerging metal-air batteries and fuel cells: Candidate materials and device design considerations
Chapter 12 Lithium-air batteries
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
2 Anode materials
2.1 Oxygen-selective membranes and their positive effects on Li metal anode
2.2 In situ protective layers
2.3 External anodic hydrophobic protective coatings
2.4 Lithium liquid metal as the anode
3 Air-cathode materials
3.1 Carbon-based catalyst
3.2 Transition metal oxide-based catalyst
3.3 Spinel oxide-based catalysts
3.4 Perovskite oxide catalysts
4 Electrolytes
4.1 Nonaqueous electrolyte
4.2 Aqueous electrolyte
4.3 Solid-state electrolyte
5 Other components
5.1 Current collectors
5.2 Separators
5.3 Binders
6 Conclusion and future perspectives
References
Chapter 13 Zinc-air batteries
Abstract
Keywords
Acknowledgments
1 A general introduction to this technology
2 Zn anode-related technologies
2.1 Primary cells
2.2 Anode characterization
2.3 Secondary anode design
2.4 Anodes for flow batteries and mechanically rechargeable ZABs
3 Air-cathode materials
3.1 Common bifunctional catalysts: Manganese dioxide and its polymorphs
3.2 Alternative cathodes
3.3 Two- vs. three-electrode configuration
4 Electrolytes
4.1 Most commonly used electrolytes
4.2 Use of additives for alleviating issues with reversibility
4.3 Alternative electrolytes
5 Other components (binder, current collector, separator, etc.)
5.1 Current collectors
5.2 Binders and gelling agents
5.3 Separator
6 Conclusion and perspectives
References
Chapter 14 Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs)
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
2 Electrolyte materials
2.1 Ceria-doped electrolyte materials
2.2 SDC and mixed LCP (lanthanum, cerium, and praseodymium) based electrolyte materials
2.3 LSGM-based electrolyte materials
3 SOFC electrode materials
3.1 Anode
3.2 Cathodes
4 Other components (interconnect)
5 Electrocatalysts
6 Commercialization and industrialization of SOFCs
7 Conclusions
References
Part 4: Redox flow batteries: Candidate materials and device design considerations
Chapter 15 All-vanadium redox flow batteries
Abstract
Keywords
1 Topic 1: A general introduction to this technology
2 Topic 2: Electrolyte materials
2.1 Aqueous all-vanadium electrolytes
2.2 Nonaqueous all-vanadium electrolytes
3 Topic 3: Membrane materials
3.1 Membranes for VRFBs
3.2 Membrane characterization
4 Topic 4: Electrodes
4.1 Properties of the VRFB electrodes
4.2 Surface modification of commercial carbon felts for improved performance
5 Topic 5 Summary and perspective
References
Chapter 16 Zinc-based hybrid flow batteries
Abstract
Keywords
1 Overview
2 Introduction
2.1 The morphology of zinc deposition in ZHFBs
3 Different types and configurations of ZHFBs
3.1 Different hybrid flow batteries based on the pH of the electrolyte:
3.2 Different types of ZHFBs based on cathode material
4 Other components of ZHFBs
4.1 Separator/ion exchange membrane
4.2 Current collector for anode
4.3 Current collector for cathode
4.4 Electrolytes for different types of ZHFBs
5 Conclusions and outlook
References
Part 5: Supercapacitors: Candidate materials and device design considerations
Chapter 17 Electrochemical double layer capacitors (EDLCs)
Abstract
Keywords
1 Electric double layer (EDL)
2 Application of double electric layer
2.1 Organic ion batteries
2.2 Supercapacitors
2.3 Water-based ion batteries/capacitors
2.4 High-voltage devices
References
Chapter 18 Pseudocapacitors
Abstract
Keywords
1 Overview
2 Pseudocapacitive energy storage mechanisms
3 Kinetic analysis
4 Device structure
5 Performance evaluation
6 Pseudocapacitive materials
6.1 TMOs
6.2 Two-dimensional transition metal carbides/nitrides
6.3 TMHs
6.4 Other materials
7 Pseudocapacitive electrolytes
8 Conclusion and perspectives
References
Chapter 19 Exploring hybrid capacitors: Advanced concepts and applications
Abstract
Keywords
Acknowledgments
1 Introduction
1.1 EDLC
1.2 Pseudo supercapacitors (PCs)
1.3 HC
2 Different HCs and the anode and cathode materials
2.1 Asymmetric supercapacitors (ASC)
2.2 Battery-based supercapacitors
2.3 Composite supercapacitors
3 Electrolytes
4 Binders
4.1 PVDF and PTFE
4.2 Natural cellulose
4.3 Nafion
5 Separator
5.1 Cellulose separator
5.2 Polymer separator: Polypropylene
6 Current collector
6.1 Aluminum foil as a current collector
6.2 Nickle foil as a current collector
7 Conclusion
References
Part 6: Future outlooks and challenges
Chapter 20 Challenges and future prospective of nonlithium electrochemical energy storage technologies
Abstract
Keywords
1 Overview
1.1 Significance of nonlithium electrochemical energy storage
1.2 Growing demand for high-efficiency energy storage systems
1.3 Transition from lithium-ion to next-generation technologies
2 Challenges in practical application of nonlithium technologies
2.1 Cycle life and durability
2.2 Cost and scalability
2.3 Integration with existing infrastructure
3 Strategies for overcoming challenges
3.1 Material innovations
3.2 Energy storage configuration developments
3.3 Manufacturing techniques and commercial viability
4 Future prospects and market dynamics
4.1 Role in renewable energy integration
4.2 Impact on transportation electrification
4.3 Potential for significant environmental and economic impact
References
Index

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

Social Sciences & Humanities

Health

Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies Beyond Li-ion Batteries

Fundamentals, Materials, Devices

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Guanjie He

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