Electrical Installation Technology

Chapter 1 Electromagnetism 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Domain Theory of Magnetism 1.3 Magnetic Materials 1.4 Magnetic Field Properties 1.5 The Magnetic Circuit 1.6 Magnetic Behavior 1.7 Flat-Hand Rule 1.8 Units and Calculations 1.9 Magnetic Flux 1.10 Flux Density 1.11 M.M.F. 1.12 Magnetizing Force 1.13 Permeability of Free Space 1.14 Relative Permeability 1.15 Leakage and Fringing 1.16 Magnetic Ohm's Law 1.17 Magnetic Series Circuit 1.18 Force on a Conductor 1.19 Force between Parallel Conductors 1.20 B-H Curves 1.21 The Hysteresis Loop Chapter 2 Inductance 2.1 Inductance 2.2 Induced E.M.F. 2.3 Field-Discharge Switch 2.4 Energy Stored in the Magnetic Field 2.5 Inductance in A.C. Circuits-Inductive Reactance 2.6 Derivation of XL = 2πfLΩ 2.7 Eddy Currents 2.8 Non-Inductive Circuits 2.9 Mutal Inductance Chapter 3 Static Electricity 3.1 Charges 3.2 Frictional Electricity 3.3 Insulators and Conductors 3.4 Electrostatic Induction 3.5 Electrostatic Fields 3.6 Potential and Potential Difference 3.7 Lightning Conductors 3.8 Static Charges in Industry 3.9 Hospital Static Charges 3.10 The Capacitor 3.11 Charge and Discharge Curves 3.12 Units 3.13 Capacitors in Series 3.14 Capacitors in Parallel 3.15 Capacitors in Series-Parallel 3.16 Electric Flux, Flux Density 3.17 Electric Force 3.18 Permittivity 3.19 Capacitor Dimensions 3.20 Energy Stored in a Capacitor 3.21 Capacitors in A.C. Circuits-Capacitive Reactance 3.22 Derivation of XC = 1/2πfC Chapter 4 D.C. Circuits 4.1 Resistors in Series 4.2 Fall of Potential 4.3 Parallel Circuits 4.4 Branch Current Law 4.5 Temperature Coefficient 4.6 Kirchhoff's Laws 4.7 Ring Main Calculations 4.8 Loads Supplied at Both Ends Chapter 5 A.C. Circuits 5.1 A.C. Series and Parallel Circuits 5.2 Resonance 5.3 Current Resonance 5.4 3-Phase Star-Connected System 5.5 3-Phase Delta-Connected System 5.6 Unbalanced 3-Phase Loads 5.7 Addition of Parallel Loads 5.8 Harmonic Currents Chapter 6 Voltage Drop and Current Rating 6.1 General Considerations 6.2 Cable Selection 6.3 Cable Protection 6.4 Ambient Temperature 6.5 Grouping 6.6 Sheathing 6.7 Disposition of Cables 6.8 Proximity of Cables to Steelwork 6.9 Fundamental 3-Phase Voltage-Drop Calculations Chapter 7 Distribution 7.1 Generation 7.2 The Grid 7.3 Supply Voltages and Control 7.4 D.C. 3-Wire Distribution 7.5 3-Wire D.C. Calculations 7.6 Distributor Fed at Both Ends 7.7 Ring Main Distribution 7.8 Private Substations 7.9 Safety to Personnel at High Voltage 7.10 Cubicle Switchgear 7.11 Distribution of Low Voltage Supplies 7.12 Requirements for Bare Conductors in Trunking Chapter 8 Wiring Techniques 8.1 Fundamentals 8.2 Conduit Work 8.3 Continuity 8.4 Corrosion 8.5 Boxes 8.6 Further Conduit Precautions 8.7 Plastic Conduits 8.8 Plastic Conduit Installation Methods 8.9 Trunking 8.10 Overhead-Busbar Trunking 8.11 Mineral-Insulated Cables 8.12 Earth Concentric Wiring 8.13 Plastic Cable Wiring Methods 8.14 Polychloroprene-Sheathed Cables 8.15 Heat-Resisting Cables and Flexibles 8.16 Paper-Insulated and Other Power Cables 8.17 Laying P.I.L.C. Cables 8.18 Jointing Paper-Insulated Cables 8.19 P.V.C. Armored Cable 8.20 New Wiring Systems 8.21 Flameproof Equipment 8.22 Flameproof Wiring Chapter 9 O.C. Generators and Motors 9.1 General Principles 9.2 Yoke 9.3 Poles 9.4 Armature 9.5 Commutator and Brushgear 9.6 Lap and Wave Winding 9.7 Armature Reaction and Interpoles 9.8 Commutation 9.9 E.M.F. Equation 9.10 O.C. Generators 9.11 Separately-Excited Generators 9.12 Series Generator 9.13 Shunt Generator 9.14 Compound-Wound Generators 9.15 Motor Enclosures 9.16 Back E.M.F. and Speed Control 9.17 Motor Power and Torque 9.18 Series Motor 9.19 Shunt Motor 9.20 Compound-Wound Motor 9.21 Automatic Starting of D.C. Motors 9.22 Ward Leonard Speed Control Chapter 10 A.C. Motors 10.1 The 3-Phase Induction Motor-Constructional Features 10.2 Principle of Action 10.3 Synchronous Speed and Slip 10.4 Performance 10.5 Double-Cage Motors 10.6 Starting Methods 10.7 Slip-Ring Induction Motor 10.8 A.C. 3-Phase Commutator Motor-Speed Control 10.9 Synchronous Motor 10.10 Single-Phase Motors 10.11 Single-Phase Series Motor 10.12 Single Phase Induction Motor 10.13 Repulsion Motor 10.14 Shaded-Pole Motor 10.15 Motor Regulations Chapter 11 Transformers 11.1 Basic Considerations 11.2 No-Load Conditions 11.3 Load Conditions 11.4 E.M.F. Equation 11.5 Auto-Transformers 11.6 Construction 11.7 Cooling 11.8 Phasor Diagram of Inductive Load 11.9 Transformer Regulation 11.10 Prospective Short-Circuit and Percentage Reactance 11.11 Open-Circuit Test 11.12 Short-Circuit Test 11.13 Transformer Efficiency 11.14 I.E.E. Regulations Governing Transformers Chapter 12 Power-Factor Improvement-Tarrips 12.1 Advantages of High Power Factor 12.2 Causes of Poor Power Factor 12.3 P.F. Improvement Plant 12.4 Static Capacitors 12.5 Synchronous Motors 12.6 Phase Advancer 12.7 Tariffs 12.8 Off-Peak Electricity 12.9 Maximum Demand 12.10 Worked Examples 12.11 White Meters Chapter 13 Earthing and Earth-Leakage Protection 13.1 Protective Methods 13.2 Protection Against Short-Circuit Currents 13.3 Principles of Earthing 13.4 Earthing Practice 13.5 Bonding 13.6 Bathrooms 13.7 Earth Electrodes 13.8 Earthing Circuit and Earth-Protective Conductors 13.9 Voltage-Operated Earth-Leakage Circuit-Breaker 13.10 Residual Current Circuit-Breaker 13.11 Monitored Earth Circuits Chapter 14 Testing 14.1 Circuit Protective Conductors (C.P.C.) 14.2 Earth-Electrode Resistance 14.3 Insulation Tests 14.4 Verification of Polarity 14.5 Loop Impedance Tests 14.6 Earth-Leakage Circuit-Breakers 14.7 Measurement of Earth Resistivity 14.8 Certificates 14.9 Statutory Requirements 14.10 Measurement of Power and Power Factor 14.11 Two-Wattmeter Method 14.12 Murray Loop Test Chapter 15 Illumination 15.1 Wave Nature of Light 15.2 Illumination Laws 15.3 Cosine Law 15.4 Practical Lighting Schemes 15.5 Coefficient of Utilization 15.6 Maintenance Factor 15.7 Spacing-Height Ratio 15.8 Illumination Formula 15.9 Glare 15.10 Tungsten Lamp Developments 15.11 The Tungsten Halogen Lamp 15.12 Discharge Lighting-Basic Ideas 15.13 The Hot-Cathode Fluorescent Lamp 15.14 Quick Starting 15.15 Stroboscopic Effect 15.16 D.C. Operation 15.17 Cold-Cathode Fluorescent Tubes 15.18 Sodium Lamp 15.19 Mercury Vapor Lamp 15.20 Discharge Lighting Regulations (Low Voltage) 15.21 Discharge Lighting Regulations (Above Low Voltage) Chapter 16 Heating 16.1 General Principles of Temperature and Heat 16.2 Heat Units 16.3 Specific Heat 16.4 Calorific Value of Fuels 16.5 Heat Transference 16.6 Room Heating Calculations 16.7 Transmissions Coefficients (U-Values) 16.8 Off-Peak Heating Installations 16.9 Floor Heating 16.10 Air Duct Heating 16.11 The Immersion Heater 16.12 Protection against Scale 16.13 Non-Pressure Water Heater 16.14 Pressure-Type Water Heater 16.15 Off-Peak Water Heating 16.16 The Electrode Boiler Chapter 17 Communication Systems and Equipment 17.1 Storage Batteries 17.2 Lead-Acid Cells 17.3 Alkaline Cells 17.4 Charging Methods 17.5 Bell Circuits 17.6 Luminous Call Systems 17.7 Internal Telephones 17.8 Fire Alarms 17.9 Burglar Alarms 17.10 Codes of Practice Chapter 18 Electronics 18.1 Thermionic Diode Valve 18.2 The Double Diode 18.3 Metal Rectifiers 18.4 Triode Valves 18.5 Triode Oscillator 18.6 The Semiconductor Diode and Transistor 18.7 Thyristor 18.8 Printed Circuits 18.9 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope Chapter 19 Management 19.1 Site Management 19.2 Specification 19.3 Elements of Estimating 19.4 Pricing 19.5 Labor 19.6 On-Costs, Provisional and Prime Cost Sums 19.7 Bill of Quantities and Day Work 19.8 Bar Charts 19.9 Critical Path Analysis (C.P.A.) 19.10 Earliest and Latest Times 19.11 Logic Gates and Circuits Answers to Exercises Index