Earth Reinforcement and Soil Structures

PrefaceAcknowledgmentsNotation1 Introduction2 History 2.1 Ancient Structures 2.2 Modern Structures References3 Application Areas 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Bridgeworks 3.2.1 Bridge Abutment 3.2.2 Bridge Abutment with Piled Bank Seat 3.2.3 Bridge Abutment and support to Bank Seat 3.2.4 Sloping Bridge Abutment 3.2.5 Reinforced Embankment in Place of Viaduct 3.3 Dams 3.3.1 Earth Fill Dam 3.3.2 Reinforced Earth Dam 3.3.3 Reinforced Soil Structure to Raise the Height of an Existing Dam 3.4 Embankments 3.4.1 Reinforced Embankment 3.4.2 Geocell Mattress to Produce Embankment Stability 3.4.3 Geogrid Vertical Web Foundation to Produce Embankment Stability 3.4.4 Tied Embankment 3.5 Foundations 3.5.1 Geogrid Web and Column Foundations for Embankments on Weak Subsoils 3.5.2 Foundations in Urban Conditions 3.5.3 Reinforced Earth Slab Over Cavities in Subsoil 3.5.4 Reinforced Footings Beneath Structures 3.5.5 Reinforced Foundations beneath Storage Tanks 3.6 Highways 3.6.1 Reinforced Embankments Supporting Carriageways 3.6.2 Reinforced Soil Support to Embankments in Mountainous Regions 3.6.3 Reinforced Embankments Supporting Highways 3.6.4 Repair of Embankment Failures 3.6.5 Formation of Reinforced Cutting Using Soil Nailing or Lateral Earth Support System 3.6.6 Reinforced Soil Repair of Cutting Failure 3.7 Housing 3.7.1 Reinforced Soil Used to Form Terraced Housing 3.8 Industrial 3.8.1 Rock Crushing Plant 3.8.2 Mineral Storage Bunkers 3.8.3 Settlement Tanks and Lagoons 3.8.4 Containment Dikes 3.8.5 Roof Support Packs in Underground Mining 3.9 Military 3.9.1 Arming Bunkers, Traverses and Blast Shelters 3.10 Pipe-Works 3.10.1 Side Support to Buried Pipe Structures 3.11 Railways 3.11.1 Reinforcement of Railway Embankments and to Protect against Environmental Damage 3.11.2 Railway Support Embankment 3.12 Root Pile Systems 3.12.1 Foundation Supports and Repair Techniques 3.13 Sports Structures 3.13.1 Ski Jumping Slopes 3.14 Quays and Sea Walls 3.14.1 Sea Wall 3.14.2 Islands Constructed Underwater 3.14.3 Wall Adjacent to River or Forming Sides of a Canal 3.15 Underground Structures 3.15.1 Vaults References4 Theory 4.1 Introduction 4.2 General Theory 4.2.1 Stress-Strain Relationship of Reinforced Soil 4.3 Factors Affecting the Performance and Behavior of Reinforced Soil 4.3.1 Reinforcement 4.3.2 Reinforcement Distribution 4.3.3 Soil 4.3.4 Soil State 4.3.5 Construction 4.4 Design Theories 4.4.1 General 4.4.2 Vertically Faced Structures 4.4.3 Overall Stability—Vertically-Faced Structures 4.4.4 Embankments and Cuttings 4.4.5 Composite Reinforcing Systems 4.5 Seismic Effects 4.5.1 Seismic Designs 4.6 Mining Subsidence 4.7 Repeated Loading References5 Materials 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Soil/Fill 5.2.1 Cohesion-less Fill 5.2.2 Cohesive Frictional Fill 5.2.3 Cohesive Fill 5.2.4 Waste Materials 5.3 Reinforcement 5.3.1 Types of Reinforcing Materials 5.3.2 Properties 5.3.3 Proprietary Reinforcing Materials 5.4 Facings References6 Design and Analysis 6.1 Idealization 6.2 Conceptual Design 6.2.1 Walls, Abutments and Retained Embankments 6.2.2 Environmental or Special Problems 6.2.3 Reinforced Embankments 6.3 Analysis 6.3.1 Vertical Walls and Abutments 6.3.2 Analysis - Sloping Structures and Embankments 6.3.3 Foundations 6.3.4 Cuttings 6.3.5 Soil Nailing 6.4 Computer-Aided Design and Analysis 6.4.1 Finite Element Analysis 6.4.2 Iterative Techniques References7 Construction 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Construction Methods 7.2.1 Concertina Method 7.2.2 Telescope Method 7.2.3 Sliding Method 7.3 Reinforcing Systems 7.3.1 Anchored Earth 7.3.2 Soil Mailing 7.3.3 Lateral Earth Support Systems 7.4 Labor and Plant 7.5 Rate of Construction 7.6 Drainage and Corrosion 7.7 Compaction 7.8 Distortion 7.8.1 Concertina Construction 7.8.2 Telescope Construction 7.8.3 Sliding Method Construction 7.9 Logistics 7.10 Contractor's Construction Sequence References8 Construction Details 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Foundations 8.2.1 Geocell Mattress 8.3 Drainage 8.3.1 Drainage behind the Soil Structure 8.3.2 Drainage beneath the Soil Structure 8.3.3 Combined Drainage and Geocell Mattress 8.3.4 Wall Drainage 8.3.5 Drainage above a Reinforced Soil Structure 8.4 Facings 8.4.1 Full Height Facing 8.4.2 Elemental Facing Units 8.5 Bridge Abutments and Bank Seats 8.5.1 Abutment Details for Footbridge 8.5.2 Abutment Detail for Highway Bridge 8.6 Reinforcements and Reinforcement Connections 8.6.1 Strip Reinforcement 8.6.2 Grid Reinforcement 8.6.3 Anchor Reinforcement 8.6.4 Combined Strip/Anchor Reinforcement 8.6.5 Fabric Reinforcement9 Costs and Economics 9.1 Economic Advantage 9.2 Estimating Costs 9.3 Total Cost 9.4 Distribution of Costs 9.4.1 Design Consideration 9.4.2 Construction Consideration 9.5 Cost Differentials 9.6 Ecology Audit References10 Durability 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Corrosion 10.2.1 Electrochemical Corrosion 10.2.2 Bacterial Corrosion 10.2.3 Physical Damage 10.2.4 Material Compatibility 10.2.5 Miscellaneous Factors 10.3 Construction Factors Influencing the Corrosion of Reinforcement and Facings 10.3.1 Cohesion-less Fill 10.3.2 Cohesive Fill 10.3.3 Conclusion 10.4 Measurements of Corrosion Factors 10.4.1 Resistivity 10.4.2 Redox Potential 10.4.3 Water Content 10.4.4 pH 10.5 Durability of Existing Reinforcing Materials 10.5.1 Mild Steel and Galvanized Steel 10.5.2 High-Alloy Steels 10.5.3 Glass Fiber Reinforcing Elements 10.5.4 Textiles (Plastics) 10.5.5 Tires 10.5.6 Degradation References11 Examples 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Example 1 The Design of a Vertical Retaining Wall 11.3 Example 2 The Design of a Reinforced Soil Abutment of a Bridge 11.4 Example 3 The Design of a Foundation Mattress beneath an Embankment12 Recent Developments 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Anchored Earth 12.2.1 Multi-Anchored Wall, Japan 12.2.2 New Retaining Wall System 12.3 Tension Membranes 12.3.1 Land Reclamation 12.3.2 Embankments Over Voids 12.3.3 Reinforcement on Embankment Piles 12.4 Three-Dimensional Reinforcement 12.5 Construction Techniques 12.5.1 Hybrid Structures 12.5.2 Vertical Reinforcement System 12.6 Construction Details 12.6.1 Construction Tolerances and Serviceability Limits 12.6.2 Settlements 12.6.3 Pressure Relieving Systems 12.6.4 Propping Forces ReferencesIndex