Early Nutrition and Long-Term Health

Early Nutrition and Long-Term Health: Mechanisms, Consequences, and Opportunities, Second Edition updates and expands upon the content in the first edition and adds focus on actionable and modifiable aspects of nutrition that have an impact on long-term health and disease.

Part I examines the associations and the mechanisms of early life nutrition on growth as well as the development of cognitive, metabolic, immune, and dietary patterns and behaviors. Part II reviews the associations and impact of early life nutrition on non-communicable disease as well as their societal and economic impact. Part III focuses on the dietary and nutritional needs and approaches to optimizing the different stages of nutrition, from conception to the second year of life.

Nutritionists, pediatricians, academics with research interest in this area, and food industry and healthcare professionals working in infant/child product and services, as well as students studying related disciplines, will benefit from this updated reference.

Cover
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
Foreword
Part I: Nutrition in early life: Mechanisms and impact on long term health
Chapter 1: Nutrition in the first 1000 days of life: Society’s greatest opportunity
Abstract
1.1: Introduction
1.2: Nutrition and health in today’s global landscape
1.3: COVID-19
1.4: Nutrition as a determinant of health
1.5: The long-term impact of early nutrition
1.6: The first 1000 days, a window of opportunity
1.7: Investing in early life nutrition
1.8: Tackling the challenges to improve early life nutrition
1.9: Conclusions
References
Chapter 2: Programming long-term health: Maternal and fetal nutritional and dietary needs
Abstract
2.1: Introduction
2.2: Periconceptional nutritional and dietary needs
2.3: Nutrition during pregnancy
2.4: Nutrition during the post-natal period
2.5: Conclusions
2.6: Future trends and research
Sources of additional information
References
Chapter 3: Long-term health outcomes of breastfeeding
Abstract
3.1: Introduction
3.2: Neurodevelopment
3.3: Obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular risk factors
3.4: Allergy and autoimmunity
3.5: Malignancies
3.6: Conclusions
3.7: Future research trends
Sources of additional information
References
Chapter 4: Early nutrition: Effects on infants’ growth and body composition
Abstract
4.1: Introduction
4.2: The importance of a life cycle approach for promoting infants and children health
4.3: Programming of growth and body composition of term newborn by early nutrition
4.4: Early nutrition: Effect on growth and body composition at birth and during weight loss
4.5: Body composition in relation to breastfeeding and formula feeding
4.6: Early rapid weight gain and other childhood obesity determinants in full-term infants
4.7: Role of nutrients intake and human milk bioactive compounds as related to infant growth: What’s new
4.8: Influence of early nutrition on preterm infants’ growth and body composition. Preterm infants: Time to refine the target?
4.9: Early nutritional determinants of growth and body composition of preterm infants
4.10: Growth and body composition of preterm infants’ after discharge
4.11: Healthy catch-up growth: The narrow pathway
4.12: Conclusions
4.13: Future trends and research
Sources of additional information
References
Chapter 5: Early nutrition: Effects of specific nutrient intake on growth, development, and long-term health
Abstract
5.1: Introduction
5.2: Proteins
5.3: Fats: Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and saturated fats
5.4: Folate
5.5: Iron
5.6: Iodine
5.7: Zinc
5.8: Summary
5.9: Future trends and research
Sources of additional information
References
Chapter 6: Early-life nutrition and neurodevelopment
Abstract
6.1: The developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) concept—“In the beginning”
6.2: DOHaD, the developing brain, and lifespan brain health
6.3: Altered early-life nutrition and the cost to society
6.4: Nutrients and early brain development
6.5: Mechanisms of long-term dysfunction
6.6: Nutrients associated with long-lasting brain outcomes
6.7: Choline and other methyl compounds
6.8: Preclinical studies of epigenetic alterations by choline status
6.9: Other methyl compounds
6.10: Preclinical studies for folate and B12
6.11: Preclinical studies of epigenetic alterations by LC-PUFAs
6.12: Preclinical studies of epigenetic alterations by iodine and zinc
6.13: Preclinical studies of epigenetic effects of vitamin A
6.14: Preclinical studies of epigenetic effects of vitamin D
6.15: Conclusions
6.16: Future trends and research
Sources of additional information
References
Chapter 7: Effects of infant allergen/immunogen exposure on long-term health outcomes
Abstract
7.1: Introduction
7.2: Mechanisms of sensitization and tolerance to proteins, and timing of introduction of food allergens
7.3: Long-term effect on immunologic/allergic response of introduction of allergen/immunogen exposure in early life
7.4: Future trends and research needs
Sources of additional information
References
Chapter 8: Eating development in young children: The complex interplay of developmental domains
Abstract
8.1: Introduction
8.2: Summary of motor skill development
8.3: Summary of cognitive and self-awareness development
8.4: Summary of sensory development
8.5: Looking at the “whole child”: Putting the science to work
8.6: Future trends and additional research needs
8.7: Summary
Sources of additional information
References
Chapter 9: Impact of early nutrition on gut microbiota: Effects on immunity and long-term health
Abstract
9.1: Introduction
9.2: Composition and stability of the microbiota present in infants from early childhood to adult life
9.3: Factors influencing the development of the gut microbiota
9.4: Microbiota effects on (long-term) health
9.5: Dietary potential to modify gut microbiota
9.6: Conclusions
9.7: Future trends and research needs
Sources of further information
References
Chapter 10: Linking nutrition to long-term health: Epigenetic mechanisms
Abstract
10.1: Introduction
10.2: Developmental programming of long-term health
10.3: Contribution of perinatal epigenetic marks to later phenotype epigenetic biomarkers and future health
10.4: Conclusion
10.5: Future trends and research
Sources of additional information
References
Part II: Early nutrition and development of non-communicable diseases
Chapter 11: Early life nutrition and its effect on the development of obesity and type-2 diabetes
Abstract
11.1: Introduction
11.2: Developmental programming of obesity and T2DM
11.3: Role of epigenetics in programming of obesity and T2DM
11.4: Role of the gut microbiome in the development of obesity and T2DM
11.5: Transgenerational effects
11.6: Critical developmental windows and strategies for intervention
11.7: Summary
11.8: Future trends and research
Sources of additional information
References
Chapter 12: Early nutrition and development of cardiovascular disease
Abstract
12.1: Introduction
12.2: Importance of CVD risk reduction in childhood
12.3: Childhood nutrition and CVD risk factors
12.4: Early nutrition and CVD risk
12.5: Dietary recommendations for children
12.6: Implementation of dietary recommendations in childhood
12.7: Conclusions
12.8: Research needs
Sources of additional information
References
Chapter 13: Early nutrition and the development of allergic diseases
Abstract
13.1: Introduction
13.2: Maternal diet during lactation and pregnancy
13.3: Infant diet—Breastfeeding
13.4: Infant diet—Hydrolyzed formula and supplementation
13.5: Infant diet—Timing of complementary food introduction
13.6: Ongoing controversies regarding early allergen introduction
13.7: Infant diet diversity
13.8: Conclusion
13.9: Future trends and research
Sources of additional information
References
Chapter 14: Early nutrition and its effect on the development of celiac disease
Abstract
14.1: Celiac disease
14.2: Early nutrition and the risk of celiac disease
14.3: Conclusions
14.4: Future trends and research
Sources of additional information
References
Chapter 15: Early nutrition and its effect on the development of functional gastrointestinal disorders
Abstract
15.1: Introduction
15.2: FGIDS and consequences
15.3: Infants (0–12 months)
15.4: Hydrolysates can soften the stools
15.5: Between 1 and 4 years
15.6: Conclusions
15.7: Future trends and research
Sources of additional information
References
Part III: Promoting long-term health: Taking action in the first 1000 days
Chapter 16: Prenatal nutrition and nutrition in pregnancy: Effects on long-term growth and development
Abstract
16.1: Background
16.2: Epidemiology
16.3: Evidence from animal studies
16.4: Evidence from human studies
16.5: Evidence from nutrition interventions studies among human
16.6: Future trends and research
16.7: Conclusion
Sources of additional information
References
Chapter 17: Addressing nutritional needs in preterm infants to promote long-term health
Abstract
17.1: Introduction
17.2: Prematurity and long-term consequences
17.3: Feeding the preterm infant: Nutritional needs and feeding practices
17.4: Conclusions
17.5: Future trends and research
Sources of additional information
References
Chapter 18: Early nutrition, the development of obesity, and its long term consequences
Abstract
18.1: Introduction
18.2: Addressing the problem
18.3: Modifiable factors in preconception and pregnancy
18.4: Modifiable factors in early infancy associated with obesity
18.5: Summary: Modifiable factors for obesity prevention in early life
18.6: Intervention
18.7: Future directions
18.8: Conclusion
Sources of additional information
References
Chapter 19: Establishing healthy eating patterns in infancy
Abstract
19.1: Introduction
19.2: Learning how to eat: Developmental stages and factors in infants’ and toddlers’ eating skill and behaviors
19.3: Child-caring in child eating behavior formation, nutrition, and growth: The role of food parenting practices and styles
19.4: Future trends and research
19.5: Conclusion
Sources of further information
References
Chapter 20: Early parent feeding behaviors to promote long-term health
Abstract
20.1: Introduction
20.2: Responsive parenting and feeding behaviors
20.3: Parenting feeding practices and behaviors
20.4: Existing guidance for how to feed
20.5: Measures of parent feeding behaviors
20.6: Hunger and satiety cues
20.7: Parent assessment of hunger and satiety cues
20.8: Using food to soothe during infancy
20.9: Breastfeeding, expressed human milk, and responsive feeding
20.10: Consideration when offering milk in a bottle
20.11: Parent feeding practices and introduction of complementary foods
20.12: Parent feeding practices and child weight outcomes
20.13: Conclusions
20.14: Future research needs
Sources of additional information
References
Chapter 21: Programming long-term health: Nutrition and diet in infants aged 6 months to 1 year
Abstract
21.1: Introduction
21.2: Basic nutritional needs
21.3: Major foods in the CF period
21.4: Poor nutrition
21.5: Selected food-related health outcomes
21.6: Future trends and research
21.7: Summary and conclusions
Sources of additional information
References
Chapter 22: Developing science-based dietary guidelines for infants and toddlers
Abstract
Acknowledgments
22.1: Introduction
22.2: Considerations for developing quantitative food based dietary guidelines for infants and toddlers
22.3: Milk feeding and energy requirements
22.4: Nutrient requirements during complementary feeding
22.5: Dietary patterns
22.6: Methodologies for developing dietary guidelines
22.7: A review of current quantitative food-based dietary guidelines from developed countries
22.8: Conclusions and public health implications
22.9: Future trends
Sources of additional information
References
Index

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

Social Sciences & Humanities

Health

Early Nutrition and Long-Term Health

Mechanisms, Consequences, and Opportunities

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Jose M Saavedra

Anne M. Dattilo

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