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Drugs During Pregnancy and Lactation Drugs During Pregnancy and Lactation Treatment Options and Risk Assessment 3rd Edition - September 17, 2014
Editors: Christof Schaefer, Paul W.J. Peters, Richard K Miller
Hardback ISBN: 9780124080782 9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 4 0 8 0 7 8 - 2
eBook ISBN: 9780124079014 9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 4 0 7 9 0 1 - 4
Drugs During Pregnancy and Lactation, Third Edition is a quick and reliable reference for all those working in disciplines related to fertility, pregnancy, lactation, child health… Read more
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Drugs During Pregnancy and Lactation, Third Edition is a quick and reliable reference for all those working in disciplines related to fertility, pregnancy, lactation, child health and human genetics who prescribe or deliver medicinal products, and to those who evaluate health and safety risks. Each chapter contains twofold information regarding drugs that are appropriate for prescription during pregnancy and an assessment of the risk of a drug when exposure during pregnancy has already occurred. Thoroughly updated with current regulations, references to the latest pharmacological data, and new medicinal products, this edition is a comprehensive resource covering latest knowledge and findings related to drugs during lactation and pregnancy.
Provides evidence-based recommendations to help clinicians make appropriate recommendations Uniquely organized and structured according to drug class and treatment indications to offer authoritative clinical content on potential adverse effects Highlights new research developments from primary source about working mechanism of substances that cause developmental disorders Clinicians who prescribe medicinal products to pregnant or lactating women, clinical pharmacologists, toxicologists and teratology information specialists, pharmacists
List of Contributors Preface Disclaimer General commentary on drug therapy and drug risks in pregnancy1.1. Introduction 1.2. Development and health 1.3. Reproductive stages 1.4. Reproductive and developmental toxicology 1.5. Basic principles of drug-induced reproductive and developmental toxicology 1.6. Effects and manifestations 1.7. Pharmacokinetics of drugs in pregnancy 1.8. Mechanisms of developmental toxic agents 1.9. Causes of developmental disorders 1.10. Embryo/fetotoxic risk assessment and plausibility 1.11. Classification of drugs used in pregnancy 1.12. Paternal use of medicinal products 1.13. Communicating the risk of drug use in pregnancy 1.14. Risk communication prior to pharmacotherapeutic choice 1.15. Risk communication regarding the safety of drugs already used in pregnancy 1.16. Teratology information centers Specific drug therapies during pregnancyIntroduction 2.1. Analgesics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), muscle relaxants, and antigout medications2.1.1. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) 2.1.2. Acetylsalicylic acid 2.1.3. Pyrazolone compounds and phenylbutazone 2.1.4. Analgesic drug combination products and drugs used for osteoarthritis 2.1.5. Opioid agonists and antagonists and other centrally acting analgesics 2.1.6. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic drugs 2.1.7. Migraine therapy 2.1.8. Muscle relaxants and other analgesics 2.1.9. Antigout preparations 2.2. Allergy and hyposensitization therapy2.2.1. Antihistamines (H1 -blocker) 2.2.2. Hyposensitization therapy 2.2.3. C1-Esterase inhibitor deficiency 2.3. Antiasthmatic and cough medication2.3.1. Selective β2 -adrenergic agonists 2.3.2. Inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) 2.3.3. Theophylline 2.3.4. Leukotriene antagonists 2.3.5. Mast cell stabilizers (inhibitors) 2.3.6. Anticholinergics 2.3.7. Omalizumab and roflumilast 2.3.8. Expectorants and mucolytic agents 2.3.9. Antitussives 2.3.10. Non-selective β-adrenergic agonists 2.4. Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy2.4.1. Treatment options 2.4.2. Complementary treatment options 2.4.3. Pharmacological treatment options 2.4.4. Dopamine antagonists 2.4.5. Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) 2.4.6. Vitamin B1 2.4.7. Serotonin antagonists 2.4.8. Glucocorticoids 2.4.9. Other antiemetics Summary 2.5. Gastro-intestinal medications, hypolipidemic agents and spasmolytics2.5.1. Antacids 2.5.2. Sucralfate and pirenzepine 2.5.3. H2 receptor antagonists 2.5.4. Proton pump inhibitors 2.5.5. Bismuth salts 2.5.6. Helicobacter pylori therapy 2.5.7. Digestives and carminatives 2.5.8. Atropine and other anticholinergic spasmolytics 2.5.9. Cholinergics 2.5.10. Constipation during pregnancy 2.5.11. Antidiarrheal agents 2.5.12. Medications for inflammatory bowel disease 2.5.13. Chenodeoxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid 2.5.14. Lipid lowering agents 2.5.15. Appetite suppressants, weight loss medications, and obesity 2.6. Anti-infective Agents2.6.1. Penicillins and β-lactamase inhibitors 2.6.2. Cephalosporins 2.6.3. Carbapenems and monobactams 2.6.4. Erythromycin and other macrolides 2.6.5. Clindamycin and lincomycin 2.6.6. Tetracyclines 2.6.7. Sulfonamides and trimethoprim 2.6.8. Quinolones 2.6.9. Nitrofurans and drugs for urinary tract infections 2.6.10. Nitroimidazole antibiotics 2.6.11. Aminoglycosides 2.6.12. Glycopeptide and polypeptide antibiotics 2.6.13. Other antibiotics 2.6.14. Tuberculosis and pregnancy 2.6.15. Local antibiotics 2.6.16. Malaria prophylaxis and treatment in pregnancy 2.6.17. Azole antifungals 2.6.18. Amphotericin B 2.6.19. Echinocandins 2.6.20. Flucytosine 2.6.21. Griseofulvin 2.6.22. Terbinafine 2.6.23. Topical antifungal agents 2.6.24. Anthelmintics 2.6.25. Herpes medications 2.6.26. Antiviral drugs for hepatitis 2.6.27. Antiviral drugs for influenza 2.6.28. Antiretroviral agents 2.6.29. Overview of the antiretroviral medications 2.6.30. Nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) 2.6.31. Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) 2.6.32. Protease inhibitors (PIs) 2.6.33. Entry inhibitors 2.6.34. Integrase inhibitors 2.6.35. Hyperthermia 2.6.36. Long-distance travel and flights 2.7. Vaccines and immunoglobulins2.7.1. Thiomersal as a preservative for vaccines 2.7.2. Cholera vaccination 2.7.3. Diphtheria and tetanus vaccination 2.7.4. Haemophilus influenza B (HIB) vaccination 2.7.5. Hepatitis A and hepatitis B vaccination 2.7.6. HPV vaccination 2.7.7. Influenza vaccination 2.7.8. Measles and mumps vaccination 2.7.9. Meningococcal vaccination 2.7.10. Pertussis vaccination 2.7.11. Pneumococcal vaccination 2.7.12. Poliomyelitis vaccination 2.7.13. Rabies vaccination 2.7.14. Rubella vaccination 2.7.15. Tick-borne encephalitis vaccination 2.7.16. Typhoid vaccination 2.7.17. Varicella vaccination 2.7.18. Yellow fever vaccination 2.7.19. Immunoglobulins 2.8. Heart and blood medications2.8.1. Arterial hypertension and pregnancy 2.8.2. α-Methyldopa 2.8.3. β-Receptor blockers 2.8.4. Calcium channel blockers 2.8.5. ACE inhibitors 2.8.6. Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs; Sartans) 2.8.7. Dihydralazine 2.8.8. α-1 Blockers (peripherally acting adrenergic antagonists) 2.8.9. α-2 Blockers (centrally acting adrenergic antagonists) 2.8.10. Other antihypertensive medications 2.8.11. Pulmonary hypertension and pregnancy 2.8.12. Hypotension and antihypotensive drugs 2.8.13. Adrenergic agents 2.8.14. Cardiac glycosides 2.8.15. Antiarrhythmic medications 2.8.16. Coronary therapeutic drugs (cardiac vasodilators) 2.8.17. Vasocirculatory drugs and peripheral vasodilators 2.8.18. Diuretics 2.9. Anticoagulants, thrombocyte aggregation inhibitors, fibrinolytics and volume replacement agents2.9.1. Indications for anticoagulation 2.9.2. Heparins and danaparoid 2.9.3. Protamines 2.9.4. Thrombin-inhibitors 2.9.5. Factor Xa inhibitors 2.9.6. Inhibitors of thrombocyte aggregation 2.9.7. Vitamin K antagonists 2.9.8. Vitamin K 2.9.9. Fibrinolysis 2.9.10. Streptokinase 2.9.11. Antihemorrhagics 2.9.12. Other antihemorrhagics 2.9.13. Volume replacement substances and rheologics 2.10. Epilepsy and antiepileptic medicationsClassification of antiepileptic drugs 2.10.1. Antiepileptic therapy 2.10.2. Antiepileptic and contraceptive drugs 2.10.3. Epilepsy and fertility 2.10.4. Frequency of seizures in pregnancy 2.10.5. Risk of malformations 2.10.6. Typical malformations and other anomalies 2.10.7. Pregnancy complications 2.10.8. Mental development dysfunction 2.10.9. “Damage mechanisms” 2.10.10. Folic acid and antiepileptic drugs 2.10.11. Vitamin K and antiepileptic drugs 2.10.12. Is epilepsy teratogenic? 2.10.13. Carbamazepine 2.10.14. Clobazam and clonazepam 2.10.15. Eslicarbazepine 2.10.16. Ethosuximide and other succinimides 2.10.17. Felbamate 2.10.18. Gabapentin 2.10.19. Lacosamide 2.10.20. Lamotrigine 2.10.21. Levetiracetam 2.10.22. Oxcarbazepine 2.10.23. Phenobarbital and primidone 2.10.24. Phenytoin 2.10.25. Pregabalin 2.10.26. Rufinamide 2.10.27. Sultiame 2.10.28. Tiagabine 2.10.29. Topiramate 2.10.30. Valnoctamide 2.10.31. Valproic acid 2.10.32. Vigabatrin 2.10.33. Zonisamide 2.11. Psychotropic drugs2.11.1. Psychiatric disorder during pregnancy 2.11.2. Antidepressant treatment 2.11.3. Selective serotonin-reuptake-inhibitors (SSRI) 2.11.4. Tri- and tetracyclic antidepressants 2.11.5. Individual antidepressants 2.11.6. Antipsychotic treatment 2.11.7. Individual antipsychotic drugs 2.11.8. Lithium and other anti-manic agents 2.11.9. Anxiolytics, hypnotics, sedatives in general 2.11.10. Benzodiazepines 2.11.11. Zaleplon, zolpidem and zopiclone 2.11.12. Other anxiolytics and hypnotics 2.11.13. Psychoanaleptics 2.11.14. Anti-Parkinson drugs and restless legs syndrome 2.12. Immunosuppression, rheumatic diseases, multiple sclerosis, and Wilson’s disease2.12.1. Azathioprine/6-mercaptopurine 2.12.2. Selective immunosuppressants 2.12.3. Biologics 2.12.4. Multiple sclerosis 2.12.5. Interferons 2.12.6. Other immunostimulatory drugs 2.12.7. Transplantation 2.12.8. Drugs for rheumatic diseases 2.12.9. Drugs for Wilson’s disease 2.13. Antineoplastic drugs2.13.1. Malignancy and pregnancy 2.13.2. Breast cancer 2.13.3. Vinca alkaloids and analogs 2.13.4. Podophyllotoxin derivatives 2.13.5. Nitrosourea alkylators 2.13.6. Nitrogen mustard analog alkylators 2.13.7. Other alkylating agents 2.13.8. Cytotoxic anthracycline antibiotics 2.13.9. Other cytotoxic antibiotics 2.13.10. Folate antagonists 2.13.11. Purine antagonists 2.13.12. Pyrimidine antagonists 2.13.13. Taxanes and other cytostatic agents 2.13.14. Monoclonal antibodies 2.13.15. Platin compounds 2.13.16. Thalidomide and its analogs 2.13.17. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors 2.13.18. Antineoplastic drugs with endocrine effects 2.13.19. Other antineoplastic agents 2.14. Uterine contraction agents, tocolytics, vaginal therapeutics and local contraceptives2.14.1. Prostaglandins 2.14.2. Oxytocin 2.14.3. Ergot alkaloids 2.14.4. Tocolytics in general 2.14.5. β2 -Sympathomimetics 2.14.6. Calcium antagonists 2.14.7. Magnesium sulfate 2.14.8. Oxytocin receptor antagonists 2.14.9. Prostaglandin antagonists 2.14.10. Other tocolytics 2.14.11. Vaginal therapeutics 2.14.12. Spermicide contraceptives 2.14.13. Intrauterine devices 2.15. Hormones2.15.1. Hypothalamic releasing hormones 2.15.2. Anterior pituitary hormones 2.15.3. Prolactin antagonists/dopamine agonists 2.15.4. Posterior pituitary hormones 2.15.5. Thyroid function and iodine supply during pregnancy 2.15.6. Hypothyroidism, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxin (T4) 2.15.7. Hyperthyroidism and thyrostatics 2.15.8. Glucocorticoids 2.15.9. Diabetes mellitus and pregnancy 2.15.10. Insulin 2.15.11. Oral antidiabetics (OAD) 2.15.12. Estrogens 2.15.13. Gestagens 2.15.14. Duogynon® 2.15.15. Diethylstilbestrol 2.15.16. Androgens and anabolics 2.15.17. Cyproterone and danazol 2.15.18. Mifepristone (RU486) 2.15.19. Clomiphene 2.15.20. Erythropoietin 2.16. General and local anesthetics and muscle relaxants2.16.1. Halogenated inhalational anesthetic agents 2.16.2. Ether (diethyl ether) 2.16.3. Nitrous oxide 2.16.4. Xenon 2.16.5. Occupational exposure to anesthetic gases 2.16.6. Injection anesthetics 2.16.7. Local anesthetics 2.16.8. Muscle relaxants 2.17. Dermatological medications and local therapeutics2.17.1. Typical skin changes during pregnancy 2.17.2. Antiseptics and disinfectants 2.17.3. Glucocorticoids and non-steroid antiphlogistics 2.17.4. Astringents 2.17.5. Antipruritics and essential oils 2.17.6. Coal tar and slate oil preparations 2.17.7. Local immunomodulators as therapy for atopic eczema 2.17.8. Keratolytics 2.17.9. Retinoids for acne and psoriasis therapy 2.17.10. Ultraviolet light 2.17.11. Fumaric acid preparations 2.17.12. Biologicals 2.17.13. Wart therapeutics 2.17.14. Lithium 2.17.15. Lice medications 2.17.16. Anti-scabies 2.17.17. Vein therapeutics 2.17.18. Antihidrotica 2.17.19. Eflornithine, finasteride and minoxidil 2.17.20. Repellents 2.17.21. Cosmetics 2.17.22. Eye, nose and ear drops 2.17.23. Hemorrhoid medications 2.17.24. Vaginal therapeutics 2.18. Vitamins, minerals and trace elements2.18.1. Vitamin A (retinol) 2.18.2. Vitamin B1 (thiamine) 2.18.3. Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) 2.18.4. Vitamin B3 (nicotinamide) 2.18.5. Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) 2.18.6. Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) 2.18.7. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) 2.18.8. Folic acid 2.18.9. Vitamin D group 2.18.10. Vitamin E (tocopherol) 2.18.11. Vitamin K 2.18.12. Multivitamin preparations 2.18.13. Iron 2.18.14. Calcium 2.18.15. Fluoride 2.18.16. Strontium 2.18.17. Biphosphonates and other osteoporosis drugs 2.18.18. Iodide 2.18.19. Trace elements 2.19. Herbs during pregnancy2.19.1. The safety of herbs during pregnancy 2.19.2. Counseling a pregnant woman about herbs 2.19.3. General concepts regarding the use of herbs during pregnancy 2.19.4. Herbs used as foods 2.19.5. Essential oils that are safe during pregnancy 2.19.6. Herbs frequently used during pregnancy 2.19.7. Herbs controversially used during pregnancy 2.19.8. Herbs contraindicated during pregnancy 2.20. Diagnostic agents2.20.1. Diagnostic imaging 2.20.2. Contrast media 2.20.3. Radioactive isotopes 2.20.4. Stable isotopes 2.20.5. Dyes 2.20.6. Other diagnostic agents 2.21. Recreational drugsIntroduction 2.21.1. Alcohol 2.21.2. Caffeine and other xanthines 2.21.3. Tobacco and smoking 2.21.4. Drugs of abuse in general (excluding caffeine) 2.21.5. Sedating drugs 2.22. Poisonings and toxins2.22.1. The general risk of poisoning in pregnancy 2.22.2. Treatment of poisoning in pregnancy 2.22.3. Medicines 2.22.4. Animal toxins 2.22.5. Mushrooms 2.22.6. Other plant toxins 2.22.7. Bacterial endotoxins 2.23. Occupational, industrial and environmental agents2.23.1. Solvent exposure in general 2.23.2. Formaldehyde and formalin 2.23.3. Photographic/printing chemicals 2.23.4. Pesticides 2.23.5. Phenoxyacetic acid derivatives and polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins 2.23.6. Polychlorinated biphenyls 2.23.7. Chlorinated drinking water by-products 2.23.8. Metals 2.23.9. Hazardous waste landfill sites and waste incinerators 2.23.10. Radiation associated with the nuclear industry 2.23.11. Cell/mobile phones 2.23.12. Other sources of electromagnetic radiation 2.23.13. Electric shocks and lightning strikes 3. General commentary on drug therapy and drug risk during lactation3.1. The advantages of breastfeeding versus the risks of maternal medication 3.2. The passage of medications into the mother’s milk 3.3. Infant characteristics 3.4. Milk plasma ratio 3.5. Amount of medication in the milk and relative dose 3.6. Toxicity of medications in the mother’s milk 3.7. Medications that affect lactation 3.8. Breastfeeding support Specific drug therapies during lactationIntroduction 4.1. Analgesics, antiphlogistics and anesthetics4.1.1. Paracetamol 4.1.2. Acetylsalisylic acid 4.1.3. Pyrazolone and phenylbutazone derivatives 4.1.4. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) 4.1.5. Selective COX-2 inhibitors 4.1.6. Other antirheumatics 4.1.7. Migraine medications 4.1.8. Opioids and opioid derivatives 4.1.9. Local anesthetics 4.1.10. Other medications used in connection with anesthesia 4.1.11. Myotonolytics and other analgesics 4.1.12. Gout therapy 4.2. Antiallergics, antiasthmatics and antitussives4.2.1. Antihistamines (H1 -blocker) 4.2.2. Selective effective β2 -sympathomimetics 4.2.3. Inhalable corticosteroids (ICS) 4.2.4. Leukotrien-receptor antagonists 4.2.5. Theophylline 4.2.6. Mast cell inhibitors 4.2.7. Anticholinergics for asthma treatment 4.2.8. Omalizumab 4.2.9. Mucolytics, expectorants and cold remedies 4.2.10. Antitussives 4.3. Gastrointestinal drugs4.3.1. Gastritis and ulcer medications 4.3.2. Peristaltic stimulators 4.3.3. Cholinergics 4.3.4. Anticholinergic spasmolytics 4.3.5. Laxatives 4.3.6. Agents used for chronic inflammatory bowel diseases 4.3.7. Antidiarrheals for acute diarrhea 4.3.8. Digestives and carminatives 4.3.9. Lipid reducers 4.3.10. Chenodeoxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid 4.3.11. Appetite suppressants 4.3.12. Antiemetics 4.4. Anti-infectives4.4.1. Penicillins, cephalosporins and other β-lactam antibiotics 4.4.2. Erythromycin and other macrolides 4.4.3. Tetracyclines 4.4.4. Sulfonamides and trimethoprim 4.4.5. Quinolones 4.4.6. Nitrofurans and drugs for urinary tract infections 4.4.7. Nitroimidazole antibiotics 4.4.8. Aminoglycosides 4.4.9. Glycopeptide and polypeptide antibiotics 4.4.10. Other antibiotics 4.4.11. Tuberculostatics 4.4.12. Local antibiotics 4.4.13. Antimalarial medication 4.4.14. Systemic antifungal agents 4.4.15. Topical antifungal agents 4.4.16. Anthelmintics 4.4.17. Antiviral agents 4.5. Vaccines and immunoglobulins4.5.1. Maternal immunization 4.5.2. Efficacy of immunization in breastfed infants 4.5.3. Hepatitis A vaccine 4.5.4. Hepatitis B vaccine 4.5.5. Human papillomavirus vaccine 4.5.6. Influenza vaccine 4.5.7. Polio vaccine 4.5.8. Rabies vaccine 4.5.9. Rubella vaccine 4.5.10. Smallpox vaccine 4.5.11. Typhoid vaccine 4.5.12. Immunoglobulins 4.5.13. CDC recommendations 4.6. Cardiovascular drugs and diuretics4.6.1. β-Receptor blockers 4.6.2. Hydralazine 4.6.3. α-Methyldopa 4.6.4. Calcium antagonists 4.6.5. ACE inhibitors 4.6.6. Angiotensin-II receptor-antagonists (sartan) 4.6.7. Other antihypertensives 4.6.8. Antihypotensives 4.6.9. Digitalis 4.6.10. Antiarrhythmics 4.6.11. Vasodilators and circulatory drugs 4.6.12. Diuretics 4.7. Anticoagulants, thrombocyte aggregation inhibitors and fibrinolytics4.7.1. Heparin and danaparoid 4.7.2. Thrombin- and factor Xa-inhibitors 4.7.3. Thrombocyte aggregation inhibitors 4.7.4. Vitamin K-antagonists 4.7.5. Fibrinolytics 4.7.6. Antihemorrhagics 4.7.7. Volume expanders 4.8. Antiepileptics4.8.1. Introduction 4.8.2. Individual antiepileptics 4.9. Psychotropic drugs4.9.1. Introduction 4.9.2. Antidepressants 4.9.3. Individual antidepressants 4.9.4. Antipsychotic 4.9.5. Individual antipsychotic drugs 4.9.6. Lithium and other antimanic drugs 4.9.7. Anxiolytics, hypnotics and sedatives 4.9.8. Benzodiazepines 4.9.9. Zaleplon, zolpidem and zopiclone 4.9.10. Other anxiolytics, hypnotics and sedatives 4.9.11. Psychoanaleptics 4.9.12. Anti-Parkinson drugs 4.10. Immunomodulating and antineoplastic agents4.10.1. Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine 4.10.2. Selective immune suppressants 4.10.3. Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) and other biologicals 4.10.4. Interferons 4.10.5. Other immune stimulants 4.10.6. Antineoplastics 4.11. Hormones and hormone antagonists4.11.1. Pituitary and hypothalamic hormones 4.11.2. Methylergometrine (methylergonovine) 4.11.3. Bromocriptine and other prolactin inhibitors 4.11.4. Thyroid hormones and thyroid receptor antibodies (TRAb) 4.11.5. Thyrostatics 4.11.6. Iodine 4.11.7. Corticosteroids 4.11.8. Adrenaline 4.11.9. Insulin and oral antidiabetics 4.11.10. Estrogens, gestagens, and hormonal contraceptives 4.11.11. Androgens and anabolics 4.11.12. Cyproterone acetate and other sex-hormone inhibitors 4.11.13. Prostaglandins 4.12. Dermatological medication and local therapeutics4.12.1. Topical applications and cosmetics 4.12.2. Essential oils 4.12.3. Retinoids and topicals for psoriasis, dermatitis and acne 4.12.4. Photochemotherapy and fumaric acid preparations 4.12.5. Wart removal medications 4.12.6. Medications for lice and scabies 4.12.7. Eye, nose and ear drops 4.12.8. Vein therapeutics and other local therapeutics 4.12.9. Vaginal therapeutics 4.13. Alternative remedies, vitamins, and minerals4.13.1. Alternative remedies and phytotherapeutics 4.13.2. Herbal galactogogues and antigalactogogues 4.13.3. Topical treatment for breast problems 4.13.4. Vitamins, minerals, and trace elements 4.13.5. Biphosphonates 4.13.6. Exercise 4.13.7. Glucose 6-phosphate-dehydrogenase deficiency 4.14. Contrast media, radionuclides and diagnostics4.14.1. X-ray studies, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging 4.14.2. Iodine-containing contrast media 4.14.3. Magnetic resonance contrast agents 4.14.4. Ultrasound contrast media 4.14.5. Radionuclides 4.14.6. Dyes 4.14.7. Other diagnostics 4.15. Infections during breastfeeding4.15.1. Common infections 4.15.2. Cytomegaly 4.15.3. Dengue virus 4.15.4. Hepatitis A 4.15.5. Hepatitis B 4.15.6. Hepatitis C 4.15.7. Hepatitis E 4.15.8. Herpes simplex 4.15.9. Herpes zoster (shingles), chicken pox (varicella) 4.15.10. HIV infection 4.15.11. Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) 4.15.12. Influenza 4.15.13. Lyme disease 4.15.14. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) 4.15.15. Rotavirus 4.15.16. Tuberculosis 4.15.17. West Nile virus 4.15.18. Other infectious diseases 4.16. Recreational drugs4.16.1. Alcohol 4.16.2. Amphetamines 4.16.3. Caffeine 4.16.4. Cannabis 4.16.5. Cocaine 4.16.6. Nicotine 4.16.7. Opiates, including methadone 4.16.8. Other drugs 4.17. Plant toxins 4.18. Industrial chemicals and environmental contaminants4.18.1. Persistent organochlorine compounds (pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and dioxins) 4.18.2. Mercury 4.18.3. Lead 4.18.4. Cadmium 4.18.5. Other contaminants 4.18.6. Breastfeeding despite environmental contaminants? 4.18.7. Breastfeeding and the workplace Index Published: September 17, 2014
Hardback ISBN: 9780124080782
eBook ISBN: 9780124079014
Christof Schaefer Affiliations and expertise
Berlin Teratology Information Unit, Berlin, Germany Paul W.J. Peters Affiliations and expertise
University Medical Centre Utrecht, The Netherlands Richard K Miller Affiliations and expertise
Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY