DNA Methylation and Complex Human Disease

1st Edition - August 11, 2015
Author: Michel Neidhart
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 4 2 0 1 9 4 - 1
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 7 9 9 9 2 0 - 3

DNA Methylation and Complex Human Disease reviews the possibilities of methyl-group-based epigenetic biomarkers of major diseases, tailored epigenetic therapies, and the future us… Read more

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DNA Methylation and Complex Human Disease reviews the possibilities of methyl-group-based epigenetic biomarkers of major diseases, tailored epigenetic therapies, and the future uses of high-throughput methylome technologies.

This volume includes many pertinent advances in disease-bearing research, including obesity, type II diabetes, schizophrenia, and autoimmunity. DNA methylation is also discussed as a plasma and serum test for non-invasive screening, diagnostic and prognostic tests, as compared to biopsy-driven gene expression analysis, factors which have led to the use of DNA methylation as a potential tool for determining cancer risk, and diagnosis between benign and malignant disease.

Therapies are at the heart of this volume and the possibilities of DNA demethylation. In cancer, unlike genetic mutations, DNA methylation and histone modifications are reversible and thus have shown great potential in the race for effective treatments. In addition, the authors present the importance of high-throughput methylome analysis, not only in cancer, but also in non-neoplastic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.

Preface
About the Author
Chapter 1. DNA Methylation – Introduction
- 1.1 Epigenetics
- 1.2 Histone Modifications
- 1.3 DNA Methylation
- 1.4 Methyl-Binding Domain Proteins
- 1.5 DNA Demethylation
- 1.6 DNA Hydroxymethylation
- 1.7 Differentially Methylated Regions
- 1.8 Nutriepigenomics
- References
Chapter 2. DNA Methylation and Epigenetic Biomarkers in Cancer
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Cancerogenesis
- 2.3 Epimutations in Cancer
- 2.4 Conclusion
- References
Chapter 3. DNA Methylation and Epigenetic Biomarkers in Non-Neoplastic Diseases
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Autoimmunity
- 3.3 Metabolic Diseases
- 3.4 Developmental Diseases
- 3.5 Psychiatric Diseases
- 3.6 Conclusion
- References
Chapter 4. DNA Methylation and Environmental Factors
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Impact of the Environment in Early Life
- 4.3 Nutritional Factors
- 4.4 Adverse Environmental Factors
- 4.5 Immune Activation
- 4.6 Maternal Mood and Experience in Early Life
- 4.7 Physical Exercise
- 4.8 Conclusion
- References
Chapter 5. DNA Methylation and Epidemiology
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals
- 5.3 Epigenomics and Breast Cancer
- 5.4 Tobacco Smoking
- 5.5 Conclusion
- References
Chapter 6. DNA Methylation and Viral Infections
- 6.1 Introduction
- 6.2 Virus Infection and Methylation Changes
- 6.3 Virus Infections, Dna Methylation, and Cancer
- 6.4 Endogenous Retroviruses
- 6.5 Conclusion
- References
Chapter 7. DNA Methylation and Cancer
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.2 Maintenance and Plasticity of the Epigenome
- 7.3 DNA Methylation, CpG Islands and CpG Shores
- 7.4 Aberrant DNA Methylation in Cancer
- 7.5 Epimutations, Heritable Alterations in Cancer
- 7.6 Epimutations of Epigenetic Regulators
- 7.7 Epigenetic Interplays
- 7.8 Reactivation of Silenced Tumor Suppressor Genes
- 7.9 Conclusion
- References
Chapter 8. DNA Methylation in Breast and Ovarian Carcinomas
- 8.1 Introduction
- 8.2 Hormonal Receptors
- 8.3 Hypomethylated Genes
- 8.4 Hypermethylated Genes
- 8.5 Conclusion
- References
Chapter 9. DNA Methylation in Acquired Drug Resistance
- 9.1 Introduction
- 9.2 DNA Methylation and Acquired Drug Resistance
- 9.3 Mechanisms of Acquired Drug Resistance
- 9.4 Conclusion
- References
Chapter 10. DNA Methylation and Endocrinology
- 10.1 Introduction
- 10.2 Imprinted Disorders
- 10.3 Rapid Promoter Methylation/Demethylation Processes
- 10.4 Exposure to Stress
- 10.5 Maternal and Sexual Behavior
- 10.6 Exposure to Endocrine Disruptors
- 10.7 Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes
- 10.8 Conclusion
- References
Chapter 11. DNA Methylation in Metabolic Diseases
- 11.1 Introduction
- 11.2 Obesity
- 11.3 Type 2 Diabetes
- 11.4 Epigenome-Metabolism Crosstalk
- 11.5 Conclusion
- References
Chapter 12. DNA Methylation in Pituitary Diseases
- 12.1 Introduction
- 12.2 Hypothalamo-Pituitary Axis
- 12.3 Pituitary Development
- 12.4 Pituitary Adenoma
- 12.5 Pro-Opiomelanocortin Gene
- 12.6 Prolactin and Growth Hormone
- 12.7 Gonadotropins (Luteinizing Hormone, Follicle Stimulating Hormone)
- 12.8 Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
- 12.9 Arginine Vasopressin and Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
- 12.10 Conclusion
- References
Chapter 13. DNA Methylation and Development
- 13.1 Introduction
- 13.2 Different Embryonic Lineages
- 13.3 Mesoderm Development
- 13.4 Ectoderm Development
- 13.5 Endoderm Development
- 13.6 Hematopoietic Stem Cells
- 13.7 Conclusion
- References
Chapter 14. DNA Methylation in Growth Retardation
- 14.1 Introduction
- 14.2 Silver-Russell Syndrome
- 14.3 Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome
- 14.4 Transient Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus
- 14.5 Pseudohypoparathyroidism Type 1b (PHP1b)
- 14.6 Prader-Willi and Angelman Syndromes
- 14.7 Syndromes Mimicking Uniparental Disomy 14 (UPD14)
- 14.8 Familial Biparental Hydratidiform Mole
- 14.9 Conclusion
- References
Chapter 15. DNA Methylation in Cardiology
- 15.1 Introduction
- 15.2 Atherosclerosis
- 15.3 Arrhythmia
- 15.4 Ischemic Heart Disease
- 15.5 Hypertension
- 15.6 Conclusion
- References
Chapter 16. DNA Methylation and Neurology
- 16.1 Introduction
- 16.2 Co-Adaptation of Imprinted Genes
- 16.3 Memory
- 16.4 Alcoholism
- 16.5 Drug Addiction
- 16.6 Schizophrenia
- 16.7 Conclusion
- References
Chapter 17. DNA Methylation in Psychiatric Diseases
- 17.1 Introduction
- 17.2 Major Psychosis
- 17.3 Alzheimer’s Disease
- 17.4 Autism
- 17.5 Parkinson’s Disease
- 17.6 Huntington’s Disease
- 17.7 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
- 17.8 Conclusion
- References
Chapter 18. DNA Methylation in Cellular Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration
- 18.1 Introduction
- 18.2 Protein Misfolding
- 18.3 Protein Degradation
- 18.4 Membrane Damage
- 18.5 Mitochondrial Dysfunction
- 18.6 Axonal Transport
- 18.7 Programmed Cell Death
- 18.8 Early Life Experiences
- 18.9 Conclusion
- References
Chapter 19. DNA Methylation and Autoimmunity
- 19.1 Introduction
- 19.2 Environmental Factors
- 19.3 Changes in DNA Methylation
- 19.4 Conclusion
- References
Chapter 20. DNA Methylation in Lymphocyte Development
- 20.1 Introduction
- 20.2 Hematopoietic Cells
- 20.3 T-cell Subpopulations
- 20.4 T-cell Functions
- 20.5 B-cell Development
- 20.6 Infection and Inflammation
- 20.7 Tumor Clearance
- 20.8 Environmental Factors and Autoimmunity
- 20.9 Conclusion
- References
Chapter 21. DNA Methylation in Stem Cell Diseases
- 21.1 Introduction
- 21.2 Stem Cell Differentiation
- 21.3 Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
- 21.4 Environmental Factors and Aging
- 21.5 Disruption of Differentiation and Development
- 21.6 Conclusion and Outlook
- References
Chapter 22. DNA Methylation and Rheumatology
- 22.1 Introduction
- 22.2 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
- 22.3 Systemic Sclerosis
- 22.4 Osteoarthritis
- 22.5 Rheumatoid Arthritis
- 22.6 Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis
- 22.7 Dermatomyositis
- 22.8 Hypermobility Syndromes
- 22.9 Conclusion
- References
Chapter 23. DNA Methylation in Synovial Fibroblasts
- 23.1 Introduction
- 23.2 Endogenous Retroviruses
- 23.3 DNA Hypomethylation
- 23.4 DNA Methyltransferase 1
- 23.5 S-Adenosylmethionine and Adenosylhomocysteine
- 23.6 Recycling Pathway of Polyamines
- 23.7 Differential Methylation of Specific Promoters
- 23.8 MicroRNAs Interfering with DNA Methylation
- 23.9 Conclusion
- References
Chapter 24. DNA Methylation in Osteoporosis
- 24.1 Introduction
- 24.2 Early Development
- 24.3 Osteoblast Differentiation
- 24.4 Variations in the Response to Vitamin D
- 24.5 Conclusion
- References
Chapter 25. Epigenetic Therapies
- 25.1 Introduction
- 25.2 Demethylating Agents
- 25.3 Cancer Stem Cells – Targeted Therapies
- 25.4 Methyl Donors
- 25.5 Polyamine Recycling Inhibitors
- 25.6 Conclusion
- References
Chapter 26. Demethylating Agents
- 26.1 Introduction
- 26.2 Mechanism of Action
- 26.3 New Drug Development
- 26.4 Combination Therapies
- 26.5 Stem Cell Differentiation
- 26.6 Induction of Autoimmunity
- 26.7 Conclusion
- References
Chapter 27. Methyl Donors
- 27.1 Introduction
- 27.2 L-Methionine
- 27.3 Betaine
- 27.4 S-Adenosylmethionine
- 27.5 Methionine Metabolism
- 27.6 Polyamine Metabolism
- 27.7 Conclusion
- References
Chapter 28. Methylome Analysis of Complex Diseases
- 28.1 Introduction
- 28.2 Global DNA Methylation Analysis
- 28.3 Gene-Specific Methylation Analysis
- 28.4 Methylome-Wide Analysis
- 28.5 Sequencing Approaches
- 28.6 Conclusion
- References
Chapter 29. Methylome Analysis in Cancer
- 29.1 Introduction
- 29.2 Bisulfite-Based Methods
- 29.3 Non-Bisulfite Methods
- 29.4 Methylated DNA Binding Column
- 29.5 Combination with MeDiP-seq or RRBS
- 29.6 DNA Methylation in Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissues
- 29.7 Conclusion
- References
Chapter 30. Methylome Analysis in Non-Neoplastic Disease
- 30.1 Introduction
- 30.2 Environmental Factors
- 30.3 Cardiovascular Diseases
- 30.4 Inflammatory Skin Diseases
- 30.5 Asthma
- 30.6 Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- 30.7 Rheumatic Diseases
- 30.8 Metabolic Diseases
- 30.9 Neurodegenerative Diseases
- 30.10 Psychiatric Disorders
- 30.11 Neurological Disorders
- 30.12 Conclusion
- References
Chapter 31. Outlook
- Concluding Thoughts
- References
Glossary
Index

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DNA Methylation and Complex Human Disease

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Michel Neidhart