Distributed Energy Storage Systems for Digital Power Systems

1st Edition - November 15, 2024
Imprint: Elsevier
Editors: Sivaraman Palanisamy, Sharmeela Chenniappan
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 2 2 0 1 3 - 5
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 2 2 0 1 4 - 2

Distributed Energy Storage Systems for Digital Power Systems offers detailed information of all aspects of distributed energy resources and storage systems, and their integrati… Read more

Purchase options

World Book Day Celebration!

Save up to 30% on books and eBooks!

Shop now

Institutional subscription on ScienceDirect

Request a sales quote

Distributed Energy Storage Systems for Digital Power Systems offers detailed information of all aspects of distributed energy resources and storage systems, and their integration into modern, digital power systems, supporting higher power systems operational flexibility towards 100% renewable energy integration. Covering fundamentals, analysis, design, and operation, and supported by examples and case studies, the book also examines many new advances in terms of distributed energy storage systems for DER integration, dynamically varying loads of EV charging stations, power quality enhancements, and ancillary services.

This is a valuable resource for researchers, scientists, and graduate students in energy storage, renewable energy, power systems, and engineering, as well as engineers, R&D, and other industry personnel working with renewable energy systems, energy storage, demand response, and microgrids.

Distributed Energy Storage Systems for Digital Power Systems
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
1 Introduction to distributed energy storage systems in digital power systems
Abstract
Keywords
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Overview of digital power systems
1.1.2 Importance of energy storage systems in DPS and DG integration
1.2 Challenges and opportunities with DG integration
1.2.1 Technocommercial challenges associated with DGs and DPS
1.2.2 Benefits of DG integration with BESS
1.2.3 Regulatory challenges for BESS in digital power systems
1.3 Energy storage systems
1.3.1 Electrochemical storage technologies
1.3.2 Basic terms
1.3.3 Types and application of battery storage technologies in DGs
1.3.4 Sizing of battery for a particular use
1.3.5 Types of battery technologies for digital power systems
1.4 Modeling of batteries
1.4.1 Ri or linear battery model
1.4.2 RC model
1.4.3 The first-order model (Thevenin model)
1.4.4 Charge and discharge characteristics of Li-ion battery
1.4.5 Behavior of Li-ion battery under abnormal ambient conditions
1.5 Operation and maintenance of BESS
1.5.1 Operation
1.5.2 Parameter estimation
1.5.3 Maintenance
1.6 Battery capacity estimations with a case study
1.6.1 Load profile and ambient conditions
1.6.2 Optimum power allocation with HOMER Pro simulation software
1.7 Control and management of battery energy storage systems (BESS)
1.7.1 Application of battery energy storage system
1.7.2 BESS control strategies
1.7.3 Protections
1.7.4 Power electronics for BESS
1.8 Challenges and future prospects of BESS in digital power systems
1.8.1 BESS implementation challenges in digital power systems
1.8.2 Emerging trends and future batteries for digital power systems
1.9 Conclusions
References
2 Introduction for the need of DER’s and DESS for digital distribution systems
Abstract
Keywords
2.1 Need for DERs
2.2 Types of distributed energy resources (DERs)
2.2.1 Power generation in solar photovoltaic cell
2.2.2 Power generation in wind
2.2.3 Biomass energy
2.2.4 Geothermal energy
2.2.5 Tidal and wave energy
2.2.6 Hydropower generation
2.2.7 Biomass energy
2.3 Sizing and location of distributed energy storage systems
2.4 Power electronics interface for distributed energy storage systems
2.5 Standards and grid code requirements for distributed energy storage systems
2.6 Application of IoT for remote monitoring and control of distributed energy storage systems
2.7 Evolution of distributed energy resources in India
2.8 Distributed energy storage systems for DER integration
2.8.1 Distributed energy storage systems for ancillary grid services
2.9 Microgrids and mini-grids
2.10 Assessment of growth potential of DERs in India
2.10.1 Emerging business models
2.10.2 Market design for distributed energy resources
2.11 Distributed energy storage system in India
2.11.1 Opportunities for India to increase grid flexibility through DERs
2.12 Conclusion
References
3 Distributed renewable energy resources and its types
Abstract
Keywords
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Electricity access
3.1.2 Fuel access for cooking
3.2 What are distributed renewable energy resources?
3.2.1 Key aspects of distributed renewable energy resources
3.3 Types of distributed renewable energy resources
3.3.1 Solar photovoltaic (PV)
3.3.2 Biomass energy
3.3.3 Hydropower
3.3.4 Wind power
3.3.5 Geothermal
3.4 Challenges and opportunities of distributed renewable energy systems
3.4.1 Solar photovoltaics (PV) and thermal
3.4.2 Biomass energy
3.4.3 Hydropower
3.4.4 Wind power
3.4.5 Geothermal
3.5 Distributed renewable energy system integration and management
3.6 Summary
References
4 Distributed energy storage systems: Electrical, electrochemical, and mechanical energy storage systems
Abstract
Keywords
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Energy storage systems
4.3 Electrical energy storage system
4.3.1 Capacitor
4.3.2 Supercapacitor
4.3.3 Superconducting magnetic energy storage system
4.4 Electrochemical energy storage system
4.4.1 Standard battery—Lead acid batteries
4.4.2 Modern battery—Lithium ion batteries
4.4.3 Special batteries
4.4.4 High-temperature batteries
4.4.5 Flow battery energy storage system
4.5 Mechanical energy storage system
4.5.1 Pumped hydro energy storage system
4.5.2 Gravity energy storage system
4.5.3 Compressed air energy storage system
4.5.4 Flywheel energy storage system
4.6 Comparison of electrical, electrochemical, and mechanical energy storage systems
4.7 Conclusion
References
5 Distributed energy storage systems: Hybrid energy storage systems
Abstract
Keywords
5.1 Concept of hybrid energy storage system (HESS)
5.2 Overview of HESS: Distribution energy storage application
5.2.1 Generator-side distributed ESS
5.2.2 Load-side DES-HESS
5.3 Applications of hybrid energy storage system (HESS)
5.3.1 Renewable system intermittence improvement
5.3.2 Storage lifespan improvement
5.3.3 Power quality improvement
5.3.4 Stability
5.4 HESS capacity sizing
5.4.1 Analytical method
5.4.2 Statistical method
5.4.3 Search-based methods
5.4.4 Pinch analysis method
5.4.5 Ragone theory method
5.4.6 Comparison of different capacity sizing methods
5.5 HESS power converter (PC) topologies
5.5.1 Passive HESS topology
5.5.2 Semiactive HESS topology
5.5.3 Active HESS topology
5.6 Energy management strategy control techniques of HESS
5.6.1 Classical strategies control HESS
5.6.2 Intelligent strategies control HESS
5.6.3 Rule-based controller (RBC) for HESS
5.6.4 Neural network and fuzzy logic for HESS
5.6.5 Optimization-based method for HESS
5.6.6 Unified controller for HESS
5.7 Procedure for implementation of HESS
5.8 Conclusion and future trends
References
6 Supercapacitors as distributed energy storage systems for EV charging infrastructure
Abstract
Keywords
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Effect of EV charging on local grids
6.3 DESS
6.3.1 Purpose of DESS
6.3.2 Types of DESS
6.4 Technical considerations for DESS implementation
6.4.1 Sizing and capacity planning for DESS
6.4.2 Charging station synchronization and power distribution
6.4.3 Energy management control systems (EMCSs)
6.4.4 Integration with the existing infrastructure
6.4.5 Vehicle-to-grid
6.4.6 Methods of power flow
6.5 Supercapacitors as DESS
6.5.1 Advantages of hybrid DESS
6.6 Simulation and analysis of supercapacitor as DESS
6.6.1 Test system
6.6.2 Analysis
6.7 Conclusion
6.8 Future scope
References
7 Modeling of various energy storage systems
Abstract
Keywords
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Need for energy storage devices
7.3 Classification of energy storage devices
7.4 Electric battery energy storage
7.4.1 Introduction
7.4.2 Classification
7.4.3 Modeling
7.4.4 Simulation results
7.5 Hydrogen energy storage
7.5.1 Introduction
7.5.2 Classification
7.5.3 Modeling
7.5.4 Simulation results
7.6 Thermal energy storage system
7.6.1 Introduction
7.6.2 Classification
7.6.3 Modeling
7.6.4 Simulation
7.7 Conclusion
References
8 Energy management for distributed energy storage system
Abstract
Keywords
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Renewable energy sources
8.3 Distributed energy storage system
8.4 Hybrid AC/DC microgrid system
8.5 Methods of operation and control of the proposed energy management system for hybrid AC/DC microgrids
8.6 Operation of grid
8.7 Grid tied mode
8.8 Autonomous mode
8.9 Fuzzy logic control of Luo converter for energy management
8.10 Simulation results and discussion
8.11 Conclusion
References
9 Power management of photovoltaic system with BESS under partial shading conditions
Abstract
Keywords
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Grid-connected PV system
9.2.1 Modeling of PV cell
9.3 DC–DC converter
9.3.1 PV module
9.3.2 Partial shading effect
9.4 Optimization algorithms
9.4.1 Perturb and observe algorithm
9.4.2 Partial shading P&O MPPT
9.4.3 Current control technique
9.5 Experimental setup and results
9.5.1 Solar PV maximum power tracking with a grid-connected system employing the P&O method and partial shading
9.5.2 Power management strategy for both P&O and partial shading with perturb and observe algorithms under various loads
9.5.3 Harmonic distortion can be reduced using a current control technique of grid-side converter
9.6 Conclusion
References
10 Distributed energy resources with optimized power converter topology to improve load power quality
Abstract
Keywords
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Implementation of distributed energy system using optimized converter topology
10.2.1 Optimized SHEPWM inverter
10.2.2 Switching pattern for SHEPWM inverter
10.2.3 Genetic algorithm for optimizing SHEPWM
10.3 Wind energy conversion system through matrix converter
10.3.1 Wind energy conversion system fed through matrix converter with optimized PI controller
10.3.2 Matrix converter with MRAS observer and optimized PI controller
10.4 Distributed renewable energy resources through optimized converters with grid
10.5 Results and findings
10.6 Conclusion
References
11 Power electronic converters for distributed energy storage systems
Abstract
Keywords
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Analysis and design of IBC
11.3 Analysis and design of QGIBC
11.3.1 Mode I
11.3.2 Mode-II
11.3.3 Mode-III
11.4 Results and discussions
11.5 Conclusion
References
12 Distributed energy storage systems for EV charging stations
Abstract
Keywords
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Energy storage systems
12.2 EV charging infrastructure
12.2.1 Single diagram of EV charging infrastructure
12.2.2 EV charging stations modes
12.2.3 Classification of EV charging stations
12.2.4 Deployment of charging stations infrastructure: EV adoption enabler
12.2.5 EVs charging points per PCS
12.3 DESS network characteristics
12.3.1 Role of DESS on grid infrastructures and operations
12.3.2 Optimization of DESS
12.3.3 Advantages and disadvantages
12.3.4 Battery EVs
12.4 Fast charging EVs as DESS
12.4.1 DC charging topologies
12.4.2 Fault tolerance and redundancy analysis
12.5 Conclusion
References
13 Integration of energy storage systems with multilevel inverters for microgrids
Abstract
Keywords
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Studied microgrid structure
13.2.1 A unidirectional PV unit converter
13.2.2 A bidirectional UC bank converter
13.2.3 Multilevel inverter with grid interface
13.3 Simulation and analysis of a grid-tied multilevel inverter with an ultracapacitor and PV system
13.4 Conclusion
References
14 Distributed energy storage systems for distributed energy resources integration
Abstract
Keyword
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 Distributed energy resources
14.2 Distributed energy storage systems
14.2.1 DESS storage technologies
14.2.2 Characteristics and application domains of DESS technologies
14.3 DER and DESS integration
14.3.1 DERs and DESS participation and interaction into energy market
14.3.2 Challenges and enabling solutions for DESS and DER participation
14.3.3 DESS and DER integration methods, techniques, and technologies
14.4 DESS and DERs integration challenges in power system
14.5 Sizing of DESSs
14.5.1 Impacting factors in sizing of DESS
14.5.2 Methods for determining the optimal energy storage capacity
14.5.3 Siting of DESSs
14.5.4 Sizing and siting strategies
14.6 Case studies
14.6.1 Examples of successful DESS implementations
14.7 Conclusion
References
15 Challenges and opportunities of distribution energy storage system for distribution energy resource integration
Abstract
Keywords
15.1 Introduction
15.2 The role of DESS in DER integration
15.2.1 Grid stabilization
15.2.2 Voltage support
15.2.3 Peak shaving
15.2.4 Enhanced reliability
15.2.5 Support the weaker grid operation
15.2.6 Power quality
15.3 Technologies for DESS in DER integration
15.3.1 Battery energy storage systems (BESSs)
15.3.2 Advances in battery chemistry
15.3.3 Flywheels
15.3.4 Supercapacitors
15.3.5 Pumped hydrostorage
15.4 Benefits and challenges
15.4.1 Benefits of DESS in DER integration
15.4.2 Challenges
15.5 Conclusion
References
16 Distributed energy storage systems for ancillary grid services
Abstract
Keywords
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Ancillary services
16.2.1 Classifications of ancillary services
16.2.2 SWOT analysis
16.3 Challenges and solutions of the utilization of DESS for ancillary services
16.4 Conclusion
References
17 Distributed energy storage system: Case study
Abstract
Keywords
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Modeling and introduction of equipment
17.2.1 Single-line diagram of substation and feeders
17.2.2 Ultrasubstation transformers parameters
17.2.3 Energy storage system
17.2.4 Solar panel and inverter
17.2.5 Solar farm site plan and PVsyst simulation
17.2.6 Power plant simulation results
17.2.7 Hourly load curve and solar power plant production curve
17.3 Network studies
17.3.1 Load distribution studies
17.3.2 Studies of the short-circuit section
17.3.3 Power quality and harmonic analyses
17.4 Conclusion
17.5 A summary of the results is presented in Table 17.15
References
18 Case study: Implementing distributed energy storage systems
Abstract
Keywords
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Background and significance
18.3 Objectives and scope
18.4 Methodology
18.4.1 Case study selection
18.4.2 Data collection and analysis
18.5 Define base case and comparison parameters
18.6 Case study hypothesis
18.7 Experiment
18.8 Scenario findings
18.8.1 Technical performance_ On-grid simulation
18.8.2 Economic viability
18.8.3 Environmental impact
18.8.4 Lessons learned
18.9 Conclusion
18.9.1 Summary of key findings
18.9.2 Implications and future research
18.9.3 Closing remarks
References
19 Innovative energy solutions: Machine learning-driven lithium-ion battery modeling in electric vehicles
Abstract
Keywords
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Battery dynamic model
19.2.1 Battery modeling
19.2.2 Battery ECM
19.2.3 Battery dynamic model
19.3 Proposed machine learning-based dynamic model prediction
19.3.1 Machine learning technique basics
19.3.2 Description of proposed supervised machine learning technique
19.3.3 ML techniques employed
19.4 Results
19.5 Conclusions
References
Index

Sivaraman Palanisamy

Mr. P. Sivaraman is currently working as a Program Manager at WRI India. He completed his B.E. in Electrical and Electronics Engineering and M.E. in Power Systems Engineering at Anna University, India in 2012 and 2014 respectively, and has over 7 years of industrial experience in the field of power system analysis, renewable energy integration, solar photovoltaic systems, wind power plants, power quality studies, and harmonic assessments, troubleshooting for various power quality problems, microgrid design, providing techno-economical solutions to various power quality problems for industries across India. He has trained more than 500 personnel on renewable energy and power quality, carried out power quality assessments for over 300 sites all over India, and has validated over 200 power quality reports. He is an active participant in the IEEE standards association, as a member of numerous working groups, and is a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), member of the International Council on Large Electric Systems (CIGRE), Life Member of the Institution of Engineers (India), and member of the European Energy Center (EEC). He received his Professional Engineer (PEng) certification from the Institution of Engineers India. Mr. Sivaraman has authored, co-authored or edited 6 books and published several papers at national and international conferences.

Affiliations and expertise

Senior Power Systems Engineer, Vysus Consulting India Pvt. Ltd, India

Sharmeela Chenniappan

Prof. C. Sharmeela is a Professor in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, CEG Campus, Anna University, India. She completed her PhD in Electrical Engineering at Anna University in 2009, and a PG Diploma in Electrical Energy Management and Energy Audit at Annamalai University in 2010. Dr. Sharmeela has 20 years of teaching experience, teaching various subjects to undergraduate and postgraduate students, and has completed several research projects and consultancy work in renewable energy, power quality, and design of PQ compensators for various industries. She is a senior member of the IEEE, and a life member of CBIP, the Institution of Engineers (India), ISTE, and SSI. She has published over 30 research publications in peer-reviewed journals and 50 papers at international and national conferences.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Anna University, Chennai, India

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

Social Sciences & Humanities

Health