Diseases of Shade Trees

PrefaceAcknowledgmentsPart I Infectious Diseases 1 Introduction Forest Trees versus Shade Trees Tree Health Care Categories of Shade Tree Diseases 2 The Fungi Introduction Nature of the Fungi Identification of Fungi That Cause Tree Diseases How Pathogenic Fungi Enter the Tree How Fungi Cause Diseases in Trees Conditions Favoring Disease by Fungi 3 Bacteria Introduction How Bacteria Cause Disease in Trees Bacterial Diseases of Trees Suggested References 4 Nematodes Introduction Plant Parasitic Nematodes Life Cycle How Nematodes Cause Tree Disease Nematode Diseases of Trees Reference Suggested References 5 Viruses Introduction How Viruses Cause Tree Disease Symptoms Treatment Virus Diseases of Trees Virus Diseases of Ornamental Apples, Cherries, Peaches, Pears, and Plums Suggested References 6 Mycoplasmas Introduction How Mycoplasmas Cause Tree Disease Symptoms Treatment Mycoplasma Diseases of Trees Other Common Mycoplasma Diseases of Shade Trees Mycoplasma Diseases of Ornamental Apples, Cherries, Peaches, and Pears Confusion of Virus and Mycoplasma Symptoms with Noninfectious Diseases Suggested References 7 Seed Plants Parasitic Seed Plants Nonparasitic Seed Plants Suggested References 8 Leaf Diseases Introduction Treatment Some Common Leaf Diseases of Deciduous Hardwoods Broad and Narrow-Leaved Evergreens Some Common Evergreen Leaf Diseases Insect Conditions Commonly Confused with Diseases References Suggested References 9 Stem Diseases Introduction Typical Life Cycle of Stem Disease Fungi Treatment of Stem Diseases Target Cankers Diffuse Cankers Canker Blight Other Canker Diseases Canker-Rots Reference Suggested References 10 Root Diseases Introduction Growth of Tree Roots Mycorrhizae Typical Life Cycle of Root Disease Fungi Treatment of Root Diseases Categories of Root Diseases Some Examples of Root Diseases References Suggested References 11 Rust Diseases Introduction Typical Life Cycle of Rust Disease Fungi Treatment of Rust Diseases Canker Rusts Gall Rusts Leaf Rusts Other Rust Diseases References Suggested References 12 Wilt Diseases Introduction Typical Wilt Disease Cycle Typical Control of Wilt Disease Wilt Diseases of Trees Reference Suggested References 13 Wound Diseases—Discoloration and Decay in Living Trees Introduction Wounds Events after Wounding Microbial Successions after Wounding Wound Treatment Other Conditions Resulting from Wounding Sprout Clump Treatment Reference Suggested ReferencesPart II Noninfectious Diseases 14 Introduction to Noninfectious Diseases Some Common Basic Needs of Trees What are Some Reasons for Prevalence of Noninfectious Disease? General Symptomatology of Infectious and Noninfectious Diseases Categories of Noninfectious Diseases Suggested References 15 Temperature Stress Introduction High Temperature Low Temperature Containerized Ornamental Plants Rapid Changes in Temperature Reference Suggested References 16 Moisture Stress Introduction Water Deficiency Water Excess Erosion Physical Damage from Snow and Ice Suggested References 17 Soil Stress Introduction pH (Degree of Acidity or Alkalinity) Nutrient Deficiencies and Toxicities Physical Condition of Soil Root Girdling Root Competition Juglan Toxicity Lightning Injury References Suggested References 18 Animal Injury Introduction Animal Wounds Toxic Chemicals on Trees and Soil Soil Compaction Suggested References 19 Construction Injury and Soil Compaction Introduction Construction Injury Prevention of Construction Injury Soil Compaction References Suggested References 20 Injury from Chemicals, Electricity, and Artificial Light Introduction Chemical Injury Electrical Injury Injury from Artificial Light References Suggested References 21 Tree Maintenance Introduction Tree Planting Follow-up Maintenance Reference Suggested References 22 Air Pollution Introduction Meteorology Phytotoxic Gases Particulates and Aerosols Acidic Precipitation Mimicking Symptoms References Suggested References 23 Diebacks and Declines—Complex Diseases Introduction Maple Decline Oak Decline and Mortality Ash Dieback Other Complex Diseases Conclusions References Suggested ReferencesPart III Special Topics 24 Nonpathogenic Conditions Introduction Misinformation about Trees Nonparasitic Organisms Reference Suggested References 25 Disease Diagnosis Introduction Diagnosis of Tree Disease in the Field Diagnosis by Office Visit, Telephone, or Letter Tools Used in Disease Diagnosis Conclusions Reference Suggested References 26 Living Hazard-Trees Introduction Background Categories of Hazardous Trees Living Hazard-Trees and Their Detection Suggested ReferencesGlossaryAppendix I Common and Scientific Names of Ornamental Woody PlantsAppendix II Use of PesticidesAppendix III Literature Containing Information about Shade Tree Diseases or InsectsIndex