Digital Human Modeling and Medicine

The Digital Twin

1st Edition - December 4, 2022
Imprint: Academic Press
Editors: Gunther Paul, Mohamed H. Doweidar
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 3 9 1 3 - 1
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 4 2 1 8 - 6

Digital Human Modeling and Medicine: The Digital Twin explores the body of knowledge and state-of-the-art in Digital Human Modeling (DHM) and its applications in medicine.… Read more

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Digital Human Modeling and Medicine: The Digital Twin explores the body of knowledge and state-of-the-art in Digital Human Modeling (DHM) and its applications in medicine. DHM is the science of representing humans with their physical properties, characteristics and behaviors in computerized, virtual models. These models can be used standalone or integrated with other computerized object design systems to both design or study designs of medical devices or medical device products and their relationship with humans. They serve as fast and cost-efficient computer-based tools for the assessment of human functional systems and human-system interaction.

This book provides an industry first introductory and practitioner focused overview of human simulation tools, with detailed chapters describing body functional elements and organs, organ interactions and fields of application. Thus, DHM tools and a specific scientific/practical problem – functional study of the human body – are linked in a coherent framework. Eventually the book shows how DHM interfaces with common physical devices in medical practice, answering to a gap in literature and a common practitioner question. Case studies provide the applied knowledge for practitioners to make informed decisions.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
Section 1. Modeling methods
Chapter 1. From the visible human project to the digital twin
Introduction
The visible human project
Anatomography
Virtual physiological human
The digital twin
Chapter 2. Massive data probabilistic framework for parameter estimation in biological problems
Introduction
General framework
Mathematical tools and concepts
Methodology
A case study: GBM evolution
Conclusions
Chapter 3. Deep learning applied to detection of the vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque
Chapter 4. Computational stability of human musculoskeletal systems
Introduction
Methods
Stability of the human spine
Stability of human knee joint
Summary
Chapter 5. Techniques for automatic landmark detection of human tissue
Introduction
Machine learning techniques
Knowledge-based techniques
Conclusion
Chapter 6. Multibody modeling of the musculoskeletal system
Introduction
Fundamentals of multibody modeling
Motion capture–based model
Analysis of gait modifications
Other applications
Concluding remarks
Chapter 7. AnyBody modeling system
Background and context
Software design choices
The model repository
Applications
Digital human models and the digital patient
Chapter 8. The NEUROiD neuromusculoskeletal movement simulation platform
Introduction
The NEUROiD movement simulation platform
Design and characterization of limbs in silico
Movement training of virtual limbs
NEUROiD in medicine
Conclusion and future landscapes
Chapter 9. HumMod: a modeling environment for the simulation of integrative human physiology
Disclosures
History
HumMod for testing physiological concepts and hypotheses in pathophysiology
Conclusion, limitations, and future considerations
Section 2. Organs
Chapter 10. Computational biomechanics as a tool to improve surgical procedures for Uterine Prolapse
Introduction
Biomechanical uterine prolapse simulation
Isotropic constitutive model—simulating the passive behavior
Computational model of the pelvic cavity
Computational model of the implant
Biomechanical properties of the soft tissues and mesh implant
Uterine prolapse simulation
Personalized models to repair the uterine prolapse
Conclusions
Chapter 11. Computational Modeling of aerosol particle transport and deposition in the healthy and stented human airways considering different breathing conditions and particle sizes
Clinical background
Materials and methods
Results
Conclusions and final remarks
Funding
Chapter 12. Ultrafine particle transport to the lower airways: airway diameter reduction effects
Introduction
Geometrical development
Numerical methods
Result and discussion
Velocity functions
Pressure variations
Particle deposition fraction
Escaped particles
Conclusions
Limitations of the approach
Chapter 13. Aerosolized airborne bacteria and viruses inhalation: Micro-bioaerosols deposition effects through upper nasal airway inhalation
Introduction
Materials and method
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
Chapter 14. Numerical simulation of the aortic arch behavior
Nomenclature
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
Disclosure of interest
Chapter 15. Modern placental imaging methods
Introduction
Ultrasound
Doppler
Volume rendering
Sonoelastography
Placental elastography
Magnetic resonance imaging
Conclusion
Section 3. Foot digital twin and in silico clinical applications
Chapter 16. Foot digital twin and in silico clinical applications
Where a foot digital twin can help
How to build a foot digital twin
Foot digital twin: a look into the future
Chapter 17. Flow processes occurring within the body but still external to the body's epithelial layer (gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts)
Introduction
Computational methods
Ingestion and oral digestion
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Liquid transport and droplet formation in the respiratory tract
Conclusions
Chapter 18. Digital modeling of the jaws for the evaluation of mandibular reconstruction techniques
Introduction
Anatomy and biomechanics of the mandible
The finite element method
Alloplastic mandibular reconstruction methods: evaluating the implant design using finite element analysis
Design and plan of endoprostheses
Stress and magnitude of displacement of stem and wing design in unilateral loading conditions
Conclusion
Chapter 19. Cornea digital twins for studying the critical role of mechanics in physiology, pathology and surgical repair
Introduction
Corneal biomechanics
In silico biomechanical models of cornea
Concluding remarks
Chapter 20. Influence of fluid–structure interaction on human corneal biomechanics under air puff non-contact tonometry
Introduction
Numerical methods
Air puff traverses and pressure on cornea
Parametric study statistics
Intraocular pressure algorithm (fIOP)
Corneal material stress–strain index (fSSI)
Conclusions
Section 4. Biomedicine
Chapter 21. Digital twins for understanding the mechanical adaptation of bone in disease and postsurgery
Introduction—the basics of bone remodeling
Computational models of bone remodeling in response to mechanical stimuli
Effects of implants and pharmaceuticals on bone remodeling
Alternative or complementary numerical approaches to FE for in silico bone remodeling
Conclusion
Chapter 22. Bone strength, bone remodeling, and Biomechanics of fracture
Bone physiology
Bone cells
Bone modeling and remodeling
Bone mechanical properties and fracture
Predictions of bone strength with finite element models
Model validation
Predictions of bone remodeling
Chapter 23. Single-cell based models for cell–cell and cell–extracellular matrix interactions
Introduction
Methodology
Numerical implementation and applications
Conclusions
Chapter 24. Flow and remodeling processes occurring within the body proper
Introduction
Computational methods
Models for biological processes
Hemodynamics of vascular disease
Blood coagulation and clot formation modeling
Plaque rupture in an artery
Bone remodeling
Conclusions
Section 5. Medical devices
Chapter 25. Digital co-creation: an early-stage product individualization framework to bridge the customer–designer void
Introduction
Background
Methodology
Case study
Discussion and conclusions
Chapter 26. Implant design on virtual digital human skull models for the creation of customized Patient-specific regenerative implants: biomechanical consideration
Introduction
Regenerative craniofacial surgery—current state of the art
Customized implant design—design considerations
Customized implant design—biomechanics
Commercialization considerations—a balancing act between design and regulation through in vivo tissue engineering
Future outlook
Chapter 27. Virtual reality–assisted treatment planning, patient management, and educational approaches in dentistry
Introduction
Implant treatment planning
Digital workflow in dental implantology
Future directions
Section 6. Medical application
Chapter 28. Whole-body movement modeling in realistic environments for understanding performance and injury
Introduction
Markerless motion capture for digital human model construction
Computational methods
Using digital twins to understand performance and injury: sports examples
Realtime digital human applications: workplace injury example
Creating software products based on human digital twins
Conclusions
Chapter 29. Digital human modeling in cleft care
Introduction
Presurgical infant orthopedics
Cleft lip and cleft lip nasal deformity repair
Cleft palate repair
Alveolar bone cleft reconstruction
Orthognathic surgery in cleft care
Conclusion
Chapter 30. The virtual patient model for correction of facial deformity and accuracy of simulation and surgical guide construction
Historical methods of planning
3D imaging and biomechanical soft tissue simulation
Virtual surgical planning, customized surgical guide, and fixation plates
Comparison between traditional and modern planning
Chapter 31. Patient-specific modeling of pain progression: a use case on knee osteoarthritis patients using machine learning algorithms
Introduction
Dataset description
Methods
Results and discussion
Conclusions
Chapter 32. A design procedure for the development of VR platforms for the rehabilitation of patients after stroke
Introduction
Scientific background
Methods and tools
Use cases
Evaluation
Conclusion
Chapter 33. Personalization for surgical implants
Introduction to personalization of surgical implants
Personalized medical device definitions
Adoption of personalization in surgery
Regulation
Summary and future perspectives
Index

Gunther Paul

Gunther Paul is an Ergonomist and James Cook University Principal Research Fellow for Occupational Health and Safety at the Australian Institute for Tropical Health and Medicine (AITHM), and the Mackay Institute for Research and Innovation (MIRI). He holds a PhD in Ergonomics and MPhil in Control Engineering from Darmstadt University of Technology. His research focuses on complex work system related issues, such as health systems, respiratory health, human-in-the-loop modelling, or musculoskeletal disorders. Gunther has been the Chief Investigator in 17 research projects. He is the Editor-In-Chief of the International Journal of Human Factors Modelling and Simulation, and a reviewer for over 20 international journals. He chairs the International Ergonomics Association Technical Committee on Human Simulation and Virtual Environments, and is a Member of the Queensland Government Safety Leadership at Work Expert Reference Group, Member of the Commonwealth Department of Employment Research and Evaluation Services Panel, and Member of the Panel of Assessors, Queensland Civil and Administrative Tribunal (QCAT). Gunther is also the Ambassador of the Foundation for Professional Ergonomics in Australia. He has published over 100 journal articles, books and book chapters, and has been regularly presenting and chairing sessions at International conferences over the last 25 years. In his most recent previous employments, Gunther led the Health Safety Environment Discipline in the School of Public Health and Social Work at QUT, and before that he was Director of Ergolab at UniSA. In his 10 year industrial career, he worked as Project Manager for Ford, Daimler, and Faurecia.

Affiliations and expertise

Principal Research Fellow, Australian Institute for Tropical Health and Medicine (AITHM), Australia

Mohamed H. Doweidar

He is a Full Associate Professor at the Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Zaragoza, Spain (25 years of teaching experience). Besides, he is a Member of the Group of Applied Mechanics and Bioengineering (AMB), the Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), the Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), and the European Society of Biomechanics (ESB). He received his B.Eng. in industrial engineering (1993) from Benha Higher Institute of Technology, Egypt; B.Sc. in statistical and computer science (1997) from Mansoura University, Egypt; M.Sc. degree in Engineering Mathematics (2001) from Ain Shams University, Egypt; a Diploma in Advanced Studies in Computational Fluid Mechanics (2004) from Zaragoza University, Spain; and his Ph.D. degree in Computational Fluid Mechanics (2005) from Zaragoza University, Spain. Dr. Doweidar has participated and/or directed more than 25 national and international investigation projects. In addition, he is the author and co-author of more than 110 publications in peer-reviewed articles, books, book chapters, and conferences. His investigation interests include Computational Biomechanics, Cell Simulation, Hyperelastic Materials, Large Deformations, Finite Element Method, Natural Element Method, Computational Fluid Dynamics, Error Estimation, and Adaptivity.

Affiliations and expertise

Associate Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department, School of Engineering and Architecture (EINA), University of Zaragoza, Spain

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