Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging: Inside Out
- 2nd Edition - December 5, 2013
- Latest edition
- Author: Thomas L. Szabo
- Language: English
Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging provides a unified description of the physical principles of ultrasound imaging, signal processing, systems and measurements. This comprehen… Read more
Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging provides a unified description of the physical principles of ultrasound imaging, signal processing, systems and measurements. This comprehensive reference is a core resource for both graduate students and engineers in medical ultrasound research and design. With continuing rapid technological development of ultrasound in medical diagnosis, it is a critical subject for biomedical engineers, clinical and healthcare engineers and practitioners, medical physicists, and related professionals in the fields of signal and image processing.
The book contains 17 new and updated chapters covering the fundamentals and latest advances in the area, and includes four appendices, 450 figures (60 available in color on the companion website), and almost 1,500 references. In addition to the continual influx of readers entering the field of ultrasound worldwide who need the broad grounding in the core technologies of ultrasound, this book provides those already working in these areas with clear and comprehensive expositions of these key new topics as well as introductions to state-of-the-art innovations in this field.
- Enables practicing engineers, students and clinical professionals to understand the essential physics and signal processing techniques behind modern imaging systems as well as introducing the latest developments that will shape medical ultrasound in the future
- Suitable for both newcomers and experienced readers, the practical, progressively organized applied approach is supported by hands-on MATLAB® code and worked examples that enable readers to understand the principles underlying diagnostic and therapeutic ultrasound
- Covers the new important developments in the use of medical ultrasound: elastography and high-intensity therapeutic ultrasound. Many new developments are comprehensively reviewed and explained, including aberration correction, acoustic measurements, acoustic radiation force imaging, alternate imaging architectures, bioeffects: diagnostic to therapeutic, Fourier transform imaging, multimode imaging, plane wave compounding, research platforms, synthetic aperture, vector Doppler, transient shear wave elastography, ultrafast imaging and Doppler, functional ultrasound and viscoelastic models
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1. Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Echo Ranging of the Body
1.3 Ultrasound Portrait Photographers
1.4 Ultrasound Cinematographers
1.5 Modern Ultrasound Imaging Developments
1.6 Enabling Technologies for Ultrasound Imaging
1.7 Ultrasound Imaging Safety
1.8 Ultrasound and Other Diagnostic Imaging Modalities
1.9 Contrast Agents
1.10 Comparison of Imaging Modalities
1.11 Conclusion
References
Bibliography
Chapter 2. Overview
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Fourier Transform
2.3 Building Blocks
2.4 Central Diagram
References
Chapter 3. Acoustic Wave Propagation
3.1 Introduction to Waves
3.2 Plane Waves in Liquids and Solids
3.3 Elastic Waves in Solids
3.4 Elastic Wave Equations
3.5 Conclusion
References
Bibliography
Chapter 4. Attenuation
4.1 Losses in Tissues
4.2 Losses in Both Frequency and Time Domains
4.3 Tissue Models
4.4 Pulses in Lossy Media
4.5 Modified Hooke’s Laws and Tissue Models for Viscoelastic Media
4.6 Wave Equations for Tissues
4.7 Discussion
4.8 Penetration and Time Gain Compensation
References
Chapter 5. Transducers
5.1 Introduction to Transducers
5.2 Resonant Modes of Transducers
5.3 Equivalent Circuit Transducer Model
5.4 Transducer Design Considerations
5.5 Transducer Pulses
5.6 Equations for Piezoelectric Media
5.7 Piezoelectric Materials
5.8 Comparison of Piezoelectric Materials
5.9 Transducer Advanced Topics
References
Bibliography
Chapter 6. Beamforming
6.1 What is Diffraction?
6.2 Fresnel Approximation of Spatial Diffraction Integral
6.3 Rectangular Aperture
6.4 Apodization
6.5 Circular Apertures
6.6 Focusing
6.7 Angular Spectrum of Waves
6.8 Diffraction Loss
6.9 Limited Diffraction Beams
6.10 Holey Focusing Transducers
References
Bibliography
Chapter 7. Array Beamforming
7.1 Why Arrays?
7.2 Diffraction in the Time Domain
7.3 Circular Radiators in the Time Domain
7.4 Arrays
7.5 Pulse–Echo Beamforming
7.6 Two-dimensional Arrays
7.7 Baffled
7.8 Computational Diffraction Methods
7.9 Nonideal Array Performance
7.10 Conformable and Deformable Arrays
References
Bibliography
Chapter 8. Wave Scattering and Imaging
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Scattering of Objects
8.3 Role of Transducer Diffraction and Focusing
8.4 Role of Imaging
References
Bibliography
Chapter 9. Scattering From Tissue and Tissue Characterization
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Scattering from Tissues
9.3 Properties of and Propagation in Heterogeneous Tissue
9.4 Array Processing of Scattered Pulse–Echo Signals
9.5 Tissue Characterization Methods
9.6 Applications of Tissue Characterization
9.7 Aberration Correction
9.8 Wave Equations for Tissue
References
Bibliography
Chapter 10. Imaging Systems and Applications
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Trends in Imaging Systems
10.3 Major Controls
10.4 Block Diagram
10.5 Major Modes
10.6 Clinical Applications
10.7 Transducers and Image Formats
10.8 Front End
10.9 Scanner
10.10 Back End
10.11 Advanced Signal Processing
10.12 Alternate Imaging System Architectures
References
Bibliography
Chapter 11. Doppler Modes
11.1 Introduction
11.2 The Doppler Effect
11.3 Scattering from Flowing Blood in Vessels
11.4 Continuous-Wave Doppler
11.5 Pulsed-Wave Doppler
11.6 Comparison of Pulsed- and Continuous-Wave Doppler
11.7 Ultrasound Color Flow Imaging
11.8 Non-Doppler Visualization of Blood Flow
11.9 Doppler Revisited
11.10 Vector Doppler
11.11 Functional Ultrasound Imaging
References
Bibliography
Chapter 12. Nonlinear Acoustics and Imaging
12.1 Introduction
12.2 What is Nonlinear Propagation?
12.3 Propagation in a Nonlinear Medium with Losses
12.4 Propagation of Beams in Nonlinear Media
12.5 Harmonic Imaging
12.6 Harmonic Signal Processing
12.7 Nonlinear Wave Equations and Simulation Models
12.8 Acoustic Radiation Forces and Streaming
References
Bibliography
Chapter 13. Ultrasonic Exposimetry and Acoustic Measurements
13.1 Introduction to Measurements
13.2 Materials Characterization
13.3 Transducers
13.4 Acoustic Output Measurements
13.5 Performance Measurements
13.6 High-intensity Acoustic Measurements
13.7 Thought Experiments
References
Bibliography
Chapter 14. Ultrasound Contrast Agents
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Microbubble as Linear Resonator
14.3 Microbubble as Nonlinear Resonator
14.4 Cavitation and Bubble Destruction
14.5 Ultrasound Contrast Agents
14.6 Imaging with Ultrasound Contrast Agents
14.7 Therapeutic Ultrasound Contrast Agents: Smart Bubbles
14.8 Equations of Motion for Contrast Agents
14.9 Conclusion
References
Bibliography
Chapter 15. Ultrasound-induced Bioeffects
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Ultrasound-induced Bioeffects: Observation to Regulation
15.3 Thermal Effects
15.4 Nonthermal Effects
15.5 The Output Display Standard
15.6 Ultrasound-induced Bioeffects: A Closer Look
15.7 Comparison of Medical Ultrasound Modalities
15.8 Equations for Predicting Temperature Rise
15.9 Conclusions
References
Bibliography
Chapter 16. Elastography
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Elastography Physics
16.3 Elastography Implementations
16.4 Conclusions
References
Bibliography
Chapter 17. Therapeutic Ultrasound
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Therapeutic Ultrasound Physics
17.3 Therapeutic Ultrasound Applications
17.4 Conclusions
References
Appendix A. The Fourier Transform
A.1 Introduction
A.2 The Fourier Transform
References
Bibliography
Appendix B
References
Appendix C. Development of One-Dimensional KLM Model Based on ABCD Matrices
References
Appendix D. List of Groups Interested in Medical Ultrasound
Index
In 2014, ten years after publishing the first edition of this book, Dr. Thomas L. Szabo has updated the text and produced this second edition. The printed version is approximately one-third thicker and comes with a new cover image; there is also an e-book version available. A lot of different items in ultrasound imaging are explained, starting with an introduction of imaging modalities, basic ultrasound wave propagation and interactions aspects with materials, as well as technological aspects as transducer models and various beam forming methods or clinical applications for ultrasound imaging and therapy.
The MATLAB-files (query) from the first edition are still available to download. These files complement the explanations in the text and are useful for practical lessons in underpinning the theory with examples of various beamplots, Fourier transforms or for deepening the self-study.
In this second edition, most chapters were revised and topics that have been published or introduced into clinical practice within the last decade were added. To comply with the technological developments in this field, two new chapters were introduced. The first one covers modern therapeutic applications, e.g., sonothrombolysis, transcranial or cosmetic ultrasound, while the second covers the topic of elastographic methods like acoustic radiation force impulse, strain or shear Imaging.
The main strength of this book is its inclusion of an introduction and state-of-the-art review of physics and signal processing techniques used in ultrasound imaging and therapy in a single volume. The same topics can be found in different chapters as well, but including an explanation from another point of view that helps to clarify the complexity involved and understanding of the topics.
Unfortunately, this new printed edition is available with black-and-white images only, while in the digital e-book, colored images are available. This is a disadvantage, as images like modern Doppler images or velocity scales are less useful to the reader when printed in black-and-white. However, the publishers have recognized this drawback and have made full-color images available for download from the book’s website.
The book is now 17 chapters long and, for both physicists and physicians, is a rich source of information regarding basic physics and signal processing methods, covering a broad range of topics in medical ultrasound. It is an essential book to have on your tablet or bookshelf.
CHRISTIAN KOLLMANNCenter for Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna
- Edition: 2
- Latest edition
- Published: December 5, 2013
- Language: English
TS
Thomas L. Szabo
Professor Szabo has contributed to the fundamental understanding and design of surface acoustic wave signal processing devices, to novel means of transduction and measurement for nondestructive evaluation using ultrasound, to seismic signal processing, and to the research and development of state-of-the-art diagnostic ultrasound imaging systems for over fifty years. He is the author of the widely used textbook, Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging: Inside Out, over 100 papers and twelve book chapters, and holds four patents and several patent applications. His wide range of interests include ultrasound tissue and spine characterization, wave equations, novel imaging systems, brain imaging, therapeutic ultrasound, nonlinear phenomena and geophysical exploration. Dr. Szabo is a Fellow of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, Acoustical Society of America, and a Life Senior member of the IEEE. He is a U.S. delegate to the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), Technical Committee 87 and a Convenor of Working Group 6 on high intensity therapeutic ultrasound and focusing. He was a recipient of a 1973 U. S. Meritorious Service Medal, a Hewlett Packard Fellowship and the 1974 best paper award in the IEEE Transactions on Sonics and Ultrasonics.