Diagnostic Imaging: Pediatric Neuroradiology

PART 1: BRAIN

Section 1: Pathology-Based Diagnoses

CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS


4 Approach to Brain Malformations
Luke L. Linscott, MD

HINDBRAIN MALFORMATIONS


8 Dandy-Walker Continuum
Usha D. Nagaraj, MD

12 Rhombencephalosynapsis
Luke L. Linscott, MD, Blaise V. Jones, MD, and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

16 Unclassified Cerebellar Dysplasias
Usha D. Nagaraj, MD and Blaise V. Jones, MD

18 Molar Tooth Malformations (Joubert)
Luke L. Linscott, MD

22 Cerebellar Hypoplasia
Usha D. Nagaraj, MD

DISORDERS OF DIVERTICULATION/CLEAVAGE


26 Holoprosencephaly
Luke L. Linscott, MD

30 Syntelencephaly (Middle Interhemispheric Variant)
Luke L. Linscott, MD

34 Septo-Optic Dysplasia
Luke L. Linscott, MD

38 Commissural Abnormalities
Luke L. Linscott, MD

MALFORMATIONS OF CORTICAL DEVELOPMENT


42 Congenital Microcephaly
Kevin R. Moore, MD

46 Congenital Muscular Dystrophy
Usha D. Nagaraj, MD

50 Heterotopic Gray Matter
Luke L. Linscott, MD

52 Polymicrogyria
Luke L. Linscott, MD

56 Focal Cortical Dysplasia
Luke L. Linscott, MD

58 Lissencephaly
Usha D. Nagaraj, MD

60 Schizencephaly
Luke L. Linscott, MD

64 Hemimegalencephaly
Usha D. Nagaraj, MD

FAMILIAL TUMOR/NEUROCUTANEOUS SYNDROMES


66 Neurofibromatosis Type 1, Brain
Luke L. Linscott, MD

70 Neurofibromatosis Type 2, Brain
Luke L. Linscott, MD

74 von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome
Luke L. Linscott, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

78 Tuberous Sclerosis Complex
Luke L. Linscott, MD

82 Sturge-Weber Syndrome
Luke L. Linscott, MD

86 Meningioangiomatosis
Kevin R. Moore, MD

88 Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome
Luke L. Linscott, MD

92 Neurocutaneous Melanosis
Luke L. Linscott, MD

96 Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia
Luke L. Linscott, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

100 Encephalocraniocutaneous Lipomatosis
Luke L. Linscott, MD


TRAUMA

104 Neonatal Subpial Hemorrhage
Kevin R. Moore, MD

108 Epidural Hematoma, Classic
Kevin R. Moore, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

112 Acute Subdural Hematoma
Kevin R. Moore, MD and Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD

116 Evolving Subdural Hematoma
Kevin R. Moore, MD

120 Cerebral Contusion
Luke L. Linscott, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

124 Diffuse Axonal Injury
Luke L. Linscott, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

128 Subcortical Injury
Luke L. Linscott, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

132 Abusive Head Trauma
Luke L. Linscott, MD


STROKE

136 Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage
Luke L. Linscott, MD

140 Hydranencephaly
Luke L. Linscott, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

142 White Matter Injury of Prematurity
Luke L. Linscott, MD

146 Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy
Luke L. Linscott, MD

150 Childhood Stroke
Luke L. Linscott, MD

154 Sickle Cell Disease, Brain
Luke L. Linscott, MD

158 Moyamoya
Luke L. Linscott, MD

VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS

CVMS WITH AV SHUNTING


162 Arteriovenous Malformation
Luke L. Linscott, MD

166 Dural Arteriovenous Fistula
Luke L. Linscott, MD

170 Vein of Galen Aneurysmal Malformation
Luke L. Linscott, MD

CVMS WITHOUT AV SHUNTING


174 Developmental Venous Anomaly
Luke L. Linscott, MD

180 Cavernous Malformation
Luke L. Linscott, MD

184 Capillary Telangiectasia
Luke L. Linscott, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

188 Sinus Pericranii
Luke L. Linscott, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR


NEOPLASMS

192 Pilocytic Astrocytoma
Luke L. Linscott, MD

196 Pilomyxoid Astrocytoma
Luke L. Linscott, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

200 Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma
Luke L. Linscott, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

204 Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma
Kevin R. Moore, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD, FACR

208 Ganglioglioma
Luke L. Linscott, MD

212 DNET
Luke L. Linscott, MD

216 Desmoplastic Infantile Tumors
Luke L. Linscott, MD

220 Dysplastic Cerebellar Gangliocytoma
Luke L. Linscott, MD

224 Choroid Plexus Papilloma
Luke L. Linscott, MD

228 Choroid Plexus Carcinoma
Luke L. Linscott, MD

232 Infratentorial Ependymoma
Luke L. Linscott, MD

236 Supratentorial Ependymoma
Luke L. Linscott, MD

240 Medulloblastoma
Luke L. Linscott, MD

244 Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor
Luke L. Linscott, MD

248 Embryonal Tumor With Multilayered Rosettes
Luke L. Linscott, MD

252 Pineoblastoma
Luke L. Linscott, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

256 Pediatric-Type Diffuse High-Grade Gliomas
Luke L. Linscott, MD

260 Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma
Luke L. Linscott, MD

264 Brainstem Tumors
Luke L. Linscott, MD

268 Germinoma
Luke L. Linscott, MD

272 Teratoma
Luke L. Linscott, MD

276 Metastatic Neuroblastoma
Kevin R. Moore, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

280 Leukemia, Brain
Luke L. Linscott, MD

284 Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis, Skull and Brain
Luke L. Linscott, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

NONNEOPLASTIC CYSTS AND TUMOR MIMICS


288 Arachnoid Cyst
Luke L. Linscott, MD

292 Dermoid Cyst, Brain
Luke L. Linscott, MD

296 Epidermoid Cyst, Brain
Luke L. Linscott, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

300 Neuroglial Cyst
Luke L. Linscott, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

302 Enlarged Perivascular Spaces
Luke L. Linscott, MD

306 Pineal Cyst
Luke L. Linscott, MD

310 Choroid Plexus Cyst
Luke L. Linscott, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

314 Ependymal Cyst
Luke L. Linscott, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

316 Porencephalic Cyst
Luke L. Linscott, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

320 Neurenteric Cyst, Brain
Kevin R. Moore, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

322 Lipoma, Brain
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Luke L. Linscott, MD

INFECTIOUS DISEASE

CONGENITAL/NEONATAL INFECTIONS


326 Congenital CMV
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA

330 Congenital HIV
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

332 Neonatal Herpes Encephalitis
Kevin R. Moore, MD and Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA

334 Parechovirus Encephalitis
Luke L. Linscott, MD

336 Group B Streptococcal Meningitis
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

340 Citrobacter Meningitis
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

ACQUIRED INFECTIONS


344 Abscess, Brain
Kevin R. Moore, MD, Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA, and Karen L. Salzman, MD, FACR

348 Ventriculitis
Luke L. Linscott, MD, Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA, and Karen L. Salzman, MD, FACR

350 Empyema
Kevin R. Moore, MD, Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA, and Karen L. Salzman, MD, FACR

354 Herpes Encephalitis Type 1
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

358 Miscellaneous Encephalitis
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA

362 Rasmussen Encephalitis
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

366 Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis
Kevin R. Moore, MD

368 Tuberculosis
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

372 Neurocysticercosis
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

376 Miscellaneous Parasites
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

INFLAMMATORY AND DEMYELINATING DISEASE


380 Approach to Pediatric Inflammatory and Demyelinating Diseases
Kevin R. Moore, MD

384 Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis, Brain
Kevin R. Moore, MD

388 ADEM, Brain
Kevin R. Moore, MD

392 Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease, Brain
Kevin R. Moore, MD

INHERITED METABOLIC/DEGENERATIVE DISORDERS


396 Approach to Normal Brain Development and Metabolic Disorders
Kevin R. Moore, MD

Normal Variants


402 Hypomyelination
Blaise V. Jones, MD
Mitochrondrial Disorders

406 MELAS
Kevin R. Moore, MD and Susan I. Blaser, MD, FRCPC

410 Mitochondrial Encephalopathies
Blaise V. Jones, MD

LYSOSOMAL DISORDERS


414 Mucopolysaccharidoses, Brain
Kevin R. Moore, MD

418 Gangliosidosis (GM2)
Kevin R. Moore, MD

422 Metachromatic Leukodystrophy
Kevin R. Moore, MD

426 Globoid Cell Leukodystrophy
Blaise V. Jones, MD

PEROXISOMAL DISORDERS


430 Zellweger Syndrome and Peroxisomal Biogenesis Disorders
Blaise V. Jones, MD

432 X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy
Kevin R. Moore, MD, Susan I. Blaser, MD, FRCPC, and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

ORGANIC AND AMINOACIDOPATHIES


436 Maple Syrup Urine Disease
Kevin R. Moore, MD and Susan I. Blaser, MD, FRCPC

440 Urea Cycle Disorders
Kevin R. Moore, MD

442 Glutaric Acidemia Type 1
Kevin R. Moore, MD and Susan I. Blaser, MD, FRCPC

446 Canavan Disease
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

448 Alexander Disease
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR


MISCELLANEOUS

452 Megalencephaly With Leukoencephalopathy and Cysts
Kevin R. Moore, MD and Susan I. Blaser, MD, FRCPC

456 Vanishing White Matter
Kevin R. Moore, MD

460 X-Linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth
Kevin R. Moore, MD

462 PKAN
Kevin R. Moore, MD

466 Huntington Disease
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

470 Wilson Disease
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

ACQUIRED TOXIC/METABOLIC/DEGENERATIVE DISORDERS


474 Hypoglycemia
Kevin R. Moore, MD and Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA

478 Kernicterus
Kevin R. Moore, MD and Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA

480 Acute Hypertensive Encephalopathy, PRES
Luke L. Linscott, MD

484 Mesial Temporal Sclerosis
Kevin R. Moore, MD and Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA

488 Cerebellitis
Luke L. Linscott, MD and Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA

SECTION 2: ANATOMY-BASED DIAGNOSES

VENTRICLES AND CISTERNS


492 Approach to Ventricular Anatomy and Imaging Issues
Kevin R. Moore, MD

496 Cavum Septi Pellucidi
Kevin R. Moore, MD, Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA, and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

497 Cavum Velum Interpositum
Kevin R. Moore, MD, Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA, and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

498 Benign Enlarged Subarachnoid Spaces
Luke L. Linscott, MD

502 Hydrocephalus
Blaise V. Jones, MD

506 Aqueductal Stenosis
Usha D. Nagaraj, MD

510 CSF Shunts and Complications
Kevin R. Moore, MD and Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA

SELLA AND PITUITARY


514 Approach to Pituitary Development
Luke L. Linscott, MD

520 Pituitary Anomalies
Luke L. Linscott, MD, Karen L. Salzman, MD, FACR, and Kevin R. Moore, MD

524 Craniopharyngioma
Luke L. Linscott, MD

528 Hypothalamic Hamartoma
Luke L. Linscott, MD

SKULL, SCALP, AND MENINGES


CONGENITAL

532 Congenital Calvarial Defects
Kevin R. Moore, MD

536 Craniosynostoses
Kevin R. Moore, MD

540 Cephalocele
Usha D. Nagaraj, MD

542 Atretic Cephalocele
Kevin R. Moore, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR


TRAUMA

546 Calvarial Fracture
Kevin R. Moore, MD

550 Intracranial Hypotension
Kevin R. Moore, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

NONNEOPLASTIC AND TUMOR-LIKE DISORDERS


554 Fibrous Dysplasia
Kevin R. Moore, MD, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA

558 Extramedullary Hematopoiesis
Kevin R. Moore, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

562 Thick Skull
Kevin R. Moore, MD, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA

Part II: Head and Neck

SECTION 1: TEMPORAL BONE AND SKULL BASE


566 Classification of Inner Ear Malformations
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

568 Labyrinthine Aplasia
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

570 Oval Window Atresia
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

572 Cochlear Aplasia
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

574 Cochlear Hypoplasia
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

576 Cochlear Nerve and Cochlear Nerve Canal Aplasia-Hypoplasia
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

578 X-Linked Stapes Gusher (DFNX2)
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

580 Common Cavity Malformation
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

582 Cystic Cochleovestibular Malformation
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

584 Large Vestibular Aqueduct
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

588 Semicircular Canal Hypoplasia-Aplasia
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

592 Endolymphatic Sac Tumor
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

594 Dermoid and Epidermo
Bernadette L. Koch, MD

598 CPA-IAC Arachnoid Cyst
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

602 Congenital Cholesteatoma
Bernadette L. Koch, MD

604 Acquired Cholesteatoma
Bernadette L. Koch, MD

606 Skull Base Chondrosarcoma
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Philip R. Chapman, MD

SECTION 2: ORBIT, NOSE, AND SINUSES


612 Nasal Glioma
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Bernadette L. Koch, MD

616 Frontoethmoidal Cephalocele
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Bernadette L. Koch, MD

620 Nasal Dermal Sinus
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Bernadette L. Koch, MD

624 Choanal Atresia
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Bernadette L. Koch, MD

626 Congenital Nasal Pyriform Aperture Stenosis
Bernadette L. Koch, MD

628 Juvenile Angiofibroma
Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

632 Anophthalmia/Microphthalmia
Bernadette L. Koch, MD

636 Macrophthalmia
Bernadette L. Koch, MD

638 Coloboma
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

642 Nasolacrimal Duct Mucocele
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Bernadette L. Koch, MD

644 Orbital Dermoid and Epidermoid
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

648 Orbital Cellulitis
Bernadette L. Koch, MD

652 Orbital Vascular Malformations
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

656 Orbital Infantile Hemangioma
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Daniel E. Meltzer, MD

660 Retinoblastoma
Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Daniel E. Meltzer, MD

SECTION 3: SUPRAHYOID AND INFRAHYOID NECK


666 Approach to Congenital Cystic Neck Masses
Bernadette L. Koch, MD

670 Lingual Thyroid
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Daniel E. Meltzer, MD

672 Oral Cavity Dermoid and Epidermoid
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Daniel E. Meltzer, MD

676 Reactive Lymph Nodes
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Nicholas A. Koontz, MD

680 Suppurative Adenitis
Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Nicholas A. Koontz, MD

SECTION 4: MULTIPLE REGIONS, HEAD AND NECK


686 1st Branchial Cleft Cyst
Bernadette L. Koch, MD

690 2nd Branchial Cleft Cyst
Bernadette L. Koch, MD

694 3rd Branchial Cleft Cyst
Bernadette L. Koch, MD

698 4th Branchial Cleft Cyst
Bernadette L. Koch, MD

702 Thyroglossal Duct Cyst
Bernadette L. Koch, MD

706 Cervical Thymic Cyst
Bernadette L. Koch, MD

710 Venous Malformation
Bernadette L. Koch, MD

714 Lymphatic Malformation
Bernadette L. Koch, MD

718 Infantile Hemangioma
Bernadette L. Koch, MD

722 Neurofibromatosis Type 1, Head and Neck
Bernadette L. Koch, MD

726 Brachial Plexus Schwannoma in Perivertebral Space
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

728 Fibromatosis Colli
Bernadette L. Koch, MD

732 Rhabdomyosarcoma
Bernadette L. Koch, MD

736 Melanotic Neuroectodermal Tumors
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

738 Orbital Neurofibromatosis Type 1
Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

Part III: Spine

SECTION 1: CONGENITAL AND GENETIC DISORDERS

CONGENITAL

NORMAL ANATOMICAL VARIATIONS


744 Filum Terminale Fibrolipoma
Kevin R. Moore, MD

746 Ventriculus Terminalis
Kevin R. Moore, MD

CHIARI DISORDERS


750 Chiari 1
Usha D. Nagaraj, MD

752 Chiari 2
Usha D. Nagaraj, MD

754 Chiari 3
Kevin R. Moore, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

756 Complex Chiari
Kevin R. Moore, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

ABNORMALITIES OF NEURULATION


758 Approach to Spine and Spinal Cord Development
Kevin R. Moore, MD

766 Myelomeningocele
Usha D. Nagaraj, MD

768 Lipomyelomeningocele
Usha D. Nagaraj, MD

772 Terminal Myelocystocele
Kevin R. Moore, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

776 Dorsal Dermal Sinus
Usha D. Nagaraj, MD

778 Dermoid Cyst, Spine
Kevin R. Moore, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

782 Epidermoid Cyst, Spine
Kevin R. Moore, MD

ANOMALIES OF CAUDAL CELL MESS


786 Tethered Spinal Cord
Kevin R. Moore, MD

790 Segmental Spinal Dysgenesis
Kevin R. Moore, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

794 Caudal Regression Syndrome
Kevin R. Moore, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

798 Myelocystocele
Usha D. Nagaraj, MD

802 Anterior Sacral Meningocele
Kevin R. Moore, MD

806 Sacral Extradural Arachnoid Cyst
Kevin R. Moore, MD

810 Sacrococcygeal Teratoma
Kevin R. Moore, MD

ANOMALIES OF NOTOCHORD AND VERTEBRAL FORMATION


814 Craniovertebral Junction Variants
Kevin R. Moore, MD

820 Klippel-Feil Spectrum
Kevin R. Moore, MD

824 Failure of Vertebral Formation
Kevin R. Moore, MD

828 Vertebral Segmentation Failure
Kevin R. Moore, MD

832 Partial Vertebral Duplication
Kevin R. Moore, MD

834 Diastematomyelia
Kevin R. Moore, MD

838 Incomplete Fusion, Posterior Element
Kevin R. Moore, MD

840 Neurenteric Cyst, Spine
Usha D. Nagaraj, MD

DEVELOPMENTAL ABNORMALITIES


844 Lateral Meningocele
Kevin R. Moore, MD

848 Dorsal Spinal Meningocele
Kevin R. Moore, MD

852 Dural Dysplasia
Kevin R. Moore, MD

GENETIC DISORDERS


856 Neurofibromatosis Type 1, Spine
Kevin R. Moore, MD

860 Neurofibromatosis Type 2, Spine
Kevin R. Moore, MD

864 Achondroplasia
Kevin R. Moore, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

868 Mucopolysaccharidoses, Spine
Kevin R. Moore, MD

872 Sickle Cell Disease, Spine
Kevin R. Moore, MD

876 Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Kevin R. Moore, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

SCOLIOSIS AND KYPHOSIS


880 Developmental Spinal Stenosis
Kevin R. Moore, MD

884 Neuromuscular Scoliosis
Kevin R. Moore, MD

886 Idiopathic Scoliosis
Kevin R. Moore, MD

888 Idiopathic Kyphosis
Kevin R. Moore, MD

SECTION 2: TRAUMA


892 Apophyseal Ring Fracture
Kevin R. Moore, MD

SECTION 3: DEVELOPMENTAL AND DEGENERATIVE DISEASES


898 Schmorl Node
Kevin R. Moore, MD

902 Scheuermann Kyphosis
Kevin R. Moore, MD

906 Congenital Scoliosis and Kyphosis
Kevin R. Moore, MD

910 Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis
Kevin R. Moore, MD

SECTION 4: INFECTION AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS


INFECTIONS

914 Pyogenic Osteomyelitis
Kevin R. Moore, MD

918 Tuberculous Osteomyelitis
Kevin R. Moore, MD

INFLAMMATORY AND AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS


924 Idiopathic Acute Transverse Myelitis
Kevin R. Moore, MD

928 Neuromyelitis Optica
Kevin R. Moore, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

932 Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis, Spine
Kevin R. Moore, MD

934 ADEM, Spine
Kevin R. Moore, MD

936 Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease, Spine
Kevin R. Moore, MD

938 Guillain-Barré Syndrome
Kevin R. Moore, MD and Blaise V. Jones, MD

942 Acute Flaccid Myelitis
Kevin R. Moore, MD

SECTION 5: NEOPLASMS, CYSTS, AND OTHER MASSES

NEOPLASMS

EXTRADURAL SPACE


948 Osteoid Osteoma
Kevin R. Moore, MD

952 Osteoblastoma
Kevin R. Moore, MD

956 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
Kevin R. Moore, MD

960 Osteochondroma
Kevin R. Moore, MD

964 Osteogenic Sarcoma
Kevin R. Moore, MD

968 Chordoma
Kevin R. Moore, MD

972 Ewing Sarcoma
Kevin R. Moore, MD

976 Leukemia, Spine
Kevin R. Moore, MD

980 Neuroblastic Tumors
Kevin R. Moore, MD

984 Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
Kevin R. Moore, MD

988 Angiolipoma
Kevin R. Moore, MD

INTRADURAL EXTRAMEDULLARY SPACE


992 CSF Disseminated Metastases
Kevin R. Moore, MD

998 Myxopapillary Ependymoma
Kevin R. Moore, MD

INTRAMEDULLARY SPACE


1002 Astrocytoma, Spine
Kevin R. Moore, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

1006 Spinal Ependymoma
Kevin R. Moore, MD

NONNEOPLASTIC CYSTS AND TUMOR MIMICS


1010 Syringomyelia
Kevin R. Moore, MD and Blaise V. Jones, MD

1012 Lipoma, Spine
Kevin R. Moore, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

1016 Epidural Lipomatosis
Kevin R. Moore, MD

1018 Extramedullary Hematopoiesis
Kevin R. Moore, MD

SECTION 6: SPINE POSTPROCEDURAL IMAGING


1024 Hardware Failure
Kevin R. Moore, MD