Diagnosis, Management and Modeling of Neurodevelopmental Disorders

The Neuroscience of Development

1st Edition - May 29, 2021
Editors: Colin R Martin, Victor R Preedy, Rajkumar Rajendram
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 1 7 9 8 8 - 8
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 1 7 9 8 9 - 5

Diagnosis, Management and Modeling of Neurodevelopmental Disorders: The Neuroscience of Development is a comprehensive reference on the diagnosis and management of neurodeve… Read more

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Diagnosis, Management and Modeling of Neurodevelopmental Disorders: The Neuroscience of Development is a comprehensive reference on the diagnosis and management of neurodevelopment and associated disorders. The book discusses the mechanisms underlying neurological development and provides readers with a detailed introduction to the neural connections and complexities in biological circuitries, as well as the interactions between genetics, epigenetics and other micro-environmental processes. In addition, the book also examines the pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions of development-related conditions.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
Preface
Part I. Introductory chapters: Setting the scene for the neuroscience of development
Chapter 1. The structure of the human brain as revealed in six histological sections
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts of brain structure
Summary points
Chapter 2. Neural tube defects: embryonic origin, cell survival equilibrium impact, and clinical features
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Main text
Conclusions
Application to other areas of development
Key facts
Summary points
Chapter 3. Chemical substances affecting neurodevelopment
Mini-dictionary of terms
Application in other areas of development
Morphogenesis in the neocortex
The roles of estrogen signaling in the developing neocortex
Endocrine disruptors that affect neocortical development: bisphenol A
Endocrine disruptors that affect neocortical development: phthalates
Endocrine disruptors that affect neocortex development: neonicotinoids
Effects of brain inflammation and microglial abnormalities on neocortical development
Association of chemicals exposure with brain inflammation and microglial abnormalities
Summary points
Chapter 4. High-risk babies and neurodevelopmental outcome
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
When to do follow-up?
Summary points
Chapter 5. Genomic imprinting and neurodevelopment
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Genomic imprinting and gene dosage control
Establishment of imprints during development
Neural stem cells and neurodevelopment
Imprinted genes regulation during brain development
Genomic imprinting in postnatal neurogenesis
Loss of imprinting and developmental syndromes
Aberrations of imprinting and cancer
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts
Summary points
Chapter 6. Insights from model systems: alcohol, neurodevelopment, and zebrafish
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
The zebrafish in FASD research: advantages, disadvantages, and consideration of the comparative approach
Concluding remarks
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts
Summary points
Chapter 7. Maternal iodine nutrition and neurodevelopment in the offspring
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Iodine and its role in brain development
Conclusion
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts of universal salt iodization (USI)
Summary points
Chapter 8. Endocrine aspects of development. Thyroid hormone actions in neurological processes during brain development
Mini-dictionary of terms
Hormones in brain development
Thyroid hormones have an essential role in brain development
Pathologies related to altered thyroid hormone levels during brain development
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts on neurodevelopmental actions of thyroid hormones
Summary points
Part II. Impairments and diseases
Chapter 9. Pediatric brain tumors
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Epidemiology
Risk factors
Key facts of proton therapy
Summary points
Chapter 10. Neurofibromatosis type 1: from cellular phenotypes to human brain function
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
The need to simultaneously understand pre- and postsynaptic phenotypes in NF1
The visual system as a model system to study inhibitory phenotypes in NF1
Neural oscillations in visual cortex—a new functional probe in NF1?
Applications to other areas of development with a focus on ASD
Implications for therapy
Key facts of ASD prevalence in NF1
Key facts of comorbid phenotypes in NF1
Key facts of GABA in NF1
Key facts of cognitive function in NF1
Key facts of the mouse model in NF1
Summary points
Chapter 11. Current insights into neural crest cell development and pathologies
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Early neural crest cell development
Signaling pathways governing neural crest cell formation
Gene regulatory network governing neural crest specification and formation
Relationship to human pathologies
Stem cell models of neural crest development
Application to other areas of development
Key facts of neural crest cells
Summary points
Chapter 12. Spina bifida: a biopsychosocial perspective
Mini-dictionary of terms
Diagnosis
Epidemiology
Causation
Prevention and surgical intervention
Neurological presentation
Physical presentation
Cognitive presentation
Intellectual functioning
Visual–spatial
Attention
Executive functioning
Memory
Academic functioning
Psychological functioning
Social functioning
Family functioning
Self-management and independent functioning
Interventions
Attention and Executive Functioning
Psychosocial interventions
Academic interventions
Burgeoning research
Sleep
Pain
Cultural considerations
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts of spina bifida
Summary points
Chapter 13. Diabetic ketoacidosis and neurodevelopment
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Definition and pathophysiology of DKA
Frequency of DKA
Clinical manifestations of DKA
Morbidity and mortality of DKA
Neurocognitive complications due to DKA
Brain structural differences in DKA
Clinical implications
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts about diabetic ketoacidosis
Summary points
Chapter 14. Four-dimensional features of fetal brain: applications to diabetes
Introduction
Assessment of fetal neurobehavior in diabetic patients
The differences in fetal behavior between diabetic and nondiabetic patients
Fetal behavior in diabetes: differences and factors that affect it
Chapter 15. Developmental effects of nicotine on cognitive, motivated, and executive behaviors
Mini-dictionary of terms
Nicotine exposure and replacement therapies during pregnancy
Nicotine is teratogenic
Prenatal smoking exposure is associated with structural changes in the human brain
Animal models of prenatal nicotine exposure
Prenatal nicotine exposure is associated with alterations in cognitive- and emotional-related behaviors
Conclusion
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts
Summary points
Chapter 16. Maternal methamphetamine and impact on the developing brain
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Clinical studies
Experimental studies
The effect of methamphetamine on maternal care
Critical developmental period
Influence on future generations
The effect of prenatal sensitization
Conclusion
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts of methamphetamine
Key acts of critical developmental period
Summary points
Chapter 17. Alcohol, cannabis, and brain development
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Applications to other areas of development
Summary points
Chapter 18. The environmental pollutant trichloroethylene disrupts key neural pathways during brain development
List of abbreviations
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Developmental neurotoxicity
Neurodevelopmental pathology
Conclusions
Key facts of developmental TCE exposure
Summary points
Chapter 19. Developmental neurotoxicity of the herbicide atrazine
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Toxicant profile
Toxicokinetics
Occupational exposure
Environmental exposure
Health risks
Toxicity studies
Neuroendocrine system toxicity
Conclusions
Application to other areas of development
Key facts of the developmental neurotoxicity of the herbicide atrazine
Summary points
Chapter 20. Neurodevelopmental delays and in utero exposure to hyperemesis gravidarum
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
HG and neurodevelopmental delay in babies and children
HG exposure in utero and autism spectrum disorder
HG exposure and psychological/behavioral disorders in adulthood
Potential mechanisms
Maternal stress
Maternal starvation/dehydration
Medication/treatment
Maternal postpartum complications
Conclusion
Applications to other areas of neurodevelopmental delay
Key facts of hyperemesis gravidarum
Summary points
Chapter 21. Neurodevelopment and PCDH19-related developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (PCDH19-DDE)
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Clinical features of PCDH19-DDE
The contribution of Pcdh19 to the different phases of brain development
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts of PCDH19-related neurodevelopmental disorder
Summary points
Chapter 22. Neurodevelopment in turner syndrome
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Genetics
Neurocognitive profile
Vulnerability to learning disabilities and neuropsychiatric conditions
Altered brain structure and function
Early development
Mechanisms
Clinical recommendations
Conclusions
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts of the sex chromosomes
Summary points
Chapter 23. Very preterm children and the impact on neurodevelopmental outcomes
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Neurodevelopmental impairments following very preterm birth
Cognitive outcomes
Motor outcomes
Behavioral outcomes
Factors associated with neurodevelopmental outcomes
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts about prematurity
Summary points
Chapter 24. Linking congenital heart disease and brain functional connectivity in newborns
Mini-dictionary of terms
Brain dysmaturity in CHD
Brain injury in newborns with CHD
Resting-state functional connectivity MRI
Resting-state networks in newborns
Functional connectome of the newborn brain
Functional connectome in CHD
Application to other areas of development
Key facts about resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI)
Summary points
Chapter 25. Brain growth in congenital heart disease from prenatal environment to adulthood
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Timing, pattern, and trajectory of impaired brain growth
Potential mechanisms impeding brain growth
Brain growth and neurodevelopment
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts
Summary points
Chapter 26. Adolescent dopamine development: connecting experience with vulnerability or resilience to psychiatric disease
Mini-dictionary of terms
Adolescence is a critical period for prefrontal cortex development
Mesocortical dopamine development drives prefrontal cortex maturation
The Netrin-1/DCC guidance cue system is a molecular regulator of PFC dopamine development
Drugs of abuse alter adolescent dopamine development via DCC signaling
MicroRNAs: linking experience, DCC expression, and adolescent dopamine development
Conclusion
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts
Summary points
Chapter 27. Developmental coordination disorder
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
What is DCD?
Diagnosis of DCD
Common co-occurring conditions
Prognosis of DCD
Neural basis of DCD
Genetic contributions to DCD
Environmental exposures
Hypothesized mechanisms underlying DCD
Intervention
Summary
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts
Summary points
Part III. Biomarkers, screening, methods and diagnosis
Chapter 28. Neurodevelopment and the Ages and Stages Questionnaire, third edition (ASQ-3)
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Systemized neurodevelopmental screening
Types of instruments
ASQ-3
Validations of ASQ-3
Screening and assessment of global development and specific developmental problems: the case of language delay and autism
Outcomes from longitudinal well-child visits in young children with psychoeducative intervention sheets for parents and teachers with ASQ-3
Assessment of neurodevelopment at daycare centers from adverse communities
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts
Summary points
Chapter 29. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder screening in childhood and adolescence
Mini-dictionary of terms adapted from last’s dictionary of epidemiology (Last, 2002)
Introduction
Screening performance among children and adolescents
Applications to other areas of development
Conclusion
Key facts of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children
Summary points
Chapter 30. The Mini-Mental State Pediatric Examination: a cognitive screening test for Italian children
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Neuropsychological assessment and cognitive screening
The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)
Cognitive screening in developmental age
MMSE and developmental age: different approaches compared
Structure and flexibility of the MMSPE (Mini-Mental State Pediatric Examination)
Child’s age and parental education predict the MMSPE global cognitive score
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts of pediatric neuropsychological assessment
Summary points
Chapter 31. Prediction of neurodevelopment in preterm infants: from the neonatal intensive care unit into adulthood
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Neurodevelopmental impairment at 2years
Baby/infant examinations
Neuroimaging
Other prediction studies
Neurodevelopment at school age
Neurodevelopment in adolescents and adults
Key facts of prediction of neurodevelopment in preterm infants
Summary points
Chapter 32. Antenatal fetal neurodevelopment test: KANET assessment
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Applications of KANET
Limitations of KANET
Mini KANET
Conclusions
Key facts regarding KANET
Summary points
Part IV. Management and treatments
Chapter 33. Pain evaluation and management in neurodevelopmental conditions
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Pain in specific neurodevelopmental conditions
Pain assessment and management
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts
Summary points
Chapter 34. Use of levetiracetam in neonates: features and applications (a narrative review)
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Pharmacology of LEV
Acute and chronic effects of traditional AEDs and LEV on the immature brain
Safety and efficacy of LEV in neonates
Application to other areas of development
Key facts of neonatal seizures
Summary points
Chapter 35. Quetiapine treatment in pediatric scenarios
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Quetiapine and neuroscience
Quetiapine use in early-onset schizophrenia and bipolar mania
The use of quetiapine in other disorders in youth
Quetiapine metabolic side effects and potential for abuse
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts about quetiapine
Summary points
Chapter 36. Treatments with cannabinoids and brain development
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Cannabinoids and the endocannabinoid signaling
ECS in neurodevelopment
Cannabinoid-based products in pediatrics
Conclusions
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts of cannabinoids in neurodevelopmental disorders
Summary points
Chapter 37. Deep brain stimulation for pediatric dystonia: neurophysiological, behavioral, and functional changes and their clinical relevance
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Dystonia pathogenesis: a brief overview
Inherited dystonia without nervous system pathology
Inherited dystonia with nervous system pathology
Acquired dystonia
Idiopathic dystonia
Deep brain stimulation
Applications in other areas of development
Key facts (5–10 in bulleted format)
Summary points (5–10 in bulleted format)
Appendix
Chapter 38. Use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in neurodevelopment: a narrative review
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Applications of rTMS in individuals of ASD
Key facts of TMS
Key facts of ASD
Summary points
Chapter 39. Cognitive behavioral therapy in children with anxiety disorders
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Prevalence and onset of pediatric anxiety disorders
Cognitive behavioral therapy for pediatric anxiety disorders
Evidence supporting CBT for pediatric anxiety disorders
Conclusion
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts about cognitive behavioral therapy for pediatric anxiety disorders
Summary points
Chapter 40. Cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety in children with autism spectrum disorders
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Presentation of anxiety disorders in ASD
Treating anxiety in children with autism spectrum disorder
Examples of adapting CBT for youth with ASD
Key facts about cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety in youth with autism spectrum disorder
Summary points
Chapter 41. Nutritional treatment in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD)
Mechanisms of alcohol toxicity in FASD
Postnatal nutritional treatment in FASD
Vitamin E (a-tocopherol) and vitamin C
Omega-3
Resveratrol
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)
Other antioxidant therapies
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts of postnatal nutritional treatment of FASD
Chapter 42. Nurturing the developing brain to reduce neurological delay
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Considering differential susceptibility within prematurity
Effects of nurturing within prematurity
Prematurity: mechanism of change
Nurturing child language development
Language: clinical implications
Unique challenges for dual language learners
Language: mechanism of change
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts of nurturing child language development
Key facts about dual language learners
Summary points
Chapter 43. Normalizing perinatal neurological development via intervention
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Normative brain development in the perinatal period
Key facts
Summary points
Part V. Models and modelling
Chapter 44. Microplatforms as a model for neurological conditions
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Neural network development
The nervous system in research
Microfluidic systems
Microfluidic models for brain disease
The hope and hype of using microplatforms in brain pathology
Application to other areas of development
Key facts of neural development modeling on microplatforms
Summary points
Chapter 45. Disease models in neurodevelopmental disorders
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts of disease models in neurodevelopmental disorders
Summary points
Chapter 46. Developmental neurotoxicity of endosulfan: modeling with zebrafish
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Developmental neurotoxicity of endosulfan
Endosulfan-induced developmental neurotoxicity in zebrafish
Protective effects of vitamin E
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts of endosulfan
Summary points
Chapter 47. Neurodevelopment of the zebrafish spinal serotonin system
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Inferior raphe axons
Applications to other areas of development
Summary points
Chapter 48. Inbred mouse model of brain development and intestinal microbiota
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Laboratory animal housing and translational neuroscience research: where are the missing points and challenges?
Revisiting animal models of brain development considering the intestinal microbiota
Use of humanized mouse microbiota
What is needed to consider
Conclusion
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts of intestinal microbiota in translational neuroscience research
Summary points
Chapter 49. The myelin mutant taiep rat as a model for developmental brain disorders
Mini-dictionary of terms
Development of central nervous system
Animal models of myelin diseases
Different paths to obtain myelin mutants
Leukodystrophies
Tubulinopathies and leukodystrophies
Taiep a myelin mutant model of leukodystrophy
Developmental characteristics of taiep rats
Developmental of gait in taiep rats
Future trends in myelin diseases
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts of myelin taiep rats
Summary points
Chapter 50. The MAM-E17 neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia
Mini-dictionary of terms
Introduction
Applications to other areas of development
Key facts of schizophrenia
Summary points
Part VI. Resources
Chapter 51. Recommended resources on the neuroscience of development
Introduction
Resources
Summary points
Index

Colin R Martin

Colin R. Martin RN, BSc, MSc, PhD, MBA, YCAP, FHEA, C.Psychol, AFBPsS, C.Sci is Professor of Clinical Psychobiology and Applied Psychoneuroimmunology and Clinical Director of the Institute of Health and Wellbeing at the University of Suffolk, UK. He is a Chartered Health Psychologist and a Chartered Scientist. He also trained in analytical biochemistry, this aspect reflecting the psychobiological focus of much of his research within mental health. He has published or has in press well over 300 research papers and book chapters. He is a keen book author and editor having written and/or edited more than 50 books. These outputs include the prophetic insight into the treatment of neurological disease, Handbook of Behavior, Food and Nutrition (2011), Nanomedicine and the Nervous System (2012), Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants in Neurological Disease (2020), Zika Virus Impact, Diagnosis, Control and Models (2021), Factors Affecting Neurodevelopment: Genetics, Neurology, Behavior and Diet (2021), Diagnosis and Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury (2022), The Neurobiology, Physiology, and Psychology of Pain (2022) and The Handbook of Lifespan Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Childhood, Adolescence, Pregnancy, Adulthood, and Aging (2023). Professor Martin is particularly interested in all aspects of the relationship between underlying physiological substrates and behavior, particularly in how these relationships manifest in both acute and chronic psychiatric disorder. He has published original research germane to significant mental health disorders including the areas of schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, alcohol and drug dependency, high secure forensic mental health and personality disorder. He has a keen interest in the impact of postviral illness and is actively involved in clinical research post-Covid pandemic and in particular, the impact of Long Covid on psychological, neurological, physiological and social functioning. He is involved in collaborative International research with many European and Non-European countries.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor of Clinical Psychobiology and Applied Psychoneuroimmunology and Clinical Director: Institute for Health and Wellbeing, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK

Victor R Preedy

Victor R. Preedy BSc, PhD, DSc, FRSB, FRSPH, FRSC, FRCPath graduated with an Honours Degree in Biology and Physiology with Pharmacology. After gaining his University of London PhD, he received his Membership of the Royal College of Pathologists. He was later awarded his second doctorate (DSc), for his contribution to protein metabolism in health and disease. He is Professor of Clinical Biochemistry (Hon) at King’s College Hospital and Emeritus Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry at King’s College London. He has Honorary Professorships at the University of Hull, and the University of Suffolk. Professor Preedy was the Founding Director and then long-term Director of the Genomics Centre at King’s College London from 2006 to 2020. Professor Preedy has been awarded fellowships of the Royal Society of Biology, the Royal College of Pathologists, the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, the Royal Institute of Public Health, the Royal Society for Public Health, the Royal Society of Chemistry and the Royal Society of Medicine. He carried out research when attached to the National Heart Hospital (part of Imperial College London), The School of Pharmacy (now part of University College London) and the MRC Centre at Northwick Park Hospital. He has collaborated with international research groups in Finland, Japan, Australia, USA, and Germany. To his credit, Professor Preedy has published over 750 articles, which includes peer-reviewed manuscripts based on original research, abstracts and symposium presentations, reviews and edited books.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King’s College Hospital, London, UK; Emeritus Professor, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, UK Visiting Professor, University of Hull, UK

Rajkumar Rajendram

Dr Rajkumar Rajendram is a clinician scientist with a focus on internal medicine, anaesthesia, intensive care and peri-operative medicine. He graduated with distinctions from Guy’s, King’s and St. Thomas Medical School, King’s College London in 2001. As an undergraduate he was awarded several prizes, merits and distinctions in pre-clinical and clinical subjects.

Dr Rajendram began his post-graduate medical training in general medicine and intensive care in Oxford. He attained membership of the Royal College of Physicians (MRCP) in 2004 and completed specialist training in acute and general medicine in Oxford in 2010. Dr Rajendram subsequently practiced as a Consultant in Acute General Medicine at the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford.

Dr Rajendram also trained in anaesthesia and intensive care in London and was awarded a fellowship of the Royal College of Anaesthetists (FRCA) in 2009. He completed advanced training in regional anaesthesia and intensive care. He was awarded a fellowship of the Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine (FFICM) in 2013 and obtained the European diploma of intensive care medicine (EDIC) in 2014. He then moved to the Royal Free London Hospitals as a Consultant in Intensive Care, Anaesthesia and Peri-operative Medicine. He has been a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (FRCP Edin) and the Royal College of Physicians of London (FRCP Lond) since 2017 and 2019 respectively. He is currently a Consultant in Internal Medicine at King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Heath Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Dr Rajendram’s focus on improving outcomes from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has involved research on point of care ultrasound and phenotypes of COVID-19. Dr Rajendram also recognises that nutritional support is a fundamental aspect of medical care. This is particularly important for patients with COVID-19. As a clinician scientist he has therefore devoted significant time and effort into nutritional science research and education. He is an affiliated member of the Nutritional Sciences Research Division of King’s College London and has published over 400 textbook chapters, review articles, peer-reviewed papers and abstracts.

Affiliations and expertise

Consultant in Internal Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Heath Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Diagnosis, Management and Modeling of Neurodevelopmental Disorders

The Neuroscience of Development

Purchase options

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Colin R Martin

Victor R Preedy

Rajkumar Rajendram