
Diagnosis and Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury
- 1st Edition - May 10, 2022
- Imprint: Academic Press
- Editors: Rajkumar Rajendram, Victor R Preedy, Colin R. Martin
- Language: English
- Hardback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 3 3 4 7 - 4
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 3 3 4 8 - 1
Diagnosis and Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury will improve readers’ understanding of the complexities of diagnosis and management of traumatic brain injuries. Featuring… Read more

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Request a sales quoteDiagnosis and Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury will improve readers’ understanding of the complexities of diagnosis and management of traumatic brain injuries. Featuring chapters on drug delivery, different treatments, and rehabilitation, this volume discusses in detail the impact early diagnosis and effective management has on the long-term prognosis of these injuries and the lives of those affected. This book will be relevant for neuroscientists, neurologists, clinicians, and anyone working to better understand these injuries.
- Covers both the diagnosis and treatment of traumatic brain cord injury
- Contains chapter abstracts, key facts, dictionary, and summary points to aid in understanding
- Features chapters on epidemiology and pain
- Includes MRI usage, biomarkers, and stem cell and gene therapy for management of spinal cord injury
- Discusses pain reduction, drug delivery, and rehabilitation
- Cover image
- Title page
- Table of Contents
- Copyright
- Dedication
- Contributors
- Preface
- Section A: Setting the scene and introductory chapters
- Chapter 1: Traumatic brain injury and in-hospital mortality- CT perfusion and beyond
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Neuroimaging for TBI
- Diffusion tensor imaging
- CT perfusion and in-hospital mortality
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of TBI
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 2: Predictors of outcome in moderate and severe traumatic brain injury
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Predictors and outcome measures
- Pediatric TBI
- Prognostic models
- Epidemiological considerations: the importance of outcome prediction considering between-country differences
- Approaches to predictive models in TBI: Discordance between clinical research and clinical management of TBI
- Recommendation for developing a predictive model in TBI
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of potential strategies in TBI outcome research
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 3: Thirty years post-injury: Impact of traumatic brain injury on later Alzheimer’s disease
- Abstract
- Acknowledgments
- Introduction
- Understanding traumatic brain injury as a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease
- Similarities in the long-term prognosis of mild repetitive and severe isolated traumatic brain injury
- Post-traumatic brain injury Alzheimer’s disease
- Amyloid-β pathology in traumatic brain injury
- Tubulin-associated unit pathology in traumatic brain injury
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of post-traumatic brain injury delayed-onset cognitive and psychiatric disorders
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 4: Drug interventions and stem cells in traumatic brain injury: Translation from experimental model to bedside
- Abstract
- Introduction
- The pathophysiology of TBI
- Possible treatments for TBI: Drug interventions
- Introduction to stem cells and their therapeutic potential
- Pre-clinical studies utilizing stem cells for the treatment of TBI
- Clinical studies utilizing stem cells
- Limitations of stem cells use
- Application to other fields of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of stem cells
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 5: Management of traumatic brain injury from the aspect of emergency department and case studies
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Emergency department considerations
- Management of mild brain injury (GCS score 13–15)
- Management of moderate TBI
- Management of sTBI
- Airway
- Rapid sequence intubation
- Breathing
- Circulation
- Disability
- Medical treatment of brain injury
- Intravenous fluids
- Correction of anticoagulation
- Tranexamic acid
- Transfusion in TBI
- Management of elevated ICP
- Body positioning
- Hyperosmolar agents
- Hyperventilation
- Temperature management
- Sedation and analgesia
- Seizure management
- Corticosteroids
- Calcium channel blockers
- Conclusions and future directions
- Case 1
- Case 2
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of advanced trauma life support
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 6: Neuropsychiatric disorders after severe traumatic brain injury: An overview
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Methodological issues related to the neuropsychiatric assessment
- Classification of the main neuropsychiatric disorders
- A brief consideration of possible interventions
- Conclusion
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of neuropsychiatric disorders after severe traumatic brain injury: An overview
- Summary points
- References
- Section B: Clinical features of traumatic brain injury
- Chapter 7: Cerebral hemorrhages in traumatic brain injury
- Abstract
- Acknowledgments
- Introduction
- The BBB and NVC after TBI
- NVC, TBI, and aging
- Vascular pathophysiology after TBI
- TBI hemorrhage identification and localization
- Differential etiology of TBI-related hemorrhages
- (Epi)genetic risk for hemorrhage after experimental TBI
- Novel approaches for TBI CMB neuroimaging CMBs
- TBI hemorrhages and AD
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of cerebral hemorrhages after traumatic brain injury
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 8: Linking fibrinogen, coagulopathy prophylaxis, and traumatic brain injury
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Fibrinogen
- TBI-induced coagulation/fibrinolysis cascade
- Time course of fibrinogen concentration in the acute phase of TBI
- Fibrinogen concentration and outcome in TBI
- Therapeutic target level of fibrinogen
- Measurements of fibrinogen
- Correlation between fibrinogen and fibrinolytic parameters
- Treatment by replenishment of fibrinogen
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts about fibrinogen
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 9: Linking traumatic brain injury and nosocomial infections
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Application to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of ventilatory-associated pneumonia
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 10: Long-term sequelae of mild-repetitive and severe traumatic brain injury: Clinical manifestations, neuropathology and diagnosis by tau PET imaging
- Abstract
- Acknowledgments
- Introduction
- Clinical symptoms and neuropathology of chronic states of TBI
- Growing need for neuroimaging biomarkers of chronic pathologies of TBI
- PET imaging of TBI with first-generation tau PET tracers
- Challenges for quantification of tau load in TBI by tau PET imaging
- Development of second-generation tau PET tracer
- PET imaging of TBI with second-generation tau PET tracer
- Future directions of research
- Conclusion
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Key facts of neurodegenerative diseases following TBI
- Key facts of tau PET imaging
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 11: Evaluating the integrity of white matter after traumatic brain injury and the utility of diffusion tensor imaging
- Abstract
- Introduction
- The vulnerable white matter tracts in TBI
- Clinical and neurophysiological evaluation of injury to white matter
- Key facts of clinical and neurophysiological assessment after TBI
- DTI: A primer
- DTI and the white matter integrity
- Key facts of DTI
- DTI sequences and analysis tools: Strengths and weaknesses
- Moderate-to-severe TBI: DTI Study
- DTI in special populations: Mild TBI and blast-induced TBI
- Diffusion tensor tractography (DTT) in patients with TBI
- Limitation of DTI as a clinical tool
- Conclusion
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 12: Cerebral activation of attention and working memory in traumatic brain injury
- Abstract
- Introduction: Executive dysfunction in traumatic brain injury
- The neural basis of attention and working memory
- Developmental changes in brain networks
- Disruptions following TBI
- Structural and functional changes following TBI
- Modulating cortical activations in TBI using non-invasive brain stimulation
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of working memory and attention
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 13: Traumatic brain injury: Linking intracranial pressure, arterial pressure, and the pressure reactivity index
- Abstract
- Acknowledgments
- Introduction
- Cerebral autoregulation
- Development of the pressure reactivity index (PRx)
- Association of PRx with outcomes
- PRx in targeted therapy
- Limitation of PRx
- Future of cerebrovascular reactivity
- Application to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of cerebrovascular reactivity in TBI
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 14: Cerebral perfusion pressure thresholds in traumatic brain injury
- Abstract
- Acknowledgments
- Introduction
- Defining cerebral perfusion pressure
- Cerebral autoregulation
- CBF variability in TBI
- CPP targets in TBI
- Future directions
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of CPP thresholds in TBI
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 15: Brain swelling in traumatic brain injury
- Abstract
- Acknowledgments
- Conflict of interest
- Introduction
- Historical background
- Overview on the blood–brain barrier
- The pathogenesis of brain edema
- Clinical translation
- Clinical classification
- Conclusion(s)
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of cerebral edema
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 16: Post-coma syndrome in the context of severe acquired brain injury: Traumatic brain injury and beyond
- Abstract
- Definition issues
- Prognostic indicators
- Sequelae of severe Acquired BRAIN Injury (sABI)
- Intervention—A multidisciplinary approach
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of post-coma syndrome
- Summary points
- References
- Section C: Diagnosis and evaluation
- Chapter 17: Features of the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 and its applications for traumatic brain injury assessment
- Abstract
- Introduction
- ICF framework
- WHODAS 2.0
- Reliability
- Validity
- Current research on the use of the WHODAS 2.0 in TBI care
- Evaluation of post-concussion syndrome in patients with mild TBI
- Association between history of lifetime TBI and disabling functional restrictions
- Assessment of chronic TBI with the WHODAS 2.0
- Psychometric properties of the WHODAS 2.0
- Prediction of institutionalization among patients with TBI
- Conclusion
- Applications to other neuroscience fields
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 18: Biomarkers in pediatric traumatic injury: The brain and beyond
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Biomarkers in traumatic brain injury
- Biomarkers in pediatric traumatic brain injury
- Biomarkers and neuroimaging
- Biomarkers as predictors of severity and prognosis of TBI
- Biomarkers predicting late sequalae of TBI in children
- Recognizing abusive trauma
- Applications to other areas of neurosciences
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of traumatic brain injury
- Key facts of biomarkers
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 19: Brain injury biomarkers: Proteins and autoantibodies interplay
- Abstract
- Introduction
- The immunological cascade of events post-TBI
- Autoantibodies as biomarkers in TBI: An overview
- B-lymphocytes as a therapeutic target post-TBI
- Conclusion
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience: The efficacy of GFAP in assessing the diagnostic power of different neuroimaging modalities
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key-facts of TBI biomarkers
- Key facts of the glymphatic system (GS)
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 20: Chitinase-3-like protein 1: Features and applications as a biomarker in traumatic brain injury
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Preclinical studies of YKL-40 in TBI
- Clinical studies of YKL-40 in TBI
- Future directions
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of CHI3L1: Features and applications as a biomarker in TBI
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 21: microRNA biomarkers in traumatic brain injury: A new narrative
- Abstract
- Conflicts of interest
- Introduction
- Characteristics of the ideal biomarker
- Unique properties of micro-ribonucleic acids (miRNAs)
- Measurement of miRNAs
- The response of miRNAs to TBI
- Use of miRNAs for mTBI diagnosis
- Predicting TBI outcomes with miRNAs
- Clinical management of mTBI
- Top miRNA candidates
- Future directions for miRNA research in TBI
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of micro-ribonucleic acids (miRNAs)
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 22: Pediatric minor head injury imaging
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Imaging
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of concussions
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 23: Transcranial Doppler ultrasound in acute traumatic brain injury
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Physical basis for transcranial Doppler ultrasound
- Technical features and ultrasound neurovascular anatomy
- Cerebrovascular disorders in severe traumatic brain injury
- TCD peculiarities in certain clinical forms of traumatic brain injury
- TCD-patterns at traumatic ICH
- TCD-patterns after surgical removal of ICH
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of transcranial Doppler ultrasound
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 24: Computed tomography assessment of brain swelling
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Parameters to evaluate brain swelling in computed tomography
- Marshall scale
- Rotterdam scale
- Criteria to guide practical management
- Special conditions
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Key facts of brain swelling and computed tomography
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 25: Machine learning and prediction of traumatic brain injury mortality
- Abstract
- Introduction
- TBI mortality
- Predicting TBI mortality
- Predictors of outcome
- Prognostic models
- Conclusions
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 26: Pituitary dysfunction after traumatic brain injury: A focus on screening, diagnosis, and treatment
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Screening of pituitary dysfunction following traumatic brain injuries
- Diagnosis of pituitary dysfunction following traumatic brain injuries
- Treatment of pituitary dysfunction following traumatic brain injuries
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of screening strategies, diagnostic and treatment modalities of pituitary dysfunction after traumatic brain injury
- Summary points
- References
- Section D: Treatments: Experimental and clinical
- Chapter 27: European aspects of guidelines used in traumatic brain injury
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Current data update and analysis
- Other areas of neuroscience
- Discussion
- Mini dictionary terms
- Key facts of adherence of guidelines for treatment of severe head injury
- Summary points
- References
- Further reading
- Chapter 28: Anesthesia in traumatic brain injury
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Preoperative management
- Anesthetic management
- Postoperative sequelae
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of anesthetics for injured brain
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 29: Treatment of raised intracranial pressure in traumatic head injury
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Analysis of the treatment during the so called “brain decade”
- Intracranial pressure monitoring
- Role of the cranial decompression
- Role of the ultrasound. Transcranial Doppler TCD
- Discussion
- Applications in other areas of neuroscience
- Mini dictionary terms
- Key facts
- Summary points
- References
- Further reading
- Chapter 30: Seizures after traumatic brain injury and their treatment
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Pathophysiology of TBI-induced epileptogenesis
- Early intervention after TBI to prevent PTS and PTE
- Conclusions
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Kay facts of post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE)
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 31: Neurosurgical treatment of critical brain damage: The early post-surgical period and algorithms
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Critical damage: Physiological features and surgical treatment nuances
- “Damage control”: A path between the Scylla and the Charybdis
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of the surgical treatment of polytraumazed patient with TBI
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 32: Hypertonic saline usage in traumatic brain injury: A focus on pediatrics
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Overview of traumatic brain injury and hyperosmolar therapy
- History and evolution of the use of HTS for TBI
- Pathophysiology/mechanism of HTS use for TBI
- Current use of HTS in the pediatric clinical setting
- Literature review
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of TBI in children
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 33: Treatment of vascular lesions in traumatic brain injury
- Abstract
- Arterial lesions: Dissections and pseudoaneurysms
- Endovascular treatment of traumatic aneurysms
- Therapeutic arterial occlusion
- Carotid-cavernous fistula
- Treatment
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts: Treatment of vascular lesions in traumatic head injury
- Summary points
- References
- Further reading
- Chapter 34: Airway pressure release ventilation (APRV) in traumatic brain injury
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Airway pressure release ventilation
- Positive end expiratory pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure
- APRV in traumatic brain injury
- Conclusion
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of APRV in traumatic brain injury
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 35: Linking death, the paranasal sinuses, and traumatic head trauma
- Abstract
- Key points
- Introduction
- The significance of the paranasal sinuses
- Anatomy of paranasal sinuses
- Management: A change in surgical paradigm
- History and physical examination
- Imaging of paranasal sinus trauma
- Pathogenesis
- Cerebral perfusion pressure
- Oxidative stress
- Blood–brain barrier disruption
- The debate about the protective effect of the paranasal sinuses
- Music and paranasal sinus
- Conclusion
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of paranasal sinuses
- Key facts of crumple zone
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 36: Cannabidiol in traumatic brain injury
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Cannabidiol targets
- Phytocannabinoids
- Neuroprotective role of cannabidiol
- Cannabidiol in TBI-related anxiety and depression
- Cannabidiol in TBI and post-traumatic stress disorder-related aggression
- Cannabidiol in TBI-related gut microbiota dysfunctions
- Cannabidiol and clinical trials
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of cannabidiol
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 37: Valproic acid: A new narrative on its features and effects in traumatic brain injury
- Abstract
- Background
- Epigenetic changes following TBI
- Valproic acid: A histone deacetylase inhibitor
- Effects of valproic acid in pre-clinical models of traumatic brain injury
- Underlying mechanisms of VPA-neuroprotection
- Dosing, safety, and future work
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of traumatic brain injury and valproic acid
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 38: Dietary supplementation for traumatic brain injury
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Omega-3 fatty acids
- Creatine
- Vitamins
- Zinc
- Magnesium
- Other dietary supplements for TBI
- Promising dietary supplements for TBI
- Conclusion
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of dietary supplementation for traumatic brain injury: Omega-3 fatty acids
- Key facts of dietary supplementation for traumatic brain injury: Sports induced TBI
- Summary points
- References
- Section E: Rehabilitation in traumatic brain injury
- Chapter 39: Virtual reality and cognitive rehabilitation after traumatic brain injury
- Abstract
- Introduction
- CR strategies
- Virtual reality
- VR advantages and application in CR
- VR in TBI CR: Current knowledge
- Conclusions
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of virtual reality
- Key fact for cognitive rehabilitation
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 40: How the elderly and young compare in response to traumatic brain injury rehabilitation
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Characteristics of young and elderly patients with TBI
- Assessment of young and elderly patients with TBI
- Comparison of responses to rehabilitation in the elderly and young patients with TBI
- Application to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts on DTI
- Key facts on fMRI
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 41: Rehabilitation of social cognition after traumatic brain injury
- Abstract
- Introduction
- First historical programs: Rehabilitation of social cognition in other pathologies
- Rehabilitation of social cognition in traumatic patients with brain injury
- Rehabilitation programs of interpersonal and communication skills of theory of mind
- Multi-component rehabilitation programs of social cognition
- Conclusion
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of rehabilitation in social cognition
- References
- Chapter 42: Psycho-educational intervention on caregivers within the rehabilitation process: From the post-acute to the homecoming phases
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Caregivers as primary resources within the neuro-rehabilitation process
- Caregiver as victims themselves of the brain injury occurred to their loved one
- Conclusion
- Applications to other areas of neuroscience
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of psycho-educational intervention
- Summary points
- References
- Chapter 43: Recommended resources and sites for the neuroscience of traumatic brain injury
- Abstract
- Acknowledgments
- Introduction
- Resources
- Other resources
- Mini-dictionary of terms
- Key facts of traumatic brain injury
- Summary points
- References
- Index
- Edition: 1
- Published: May 10, 2022
- Imprint: Academic Press
- No. of pages: 592
- Language: English
- Hardback ISBN: 9780128233474
- eBook ISBN: 9780128233481
RR
Rajkumar Rajendram
Dr Rajkumar Rajendram is a clinician scientist with a focus on internal medicine, anaesthesia, intensive care and peri-operative medicine. He graduated with distinctions from Guy’s, King’s and St. Thomas Medical School, King’s College London in 2001. As an undergraduate he was awarded several prizes, merits and distinctions in pre-clinical and clinical subjects.
Dr Rajendram began his post-graduate medical training in general medicine and intensive care in Oxford. He attained membership of the Royal College of Physicians (MRCP) in 2004 and completed specialist training in acute and general medicine in Oxford in 2010. Dr Rajendram subsequently practiced as a Consultant in Acute General Medicine at the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford.
Dr Rajendram also trained in anaesthesia and intensive care in London and was awarded a fellowship of the Royal College of Anaesthetists (FRCA) in 2009. He completed advanced training in regional anaesthesia and intensive care. He was awarded a fellowship of the Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine (FFICM) in 2013 and obtained the European diploma of intensive care medicine (EDIC) in 2014. He then moved to the Royal Free London Hospitals as a Consultant in Intensive Care, Anaesthesia and Peri-operative Medicine. He has been a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (FRCP Edin) and the Royal College of Physicians of London (FRCP Lond) since 2017 and 2019 respectively. He is currently a Consultant in Internal Medicine at King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Heath Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Dr Rajendram’s focus on improving outcomes from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has involved research on point of care ultrasound and phenotypes of COVID-19. Dr Rajendram also recognises that nutritional support is a fundamental aspect of medical care. This is particularly important for patients with COVID-19. As a clinician scientist he has therefore devoted significant time and effort into nutritional science research and education. He is an affiliated member of the Nutritional Sciences Research Division of King’s College London and has published over 400 textbook chapters, review articles, peer-reviewed papers and abstracts.
VP
Victor R Preedy
CM