Developmental and Cellular Skeletal Biology

Contents

Preface


1 Types of Skeletal Tissues

I. Introduction

II. Bone

A. Cellular Bone

B. Acellular Bone

III. Cartilage

A. Vertebrate Cartilage

B. Invertebrate Cartilages

IV. Enamel

V. Dentine

VI. Intermediate Tissues

A. Intermediate Tissues Involving Dental Tissues

B. Tissues Intermediate between Bone and Cartilage

C. Histogenesis of Antlers


2 The Evolution of Skeletal Tissues

Text


3 The Origin of Skeletal Cell Types

I. Stem Cells

II. Modulation of Synthetic Activity

A. Fibroblast Transformations

B. Synthetic Activity

C. Degradative Activity

D. Distribution of Actin and Myosin

III. Precursor Cells

A. Fibroblast Colony-Forming Cells

B. Osteogenic Precursor Cells

IV. Specificity of Embryonic Induction


4 Location of the Skeleton within the Embryo

I. Introduction

II. The Skeleton of the Neural Crest

A. Introduction

B. Skeletogenic Capacity of the Neural Crest

C. The Mandibular Skeleton

D. Scleral Cartilage

E. Membrane Bones of the Facial and Cranial Skeleton

F. Antlerogenesis

G. Tooth Development

III. The Limb Skeleton

A. The Directive Role of the Ectoderm

B. Induction by the Mesoderm

C. Maintenance of the Ectodermal Ridge by Mesodermal Factors

IV. The Vertebral Skeleton

A. Introduction

B. The Dermamyotome

C. Interaction between Notochord-Spinal Cord and Sclerotome

D. The Nature of the "Inducer"

V. The Auditory Cartilage

VI. Ectopic Skeletogenesis

A. Transitional Epithelium of the Urinary Bladder

B. Epithelial Cell Lines


5 Initiation of Centers of Skeletogenesis

I. Introduction

II. Mesenchymal Condensations in the Developing Limb Bud

III. Mechanisms Invoked for Initiation of Condensations

IV. Hyaluronic Acid and the Initiation of Condensations


6 Progenitor Cells and their Differentiation

I. Introduction

II. Osteo- and Chondroprogenitor Cells

III. Progenitor Cells for Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts

IV. Progenitor Cells for Osteoblasts and Chondroblasts

A. Bipotential Progenitor Cells on the Mammalian Dentary

B. Bipotential Progenitor Cells on Avian Membrane Bones

C. Bipotential Progenitor Cells and Repair of Fractured Bones

V. Dedifferentiation as a Source of Progenitor Cells

A. Dedifferentiation during Amphibian Limb Regeneration

B. Dedifferentiation during Endochondral Bone Formation

VI. The Differentiation of Progenitor Cells

A. Mechanical Stimulation and the Differentiation of Chondroblasts and Chondrocytes

B. Chondrogenesis within the Limb Bud


7 Maintenance of the Differentiated State

I. Introduction

II. Maintenance of the Differentiated Chondrocyte

A. Synthesis of Collagen and Chondroitin Sulfate by the Same Chondrocyte

B. Feedback Control of the Synthesis of Glycosaminoglycans

C. Interaction between Glycosaminoglycans and Collagen within the Extracellular Matrix

D. Achondroplasia (Chondrodystrophy)

E. Modulation of the Chondrocytic Phenotype

F. Maintenance of Cartilage Diversity

III. Maintenance of the Differentiated Osteocyte

A. Estrogen and Resorption of the Innominate Bones

B. Isolation of Osteoblastic Cells in Vitro


8 Polarity and Morphogenesis

I. Introduction

II. Establishment of Axes and Polarity during Limb Development

A. Anterior-Posterior (A-P) and Dorsal-Ventral (D-V) Axes

B. Proximodistal (P-D) Polarity


9 Initiation of Skeletal Growth

I. Introduction

II. Components of Skeletal Growth

A. The Number of Stem Cells

B. Rates and Patterns of Cell Proliferation

C. Epigenetic Control

D. Joints as Centers of Skeletal Growth

Appendix

Bibliography

Author Index

Subject Index