Development of Auditory and Vestibular Systems

Chapter 1. Early Development of the Vertebrate Inner Ear

• Summary
• 1. The Adult Inner Ear
• 2. Development of the Inner Ear

Chapter 2. Development of the Auditory Organ (Johnston’s Organ) in Drosophila

• Summary
• 1. Johnston’s Organ as a Specialized Chordotonal Organ
• 2. Structure and Function of Johnston’s Organ
• 3. Development of Johnston’s Organ
• 4. Genetic Control of Early Patterning
• 5. Regulation of Atonal and Sense Organ Precursor Specification in JO Development
• 6. Generating Scolopidia: Division of the Sense Organ Precursors
• 7. Chordotonal Neuron Differentiation in JO Development
• 8. Structure of JO Neurons
• 9. Gene Activation During JO Neuron Differentiation
• 10. Transcriptional Regulation of Ciliogenesis and Assembly of the Mechanosensory Apparatus
• 11. Developmental Emergence of Mechanosensory Specialization
• 12. How much of the Developmental Regulatory Network is Conserved in Vertebrate Hair Cells?
• 13. Support Cell Differentiation
• 14. JO Sensory Subspecializations Map to Distinct Subgroups of JO Neurons
• 15. The Development of JO Neuronal Subgroups
• 16. Sound Detection and Chordotonal Diversity in the Drosophila Larva
• 17. Conclusions

Chapter 3. Zebrafish Inner Ear Development and Function

• Summary
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Development of the Zebrafish Inner Ear
• 3. Zebrafish Hearing and Vestibular Function
• 4. Disease Models
• 5. New Technologies
• 6. Conclusions and Future Directions

Chapter 4. Human Gene Discovery for Understanding Development of the Inner Ear and Hearing Loss

• 1. Introduction – The Genetics of Hereditary Hearing Loss
• 2. Identification of Deafness Genes
• 3. Mechanisms of Hearing – Lessons from Mice
• 4. Development of the Inner Ear
• 5. The Hair Bundle and Stereocilia
• 6. Junctions Between Cells: Gap and Tight Junctions
• 7. Planar Cell Polarity of the Hair Bundle
• 8. Gene Expression and Regulation
• 9. Summary

Chapter 5. Planar Cell Polarity in the Cochlea

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Planar Cell Polarity in the Inner Ear
• 3. Planar Cell Polarity Regulation in the Cochlea
• 4. Conclusions and Perspectives

Chapter 6. Functional Development of Hair Cells in the Mammalian Inner Ear

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Mammalian Auditory System
• 3. Mammalian Vestibular System
• 4. Conclusions and Remarks

Chapter 7. Neuronal Circuitries During Inner Ear Development

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Development of the Afferent Innervation Pattern
• 3. Development of the Efferent Innervation Pattern
• 4. Conclusions

Chapter 8. Recapitulating Inner Ear Development with Pluripotent Stem Cells: Biology and Translation

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Why Stem Cells?
• 3. Progress Towards Reconstitution of Inner Ear Development in vitro
• 4. Prospects for Clinical Translation
• 5. Conclusion

Chapter 9. Development of Mammalian Primary Sound Localization Circuits

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Overview of Brainstem Primary Sound Localization Circuits
• 3. Early Development of the Auditory Brainstem
• 4. Activity in the Developing Auditory System
• 5. Development of Soma-Dendritic Morphology and Innervation
• 6. Maturation of Intrinsic Cell Excitability and Voltage-Dependent Channels
• 7. Maturation of Synaptic Transmission and the Role of Neuronal Activity
• 8. Refinement of Circuits and the Role of Neuronal Activity
• 9. Concluding Remarks and Future Directions

Chapter 10. Development of Fundamental Aspects of Human Auditory Perception

• 1. Introduction
• 2. The Methodological Challenge
• 3. Auditory Sensitivity in Quiet
• 4. Frequency and Pitch Discrimination
• 5. Intensity Discrimination
• 6. Duration Discrimination
• 7. Spectral Shape and Timbre Discrimination
• 8. Loudness Perception
• 9. Frequency Selectivity and Simultaneous Masking
• 10. Temporal Processing
• 11. Informational and Distracting Masking
• 12. Auditory Scene Analysis
• 13. Sound Localization
• 14. Summary and Conclusions

Chapter 11. Developmental Plasticity of the Central Auditory System: Evidence from Deaf Children Fitted with Cochlear Implants

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Developmental Plasticity in a System Deprived of Appropriate Stimulation
• 3. Harnessing Developmental Plasticity for Improved Clinical Outcomes
• 4. Summary

Chapter 12. Development of the Mammalian ‘Vestibular’ System: Evolution of Form to Detect Angular and Gravity Acceleration

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Evolving a Labyrinth: Transforming a Gravistatic Otocyst into a Multi-Sensory Organ
• 3. Morphological Development of the Mouse Ear: Transforming an Otocyst into a Labyrinth
• 4. Formation of Hair Cells and Sensory Epithelia
• 5. Neuronal Development of the Mouse Ear: Making and Routing Unique Subtypes from Endorgans to the Central Nervous System
• 6. Conclusion and Outlook

Chapter 13. Development of the Statoacoustic System of Amphibians

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Inner Ear Induction
• 3. Morphogenesis of the Inner Ear
• 4. Development of Sensory Epithelia and their Innervation
• 5. Development of the Middle Ear
• 6. Functional Development
• 7. Summary and Conclusions

Chapter 14. Development of the Central Vestibular System

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Early Developmental Studies
• 3. Chick Tangential Nucleus as a Model
• 4. Emergence of Movements in Embryos
• 5. Recent Studies on the Development of Neuron Structure
• 6. Recent Studies on the Organization of the Vestibular Nuclei
• 7. Recent Studies on the Emergence of Neuron Electrophysiological Properties
• 8. Conclusions

Chapter 15. Functional Development of the Vestibular System: Sensorimotor Pathways for Stabilization of Gaze and Posture

• 1. General Introduction to the Inner Ear Functions: Audition and Balance in Different Species
• 2. Ontogeny of the Vestibular System
• 3. Developmental Questions
• 4. Conclusion: Understanding the Inner Ear Physiology Through Interspecies Comparison Using an Ecophysiological perspective

Chapter 16. Development of Vestibular Systems in Altered Gravity

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Studies in Aquatic Vertebrates
• 3. Studies in Higher Vertebrates
• 4. Invertebrates
• 5. General Considerations
• 6. Conclusions