Development in Waste Water Treatment Research and Processes

Applied Technologies for Clean Up of Environmental Contaminants

1st Edition - October 26, 2024
Editor: Maulin P. Shah
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 1 3 6 1 5 - 3
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 1 3 6 1 6 - 0

Applied Technologies for Clean Up of Environmental Contaminants covers the features of remediation and biocontrol technology, a multidisciplinary field combining enviro… Read more

Development in Waste Water Treatment Research and Processes

Purchase options

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Innovate. Sustain. Transform.

Save up to 30% on top Physical Sciences & Engineering titles!

Explore now

Physical science & engineering for sustainable development book covers

Institutional subscription on ScienceDirect

Request a sales quote

Applied Technologies for Clean Up of Environmental Contaminants covers the features of remediation and biocontrol technology, a multidisciplinary field combining environmental and industrial microbiology with biotechnology to improve environmental management. Studying the advanced microbial processes involved in geomicrobiology, aeromicrobiology, microbial loop and nutrient availability, as well as microbial energetics in the contaminated environment with an emphasis on innovative methodologies, the book provides readers with a better understanding of basic microbiology, allowing them to comprehend the mechanism and behavior of various biochemical processes that are used in bioremediation and biocontrol technologies.

Including coverage of key subjects such as management of waste, energy generation, restoration processes, water treatment processes, co-metabolism, and nutrient recycling as well as emerging advances in environmental microbial biotechnology, green nanotechnology, metagenomic and proteomic strategies, DNA microarray, and biosensor-based technologies, this book provides potential implications for environmental management.

Title of Book
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
Section 1. Microbial-based management of environmental pollutants
Chapter 1. Microbes in sequestration of micropollutants: Microplastics
1 Introduction
2 Degradation of polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polystyrene, polypropylene, and polyvinyl chloride
2.1 Mechanisms involve in biodegradation of MPs
3 Quantification for biodegradation of MPs
4 Impact of MP pollution on aquatic life and human health
5 Future aspects
Chapter 2. Microbial surfactants: The ecofriendly tools for sustainable bioremediation of petroleum and organic contaminants for environmental safety
1 Introduction
2 Biosurfactants: structure, classification, and properties
3 Diversity and screening of biosurfactant producing microorganisms
4 Synthesis of biosurfactants and factors affecting
5 Techniques for biosurfactants characterization
6 Biosurfactant-assisted remediation of petroleum and organic pollutants
7 Solutions to obstacles in affordable production of biosurfactants
8 Research directions for future
9 Conclusions and recommendations
Chapter 3. Insecticides: Current status, properties, and the biological degradation strategies
1 Introduction
2 History
3 Microorganism used in bioremediation
3.1 Bacterial bioremediation
4 Fungal bioremediation
4.1 Phycoremediation
5 Biodegradation of the main chemical classes of insecticides
6 Mechanism of bioremediation
6.1 Bacterial degradation
6.2 Fungal degradation
6.3 Enzymatic degradation
6.4 Mineralization
6.5 Cometabolism
7 Application strategies of microbial remediation
8 Advance biotechnological approaches in bioremediation (Masood and Irshad, 2014)
9 Factors affecting bioremediation
9.1 Biotic factors (bioavailability)
9.2 Abiotic factors
9.2.1 Insecticide structures
9.2.2 Insecticide concentration
9.2.3 Temperature
9.2.4 Moisture content
9.2.5 pH
9.2.6 Nutrients
9.2.7 Dissolved oxygen
9.2.8 Hydraulic retention time
9.2.9 Metal ions
9.2.10 Site selection
Chapter 4. Microplastics contamination in agricultural ecosystems: Challenges and sustainable approaches for green environment
1 Introduction
2 Contaminants in the agricultural ecosystem
3 Entry pathways for plastic in the agricultural ecosystem
4 Factors affecting migration of plastics in soil and their impact on soil health and function
4.1 Alterations in soil characteristics and stability
4.2 Impacts of plastic fragments on soil microbiota
4.3 Impacts of plastic fragments on soil animals
4.4 Uptake of plastic fragments by plants
4.5 Impact of plastic uptake on human health and food web environment
4.5.1 Sustainable modern approaches to remediate plastic particles in the soil
5 Biological degradation of plastic fragments
5.1 Phytoremediation
5.2 Microbial remediation
6 Chemical methods of microplastic recovery
6.1 Management and control of microplastics
7 Conclusion
Chapter 5. Pesticides and their degradation: A microbiological perspective
1 Introduction
2 Pesticides
3 Status of pesticide consumption in India
4 Pesticide classification
4.1 On the basis of use (pest organism they kill)
4.2 On the basis of chemical nature
4.2.1 Organochlorine
4.2.2 Organophosphates
4.2.3 Carbamates
4.2.4 Synthetic pyrethroids
4.3 On the basis of persistence
4.4 Based on the method of entry
4.4.1 Systemic pesticides
4.4.2 Nonsystemic pesticides
4.4.3 Stomach toxicants and stomach poisoning
4.4.4 Repellant
4.4.5 Fumigants
4.5 On the basis of origin
4.5.1 Biochemical pesticides
4.5.2 Plant pesticides
4.5.3 Microbial pesticides
4.6 On the basis of mode of action
4.7 On the basis of pesticide formulation
4.8 On the basis of pesticide toxicity
5 Negative impacts of pesticides
5.1 Humans
5.1.1 Short-term impacts of pesticides
5.1.2 Long-term impacts of pesticides
5.2 Environment
5.2.1 Effects on aquatic population
5.2.2 Impacts on the population of earth's surface
6 Fate of pesticides in soil
6.1 Runoff and erosion
6.2 Entry into atmosphere (volatilization)
6.3 Entry into ground and surface water (leaching)
6.4 Sorption and binding to soil components
6.5 Uptake by plants
6.6 Photodegradation
6.7 Chemical degradation
6.8 Degradation by soil microbes
7 Degradation of pesticides by microbes
7.1 Pesticide degradation strategies used by microorganisms
7.1.1 Catabolism
7.1.2 Co metabolism
7.1.3 Enzymatic degradation
7.2 Biochemistry of pesticide degradation
7.2.1 Oxidation
7.2.2 Transformation of pesticides by synthetic reactions
7.2.3 Transformation of pesticides by rearrangements
8 Factors affecting the degradation of pesticides
8.1 Intrinsic factors that influence pesticide degradation
8.2 Extrinsic factors that influence pesticide degradation
8.2.1 The presence of appropriate microorganism
8.2.2 Contact between pesticide and microbes
8.2.3 Nutrients
8.2.4 Temperature
8.2.5 pH
8.2.6 Organic matter
8.2.7 Humidity
8.2.8 Surfactants
9 Conclusion and future prospects
Chapter 6. Current status and perspectives of municipal wastewater treatment using microalgal systems
1 Introduction
2 Microalgal systems in wastewater treatment
2.1 Nutrient removal
2.2 Heavy metal removal
2.3 Emerging contaminant removal
3 Operational parameters in microalgal wastewater treatment
3.1 Light path
3.2 pH
3.3 Retention time
3.4 Cultivation mode
3.5 Climate condition
3.6 System condition
3.7 Mixing
4 Co-cultivation techniques
4.1 Microalgae and yeast
4.2 Microalgae and bacteria
4.3 Microalgae and fungi
4.4 Microalgae and membranes
5 Conclusion
Chapter 7. Biotransformation of environmental pollutants: Exploring halophilic microbial interventions
1 Introduction
2 Halophiles in bioremediation of pesticides
3 Halophiles participating in synthetic plastic degradation
4 Halophilic microbes in degradation of PHCs
5 Halophiles in organic pollutant sequestration
6 Microbial bioremediation by degradation of xenobiotic compounds
7 Microbes in bioremediation of heavy metals
8 Cometabolic bioremediation of recalcitrant pollutants
9 Biotransformation of contaminants by halophilic microbial enzymes
10 Conclusions and future direction
Data availability
Authorship contribution statement
Declaration of competing interest
Ethics statement
Funding
Abbreviations
Section 2. Microbial-based management of resource
Chapter 8. Microbe–Mineral Interface (MMI): study and assessment of abiotic biomolecules from molecular to macroscopic scale
1 Introduction
2 Types of microbial interactions with minerals
2.1 Adhesions
2.2 Surface's isoelectric point and hydrophilicity
2.3 Surface colonization
2.4 Biofilm formation
2.4.1 Intraspecies and interspecies competition
2.4.2 Cooperative interactions
2.5 Mechanisms involved in MMI
2.5.1 Altering pH–Proton-promoted dissolution
2.5.2 Metal chelation–Ligand-promoted dissolution
2.5.3 Redox reactions
2.5.4 Breakdown of organic compounds
3 Importance of MMI in the geological and biological systems
3.1 Minerals' involvement in protection
3.2 Minerals as providers of critical biochemical components and metal cofactors for enzymes
3.3 Minerals–Source of energy
3.4 Minerals as potential sources of biotoxic chemicals
3.5 Minerals as oxidative pressure sources
4 Techniques and approaches for studying MMI
4.1 Culturing methods
4.2 Rock-weathering phenotype tests
4.3 Chemical evaluation of microorganism-produced rock-weathering products
4.4 Imaging methods to visualize weathering features
4.5 Technology for sequencing and 'omics in microbial rock-weathering research
5 Applications of MMIs
5.1 Mineral fertilizers and bioleaching
5.2 Remediation of heavy metals and organic contaminants
5.3 Biosynthesis of new materials
5.3.1 Case study
6 Challenges and opportunities in MMI research
7 Conclusions
8 Summary and future perspectives
Chapter 9. Microbes in energy generation
1 Introduction
2 MFC for energy generation
2.1 Mechanism for transferring electrons from electricigens to electrodes
2.1.1 Direct electron transfer
2.1.2 Indirect electron transfer
2.2 Some common electricigens
2.3 Advantages of MFC
3 Production of biodiesel using microbes
3.1 Strains for biodiesel production
3.2 Future perspectives
4 Biogas production using microbes
4.1 Methanogens' phylogeny
4.2 Mechanism of biogas production
4.3 Advantage of biogas
5 Biohydrogen production using microbes
5.1 Biomass production from biomass sources
5.2 Metabolic pathways of biohydrogen production from biomass sources
5.2.1 Photofermentation
5.2.2 Dark fermentation
5.3 Economic analysis of biohydrogen production
5.4 Challenges associated with biohydrogen production
6 Bioethanol production from microbes
6.1 Raw materials for bioethanol production
6.1.1 Raw materials that contain sugar
6.1.2 Raw materials that contain starch
6.1.3 Raw materials that contain lignocellulose
6.2 Environmental impacts of bioethanol production
6.3 Microorganisms producing ethanol
7 Conclusion
Chapter 10. Microbial fuel cell (MFC) in bioremediation, wastewater treatment, resource recovery, and bioelectricity generation: Advances, challenges, and, opportunities
1 Introduction
2 Fundamentals and working of MFC
3 Different variants of MFC
4 Electrogenic microorganisms and electron generation in MFC
5 Applications of MFCs
5.1 Contaminant bioremediation
5.2 Wastewater treatment
5.3 Nutrient removal
5.4 Bioelectricity production
5.5 Environmental monitoring
5.6 Biohydrogen production
5.7 Carbon sequestration
5.8 Resource recovery/recovery of value-added products
5.9 Powering underwater monitoring devices and remote sensing
6 Factors affecting MFC
7 Advances, challenges, and opportunities
8 Future research needs
9 Conclusions and recommendations
Chapter 11. Microbes in water treatment process
1 Introduction
2 Types of microorganisms
3 Biological mechanisms
3.1 Energy capture
3.2 Metabolism
3.2.1 Catabolism and anabolism
3.2.2 Hydrocarbons
3.2.3 Emerging contaminants
3.3 Nitrogen and phosphorus cycle
3.3.1 Nitrification
3.3.2 Denitrification
3.3.3 Phosphorus cycle
3.4 Bioadsorption of contaminants
4 Conventional biological water treatment processes
4.1 Aerobic treatment processes
4.1.1 Percolator filter
4.1.2 Activated sludge
4.2 Anaerobic treatment processes
4.2.1 Anaerobic reactors
4.3 Anoxic treatment
4.3.1 Artificial wetlands
4.3.2 Stabilization ponds
5 Emerging biological technologies for water treatment
Chapter 12. The role of microorganisms in energy generation
1 Need of bioenergy
2 Bio-based energy production
3 Biofuels
3.1 Biofuel classification
4 Biodiesel
4.1 Potential of microalgae in the biodiesel production
4.2 Biodiesel production from bacteria
4.3 Yeast and fungi in biodiesel production
5 Biomethanol production
6 Bioethanol production
6.1 Pretreatment
6.1.1 Physical pretreatment
6.1.2 Physiochemical pretreatment
6.1.3 Biological pretreatment
6.2 Bioethanol production by hydrolytic enzymes
6.3 Fermentation
7 Biogas production
7.1 AD process
7.2 Hydrolysis
7.3 Acidogenesis
7.4 Acetogenesis
7.5 Methanogenesis
8 Degradation of waste by microbes
8.1 Factors affecting microbial biodegradation
8.1.1 Temperature
8.1.2 pH
8.1.3 Nutrients
8.1.4 Moisture
8.1.5 Oxygen
8.1.6 Soil type
9 Impact of bioenergy on socioeconomic development
Chapter 13. Microbial-based strategies for remediation of agricultural wastes
1 Introduction
2 Worldwide production of agricultural wastes
3 Microorganisms, potential decomposers of plant residues
3.1 Fungi as effective decomposers
3.1.1 Production of fungal cellulases
3.1.2 Mechanism of cellulose degradation by fungi
3.2 Bacteria in waste decomposition
3.3 Actinomycetes in the management of agricultural waste
4 Bioaugmentation strategies
4.1 Cell bioaugmentation
4.2 Genetic (plasmid-mediated) bioaugmentation
5 Biotechnological approaches in the improvement of microbial consortia for effective degradation
5.1 Principles of synthetic microbial engineering
5.1.1 Intercellular interaction
5.1.2 Community robustness
5.1.3 Spatiotemporal organization
5.2 Phytomicrobiome engineering: “Bottom–up and top–down approach”
5.2.1 Bottom–up approach
5.2.2 Top–down approach
5.3 Engineering microbial communities for bioremediation
5.3.1 Gene-editing tools in synthetic engineering
6 Challenges in bioaugmentation in the bioremediation process
7 Conclusion and future prospects
Chapter 14. Microbial electrochemical technologies for valorization of food wastes
1 Introduction
2 Characteristics of FW
3 Microbes used
4 Microbial electrochemical systems
5 Microbial electrolysis cells and microbial fuel cells
6 Food waste valorization by METs
7 Different types of waste used in METs
7.1 Acetate
7.2 Glucose
7.3 Glycerol
7.4 Lignocellulosic wastes
7.5 Agricultural and landfill wastes
7.6 Industrial wastewater
8 Applications of MET
8.1 METs for wastewater treatment
8.2 Production of hydrogen
8.3 Methane
8.4 Removal of metal
8.5 Recovery of nutrients
9 Conclusion and future directions
Abbreviations
Chapter 15. Prospects of large scale microalgae culture using industrial wastewater for biofuel production
1 Introduction
2 Microalgae over other biofuel feedstocks
3 Microalgae culture conditions and required nutrients
4 Properties of industrial wastewater and nutrients available
5 Potential algal species for optimum biofuel production
6 Role of heavy metals and nanoparticles in lipid accumulation
7 Feasibility of using industrial wastewater for algae culture
8 Cultivation systems for large-scale production
9 Conclusion and future perspectives
Conflict of interest
Acknowledgments
Chapter 16. Microbes in the biomining process: A nanobiotechnological perspective
1 Introduction
2 Iron
3 Copper
4 Gold
5 Silver
6 Selenium
7 Lead
8 Nickel
9 Conclusion and future perspectives
Section 3. Rhizospheric ecology of contaminated environment
Chapter 17. Role of rhizobacteria in rapid growth and phytopathogenic mitigation of Arecales
1 Introduction
2 Growth pattern of Arecales
2.1 General disease infecting Arecales
2.1.1 Fusarium wilt
2.1.2 Ganoderma butt rot
2.1.3 Bud rot
2.1.4 Leaf spot diseases
2.2 Mode of action of PGPRs
2.2.1 PGPR's acquisition of nutrients
2.2.2 Siderophore production
2.2.3 Plant hormones produced by PGPR
2.2.4 PGPR against pathogenic attack
2.2.5 Other plant-to-microbe interactions
2.2.6 PGPR improves plant growth under stressful growing conditions
2.3 Economic loss due to palm diseases
2.4 Productivity loss of palms due to disease and pests
2.5 Case studies
3 Conclusion
Section 4. Role of biofilms in environment pollution control
Chapter 18. Role of biofilms in control of heavy metal pollution and subsequent control of algal blooms
1 Introduction
2 Role of biofilm in mitigating HM toxicity from environment
3 Interaction of biofilm-associated microbiota with HMs
4 Exploitation of quorum sensing property
5 Chemotactic movement involved in mitigation
6 Gene transfer within biofilm concerned
7 Extracellular sequestration by biofilm
8 Intracellular sequestration by biofilm
9 Biofilm bioreactors for HM's biosorption
10 Removal of HMs by conventional methods
10.1 Bioremediation
10.2 Biosorption and bioaccumulation
10.3 Biotransformation
10.4 Transformation of pesticides
10.5 Transformation of pollutants
10.6 Biotransformation of oil
10.7 Bioleaching
10.8 Algal blooms—a global issue
10.9 Cyanobacteria and its cyanotoxins
10.10 Periphyton biofilm producing bacteria and its allelopathic effect
11 Conclusion
Chapter 19. An overview of role of microbial biofilms in environment pollution remediation
1 What is a biofilm?
1.1 Role of biofilm
1.2 Mechanism of biofilm formation
1.3 Exopolysaccharides
2 Why biofilms?
3 What is bioremediation?
4 Why use bioremediation?
4.1 Biofilm application in bioremediation
4.2 Interaction of bacterial biofilm with pollutants
4.3 Interaction of biofilm–EPS with pollutants for bioremediation
5 Pollutants
5.1 Organic pollutants
5.2 Inorganic pollutants
6 Challenges and future scope
7 Conclusion
Chapter 20. Microbial biofilm in bioremediation of environmental contaminants and wastewater treatment: Challenges and opportunities
1 Introduction
2 Microbial biofilm: Composition, structure, and characteristics
3 Mechanism of microbial biofilm formation and regulation
4 Microbial biofilm in bioremediation of environmental contaminants
5 Microbial biofilm in wastewater treatment
6 Microbial biofilms in environmental monitoring and assessment
7 Factors affecting microbial biofilm formation
8 Techniques to study biofilms
9 Challenges and future perspectives
10 Conclusions
Section 5. Microbes as remediating agent
Chapter 21. Degradation of crude oil in bioreactors by oleophilic bacteria
1 Introduction
2 Background
2.1 Oil-degrading bacteria
2.1.1 Temperature
2.1.2 Oxygen
2.1.3 Nutrients
2.1.4 Bioavailability
2.2 Enzymatic mechanism and degradation pathways
2.3 Types of crude oils and composition
2.4 Bioreactor configurations
2.5 Alkanes analyze methods
2.6 Biodegradation kinetics
3 Results
3.1 Alkane analysis
3.2 Microorganisms and enrichments
3.3 Crude oil degradation
3.4 Kinetic study
4 Conclusions
Abbreviations
Chapter 22. Microbes in bioremediation of heavy metals
1 Introduction
2 Bioremediation—a promising tool
3 Sources of HMs
4 Effect of HMs on the environment and health
5 HM–microbe interactions
6 Oxidation–reduction
7 Biomineralization and precipitation
7.1 Bioleaching
7.2 Biosurfactant technology
7.3 Biovolatilization
7.4 Biosorption and bioaccumulation
7.5 Bioremediation of HMs
8 Factors affecting microbial remediation of HMs
9 HM removal by microorganisms
9.1 Genetically modified microorganisms in bioremediation
10 Conclusion
Chapter 23. Microbes in bioremediation of pesticides
1 Introduction
2 Types, nature, and properties of pesticides
2.1 Organochlorines
2.2 Organophosphates
2.3 Carbamates
2.4 Pyrethroids
2.5 Neonicotinoids
2.6 Bioremediation
3 Factors related to pesticide residues degradation
4 Approaches for biodegradation of pesticides
4.1 Bacterial degradation
4.2 Biodegradation mechanisms
5 Microbial degradation of pesticides
6 Microorganism stages in the degradation of pesticide residues
7 Microbial genes involved in pesticide residue degradation
8 Pesticide biodegradation approaches
8.1 Degradation of organophosphate
8.2 Carbamate
8.3 Pyrethroids
8.4 Neonicotinoids
8.5 Hurdles to pesticide microbiological degradation
9 Conclusion
Chapter 24. Microbes in bioremediation of petroleum pollutants
1 Introduction
2 Petroleum composition and its effects on soil
3 Petroleum hydrocarbon microbial degradation
4 Bioremediation strategies
4.1 Bioaugmentation
4.2 Biostimulation
4.3 Biosparging
4.4 Bioventing
4.5 Biopiling
4.6 Degradation of PHs by microbial activity
4.7 Microbial remediation
5 Microbial bioremediation
5.1 Bioremediation by heterotrophic microbes
5.2 Soil bioremediation by microalgae
5.3 Petroleum hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria
5.4 Phytoremediation
6 Conclusion
Chapter 25. Microbes in xenobiotics biodegradation
1 Introduction
2 Xenobiotics sources
2.1 Straight sources
2.1.1 Plastic material
2.1.2 Paint material paints
2.1.3 Phenolic components
2.1.4 Petroproducts
2.1.5 Dyes and pigments
2.2 Subsidiary sources
3 Xenobiotic pollution and its impact on the environment
4 Impact of xenobiotics on soil
5 Impact of xenobiotics on water
6 Impact of xenobiotics on plants
7 Impact of xenobiotics on marine life
8 Impact of xenobiotics on terrestrial animals
9 Impact of xenobiotics on human health
10 Effects of xenobiotics on the marine ecosystem
10.1 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
10.2 Crude oil
10.3 Dyes and paints
10.4 Insecticides and pesticides
10.5 Heavy metals
10.6 Other compounds
11 Microbial degradation of xenobiotic compounds
12 Microorganisms involved in the biodegradation of polyurethane
12.1 Microorganisms that can degrade polyester-based or polyether-based polyurethane
13 Pesticide degradation under anaerobic conditions
14 Microbial degradation of pyrethroids
15 Biodegradation of polyethylene
16 Microbes associated with biodegradation in environment
17 Future facets
18 Conclusions
Section 6. Energetics of microbial processes in the polluted environment
Chapter 26. An insight into the ecological toxicity triggered by anthropogenically driven heavy metal micropollutants on biotic community
1 Introduction
2 Organic and inorganic micropollutants
3 HMs as micropollutants or HM micropollutants
4 Occurrence and distribution of HMs
5 Ecotoxicity of HMs or HM micropollutants
6 Toxicity mechanisms of some reported HMs
6.1 Mechanisms of As toxicity
6.2 Mechanisms of Pb toxicity
6.3 Mechanism of Hg toxicity
6.4 Mechanism of Cd toxicity
6.5 Mechanism of Cr toxicity
7 General biochemical mechanism of HM toxicity
8 Conclusion
Section 7. DNA microarray applications in environmental microbiology
Chapter 27. Metagenomic and proteomic approach for bioremediation of environmental pollutants
1 Introduction
2 Metagenomics in bioremediation
3 Applications of metagenomics in bioremediation
4 Proteomics in bioremediation
4.1 Impact of proteomics in bioremediation
5 Conclusion
Chapter 28. Metagenomics of river Ganga: A potential approach in bioremediation
1 Introduction
2 Bioremediation of xenobiotics: An ecofriendly cleanup approach
3 Xenobiotic biodegradation
4 Omics approach employed in bioremediation for identification and characterization of microorganisms
5 Metagenomics
6 Metatranscriptomics
7 Metaproteomics
8 Metabolomics
9 Conclusions and future perspectives
Chapter 29. Strategies and methods of OMICS-based approaches in microbial environmental bioremediation
1 Introduction
2 Bioremediation process and its mechanism
2.1 Ex situ bioremediation process
2.1.1 Biopiling
2.1.2 Composting
2.1.3 Windrows
2.1.4 Land farming
2.2 In situ bioremediation process
2.2.1 Biosparging
2.2.2 Biostimulation
2.2.3 Bioventing
2.2.4 Bioaugmentation
3 Mechanism
4 Bioremediation strategies
5 Bioremediation approaches, pregenomic era
5.1 Nonmolecular techniques or cultural techniques
5.2 16s rRNA approach
5.3 Analysis of genes
6 Bioremediation approaches—Modern era
6.1 Metagenomics in bioremediation process
6.2 Metatranscriptomics and proteomics in bioremediation
6.3 Metabolomics in bioremediation
6.4 Fluxomics in bioremediation
6.5 Nanotechnological methods in bioremediation
6.6 Genetic and metabolic engineering in bioremediation
7 Conclusion and future prospects
Section 8. Microbial biosensors for environmental monitoring
Chapter 30. Microbial biosensors in environmental monitoring
1 Introduction
1.1 Components of biosensor
1.1.1 Analyte
1.1.2 Bioreceptor
1.1.3 Transducer
1.1.4 Electronics and display
2 Brief overview of history
3 Types of microbial biosensors used in environmental monitoring
3.1 Whole cell based biosensors
3.1.1 Selection of host cells
3.1.2 Reporter gene selection
3.1.3 Immobilization
3.1.4 Transducer
3.2 Genetically engineered microbial biosensors
3.3 Hybrid biosensors
3.4 Optical biosensors
3.4.1 Enzymes
3.4.2 Aptamers
3.4.3 Types of optical biosensors
3.5 DNA-electrochemical biosensors
3.5.1 Types of DNA-electrochemical biosensors
3.6 Enzyme based biosensor
3.7 Biomimetic biosensors
3.8 Peptide based biosensors
3.8.1 PRODAN
3.9 Liposome biosensors
4 Use of microbial biosensors in environmental monitoring
4.1 Detection of heavy metals
4.1.1 Detection of arsenic with WCB
4.1.2 Detection of metal contaminants in soil
4.2 Detection of pollutants in soil, water, and seawater
4.3 Use of genetically engineered microbial biosensor for the detection of toxicity
4.4 Detection of organophosphorus pesticides
4.5 Detection of mercury
4.6 Detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
4.7 Environmental contaminant detection with the help of genes
4.7.1 Indication of contaminants by bioluminescence with the help of lux genes
4.8 Detection of cyanide
4.9 Detection of volatile compounds
5 Challenges
6 Future perspective
7 Conclusion
Conflict of interest
Abbreviations
Chapter 31. Biosensors in heavy metal and metalloid detection: Genetic, cellular, and nanomaterial applications
1 Introduction
2 Classification of biosensors
3 Heavy metal detection by biosensors
4 Nanomaterials as biosensors in heavy metal detection
5 Arsenic detection by biosensors
6 Prospects in arsenic biosensor research
7 Conclusions
Index

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

Social Sciences & Humanities

Health

Development in Waste Water Treatment Research and Processes

Applied Technologies for Clean Up of Environmental Contaminants

Purchase options

Innovate. Sustain. Transform.

Institutional subscription on ScienceDirect

Maulin P. Shah

Related books