Designing Advanced Respiratory Protective Devices for Pandemics

Performance, Mechanism and Future Perspectives

1st Edition - November 12, 2024
Imprint: Elsevier
Editors: Guowen Song, Rui Li
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 5 3 1 6 - 0
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 5 3 1 7 - 7

Designing Advanced Respiratory Protective Devices for Pandemics: Performance, Mechanism and Future Perspectives identifies emerging and critical issues that directly or indirectl… Read more

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Designing Advanced Respiratory Protective Devices for Pandemics: Performance, Mechanism and Future Perspectives identifies emerging and critical issues that directly or indirectly influence the protective performance of Respiratory Protective Devices (RPDs), along with important future research directions. The severity of the COVID-19 pandemic emphasizes the vital role of respiratory protection provided by PPE (and RPD) in novel infectious respiratory disease control. A wealth of recent research on coronavirus mitigation measures is combined with prior information on infectious diseases, RPDs, and human physiological and psychological responses to make this a fundamental resource on recent advances, innovative perspectives on respiratory protection, and new applications.

The effectiveness of such disease control measures rely greatly on the performance of the RPD, user compliance, and proper use. Only an interdisciplinary approach to this issue can lead to success.

Title of Book
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
The Textile Institute Book Series
Copyright
Contributors
Introduction
Chapter 1. The respiratory defense system and physiological effects of mask wearing
1.1 Structural and immune defenses of the respiratory system
1.1.1 Nasopharynx
1.1.2 Conducting airways
1.1.3 Gas exchange region
1.2 Gas transport and particle deposition
1.2.1 Particle size and deposition during inhalation
1.2.2 Effects of quiet breathing, coughing, and sneezing on particle exhalation
1.2.3 Efficacy of mask material in preventing pathogen droplet transmission
1.3 Human factors influencing the efficacy of mask wearing
1.3.1 Exercise
1.3.2 Comfort and adherence
1.3.3 Considerations for prolonged use
1.4 Conclusions
Chapter 2. Purpose and performance of respiratory protective devices in a pandemic
2.1 Introduction
2.2 History of respiratory protective devices
2.2.1 Early developments
2.2.2 Technological advancements and RPD developments
2.2.2.1 Respirator developments
2.2.2.2 Face mask developments
2.2.3 The role of RPDs in recent pandemics
2.3 Categories and classifications of respiratory protective devices
2.3.1 Definitions and basic differences
2.3.2 Respirators
2.3.2.1 Air supplying respirators
2.3.2.2 Air purifying respirators
2.3.3 Face masks
2.3.3.1 Surgical and medical masks
2.3.3.2 Cloth masks and other face coverings
2.3.4 Proper selection and use of RPDs
2.4 Performance requirements and specifications of respiratory protective devices
2.4.1 Standards and guidelines from regulatory bodies
2.4.2 Specific requirements and specifications for different types of RPDs
2.4.3 Key factors affecting RPD filtration efficiency
2.5 Key issues revealed in actual usage of respiratory protective devices
2.5.1 Fit requirement and concerns
2.5.2 Discomfort concerns
2.5.2.1 Breathing resistance and air exchange
2.5.2.2 Thermal, moisture, and physical discomfort
2.5.3 Special user groups and vulnerable population
2.5.3.1 Healthcare workers
2.5.3.2 Children and the elderly
2.5.4 Environmental impact and sustainability issue
2.6 Conclusion
Chapter 3. Respiratory protective device testing standards and hazards and human physiology laboratory simulations
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Respiratory protective device testing standards
3.2.1 Specifications and testing methods comparisons
3.2.1.1 Filtering facepiece respirator specifications and testing methods
3.2.1.2 Surgical/medical mask specifications and testing methods
3.2.1.3 Comparison of FFR and surgical mask testing methods
3.2.2 Issues and concerns of current testing methods
3.3 Simulating hazards and human physiology for RPD evaluation
3.3.1 Methods for simulating hazards
3.3.2 Methods for simulating human behavior and physiology
3.3.2.1 Breathing simulation
3.3.2.2 Cough and sneeze simulation
3.3.3 Challenges and limitations in laboratory simulation
3.4 Conclusion
Chapter 4. Evaluation of the performance of respiratory protective devices
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Types of respiratory protective devices
4.3 Effectiveness of RPDs
4.4 Comfort and fit testing
4.4.1 Comfort of RPDs and comfort testing
4.4.1.1 Wear trials
4.4.2 Fit testing
4.4.2.1 Qualitative fit testing
4.4.2.2 Quantitative fit testing
4.5 Respiratory protection effectiveness clinical trial
4.6 Usability and functionality assessment of RPDs
4.7 Future perspectives
4.8 Concluding remarks
Chapter 5. Respiratory protective device: Protection mechanisms, filtration efficiency, and associated modeling and predictions
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Protection mechanisms
5.3 Filtration efficiency and influencing factors
5.4 Associated modeling and prediction
5.4.1 Modeling of fluid flow (continuous phase)
5.4.1.1 Modeling of the turbulent flow
5.4.1.2 Fluid flow through RPDs (porous structure)
5.4.2 Modeling of particles (discrete phase)
5.4.2.1 Modeling of particle movement
5.4.2.2 Modeling of heat and mass transfer between particle and surrounding air
5.5 Advances in the modeling approach
5.5.1 Future work
5.6 Summary
Chapter 6. COVID-19 pandemic and mental health of healthcare workers across the world
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Challenges faced by global healthcare system due to the pandemic
6.3 COVID-19 and its effect on mental health of healthcare workers
6.3.1 Risk factors for the development of mental health issues in healthcare workers in the COVID-19 era
6.3.1.1 Socio-demographic variables
6.3.1.2 Psychosocial risk factors
6.3.1.3 COVID-19-related stress
6.3.2 Stress in general public versus frontline health workers
6.3.3 Protective factors in preventing mental health adversities in HCWs in the COVID-19 era
6.4 Mental health issues in healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic
6.5 Psychosocial assessment in times of COVID-19
6.6 Conclusion
Chapter 7. Respiratory protective device challenges: Reuse and decontamination
7.1 Introduction
7.2 RPD supply and waste issues
7.2.1 Limited supply
7.2.2 Environmental effect of PPE waste
7.2.3 The health issue of PPE waste
7.3 Virus stability
7.4 Reuse strategies for RPD shortage
7.5 RPD decontamination
7.5.1 Decontamination criteria
7.5.2 Decontamination methods
7.5.2.1 Energetic method
7.5.2.2 Chemical method
7.5.3 Decontamination on RPD integrity
7.6 Summary
Chapter 8. RPD fitting characteristics. The emerging but negligent issues influencing optimal respiratory protection in pandemics
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Respiratory protection program
8.3 Respirator fit testing
8.4 Factors influencing the respirator fit testing
8.4.1 Subject characteristics
8.4.2 Respirator features
8.5 Fit test protocols
8.5.1 Fit test operators' qualifications
8.5.2 Principles of qualitative fit testing protocols
8.6 Taste-threshold screening
8.6.1 Bitrex fit test protocol
8.6.2 Sodium Saccharin fit test agent
8.6.3 Synthetic fit test agents
8.6.4 Aloe Vera fit test agent
8.6.5 Fit test nebulizer
8.7 Users seal checks (USCs)
8.8 Qualitative fit testing protocols
8.8.1 Taste-based fit test protocols
8.8.2 Odor-based fit test protocol
8.8.2.1 Isoamyl Acetate fit test
8.9 Quantitative fit test protocols
8.9.1 Generated aerosol fit test protocol
8.9.2 Condensation nuclei counter (CNC) fit test protocol
8.9.3 Controlled negative pressure (CNP) fit test protocol
8.10 Validation of new qualitative fit test
8.11 Strategies for optimizing/improvising the respirator fitting characteristics
8.11.1 Skin barriers or dressings
8.11.2 3D-printed costume frame
8.11.3 Adhesive tape or medical tape
8.11.4 Double masking
8.11.5 Cloth over facial hair
8.12 Conclusion
Chapter 9. Face masks in context: Ambiguities, anxieties, and asymmetries in COVID times
9.1 Interdisciplinary, contextual model for face masks
9.1.1 Global economy and environment
9.1.2 Discourses of science, fashion, and politics
9.1.3 Social and cultural psychology of clothing
9.1.4 Face-mask interface
9.2 Cross-cutting themes using the contextual model
9.2.1 Comfort, control, and compliance
9.2.2 Identities, nonidentities, and intersectionalities
9.2.3 Care of the self, others, and the environment
9.3 Conclusions
Chapter 10. Photo-activated antibacterial and antiviral materials for facemask and filtering facepiece respirator applications
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Antibacterial and antiviral function
10.3 Photoexcitation process and photoreactions of metal oxides
10.4 Photoexcitation, type I, and type II photoreactions of organic agents
10.5 Organic photoactive agents and antimicrobial applications
10.6 Photoactive vitamin derivatives and biocidal functions
10.7 Conclusions
Chapter 11. Material perspectives for respiratory protection revolution: Application of nanomaterials
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Respiratory protection in occupational exposure
11.1.2 Respiratory protection in environmental air pollution
11.1.3 Respiratory protection in pandemics
11.1.4 Benefits of application of new materials in RPE
11.2 Face mask for respiratory protection
11.3 Metal-based nanomaterials
11.3.1 Silver-based antiviral nanoparticles
11.3.2 Gold-based antiviral nanoparticles
11.3.3 Copper-based antiviral nanoparticles
11.3.4 TiO2 nanoparticles
11.4 Carbon nanomaterial
11.5 Polymeric nanofibers
11.6 Biobased and biodegradable materials
11.7 Conclusion remarks and future perspective
Chapter 12. Future perspective and outlook: Incorporation of advanced technology
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Nanofiber respirators
12.2.1 Overview
12.2.2 Electrospinning
12.2.2.1 Introduction
12.2.2.2 Electrospun facemask
12.2.2.3 Other nanofiber forming methods
12.2.2.4 Challenges of nanofiber mask
12.3 3D printing
12.3.1 Overview
12.3.2 3D-printed respiratory devices
12.3.2.1 Mask fitters
12.3.2.2 Mask extenders
12.3.2.3 3D-printed masks
12.4 3D facial scanning
12.5 Machine learning
12.5.1 Overview
12.5.2 Applications of machine learning in respiration protection
12.5.2.1 Face mask detection
12.5.2.2 Optimizing nanofiber fabrication
12.5.2.3 Smart face masks
12.5.2.4 Other applications
12.6 Future perspectives
12.6.1 Comprehensive evaluation of nanofiber masks
12.6.2 Evaluation of 3D-printed masks
12.6.3 Rechargeable nanofiber masks
12.6.4 Smart masks performance
12.7 Summary
Chapter 13. Thermophysiological comfort assessment of face masks: Performance, design, and material
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Human comfort in face masks
13.3 Factors affecting comfort and comfort evaluation
13.3.1 Physiological and environmental factors
13.3.2 Textile factors
13.4 Assessment methods and standards: Apparative tests
13.4.1 Sweating guarded hot plate
13.4.2 Sweating manikins
13.4.2.1 Full body sweating manikins
13.4.2.2 Partial sweating manikins
13.4.3 Sweating cylinders
13.4.3.1 Single sector sweating torso
13.4.3.2 Advanced multisector sweating torso
13.5 Assessment methods: Numerical simulation
13.6 Conclusions and future trends: Preparing for the next pandemic
Index

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

Social Sciences & Humanities

Health

Designing Advanced Respiratory Protective Devices for Pandemics

Performance, Mechanism and Future Perspectives

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Guowen Song

Rui Li

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