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DeGroot's Endocrinology
Basic Science and Clinical Practice
- 8th Edition - September 29, 2022
- Editor: R. Paul Robertson
- Language: English
- Hardback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 6 9 4 1 2 - 4
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 6 9 4 1 4 - 8
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 6 9 4 1 3 - 1
Thoroughly updated to reflect today's recent advances in adult and pediatric endocrinology, DeGroot’s Endocrinology, 8th Edition, remains the comprehensive, international reference… Read more
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Request a sales quoteThoroughly updated to reflect today's recent advances in adult and pediatric endocrinology, DeGroot’s Endocrinology, 8th Edition, remains the comprehensive, international reference of choice for today’s endocrinologists and fellows. A full peer review of the previous edition, conducted by a largely new group of renowned editors, was used to update this trusted, two-volume resource. In-depth coverage of both basic and clinical aspects of endocrinology and up-to-date information on the treatment and management of endocrine disorders are provided by a diverse group of expert contributors from six continents. A full-color format and helpful algorithms summarize clinical decision-making and practical approaches to patient management.
Organizes content by all the glands that regulate the endocrine system while integrating basic science and clinical presentations of disease.
Includes new chapters: Anatomy and Physiology of the Hypothalmus and Pituitary, Differentiated Thyroid Cancer, Medullary Thyroid Cancer, Drugs that Affect Thyroid Function, Genetic Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex, Adrenal Pathology, Primary Aldosteronism, Transgender Healthcare, Erectile Dysfunction, Prevalence and Causes of Male Infertility, Sexual Dysfunction in the Female, Glucose Toxicity and Oxidative Stress.
Emphasizes basic science and evidence-based practice throughout.
Features extensive updates to content on thyroid and adrenal disfunction, endocrine-disrupting chemicals and human disease, clinical management of diabetes, and advances in genetics.
Includes algorithms to outline effective treatment protocols.
Contains new emphasis boxes that highlight key points in each chapter.
Enhanced eBook version included with purchase. Your enhanced eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices.
- Cover image
- Title page
- Table of Contents
- Copyright
- Contributors
- Preface
- Volume 1
- Part 1. Principles of Endocrinology and Hormone Signaling
- 1. Principles of Endocrinology
- Definition and Scope of Endocrinology
- Historical Perspectives
- Principles of Hormone Action
- Hormone Action Through Receptors
- Role of the Clinical Endocrinologist
- Major Unsolved Problems
- 2. Principles of Endocrine Measurements
- Introduction and Brief History of Endocrine Assays
- Overview of General Concepts
- Competitive Binding Assays
- Noncompetitive Immunoassays
- Free Serum/Plasma Hormone Assays
- Plasma Renin Assays
- Structural Assays––Mass Spectrometry
- Summary and Future Directions
- 3. Endocrine Rhythms, the Sleep-Wake Cycle, and Biological Clocks
- Introduction
- Endocrine Rhythms
- Cell Clocks
- The Sleep-Wake Cycle
- Melatonin as the Biological Maker of the Night
- Consequences of Rhythm Disturbance on Metabolic Health
- Novel technology for the Study of Biological Rhythms
- Summary
- Conclusions
- Part 2. Neuroendocrinology and Pituitary Disease
- 4. Prolactinomas and Disorders of Prolactin Secretion
- History
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis
- Pathology
- Differential Diagnosis of Hyperprolactinemia
- Diagnosis of Prolactinomas
- Treatment
- 5. Hypopituitarism Including Growth Hormone Deficiency
- History
- Etiology of Hypopituitarism
- Morbidity and Mortality
- Clinical Features
- Diagnosis and Endocrine Evaluation
- Hormone replacement Therapy
- Pregnancy
- Patient Care–Multidisciplinary Approach and Patient Education
- 6. Acromegaly
- Pathogenesis
- Diagnosis
- Management
- Integrated Treatment Approach to the Management of Acromegaly
- 7. Cushing Disease
- Epidemiology
- Etiology of Cushing Disease
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Features
- Biochemical Diagnosis of Cushing Syndrome
- Establishing Adrenocorticotropic Hormone–Dependency of Cushing Syndrome
- Differential Diagnosis of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone–Dependent Cushing Syndrome
- Treatment of Cushing Disease
- Prognosis For Cushing Disease: Persistent Morbidity and Mortality
- Special Conditions
- Future Directions
- 8. Clinically Nonfunctioning Sellar Masses
- Types of Clinically Nonfunctioning Sellar Masses
- Clinical Presentations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- 9. Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone–Producing Pituitary Tumors
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Etiopathogenesis and Pathology
- Clinical Presentation
- Differential Diagnosis
- Investigation
- Management
- Conclusions
- 10. Pituitary Surgery
- History and Recent Developments of Transsphenoidal Surgery
- Surgical Indications and Goals of Surgery
- Preoperative Management
- Surgical Technique
- Acute postoperative Management And Early Observation Postdischarge
- Outcomes After Transsphenoidal Pituitary Adenoma Surgery
- Major Complications
- Resection And Remission rates
- Pituitary Centers Of Excellence
- Conclusion
- 11. Craniopharyngiomas and Parasellar Masses
- Types of Parasellar Masses
- Craniopharyngiomas
- Clinical Manifestations and Pituitary Function At Presentation
- Long-Term Morbidity and Mortality
- Rathke’s Cleft Cysts
- Meningiomas
- Chordomas
- Gliomas
- Germ Cell Tumors
- Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
- Hamartomas
- Pituitary Metastasis
- 12. Disorders of Sodium, Diabetes Insipidus and Hyponatremia
- Introduction
- Physiology of Sodium and Water Homeostasis
- Diabetes Insipidus
- Hyponatremia
- The Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuresis
- Treatment of Hyponatremia
- Conclusions
- 13. Anatomy and Physiology of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary
- Anatomy of the Hypothalamus
- Anatomy and Histology of the Pituitary
- Conclusions and Future Directions
- 14. Genetic Disorders of the Pituitary
- Introduction
- Familial Isolated Pituitary Adenoma
- Syndromic Pituitary Tumors
- Somatic Mutations in Pituitary Tumors
- Criteria for Genetic Screening and Clinical Monitoring
- Conclusion
- CHAPTER 15. Aggressive Pituitary Tumors
- Definitions
- Epidemiology
- Predictive Factors of Aggressiveness
- Treatment
- Conclusion
- 16. Radiotherapy in Pituitary Tumors
- Introduction
- Indications for Pituitary Radiotherapy
- Radiotherapy Techniques and Fractionation
- Clinical Outcomes of Pituitary Radiotherapy
- Efficacy of Radiotherapy
- Toxicity of Radiotherapy
- Summary
- Reirradiation
- Conclusions and Future Directions
- 17. Somatic Growth and Maturation: Growth Hormone and Other Growth Factors
- Introduction
- Evaluation of Children With Short Stature
- Evaluation of Children With Tall Stature
- Endocrine Causes of Tall Stature
- Conclusions
- 18. Growth Hormone Deficiency in Children
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical Features
- Diagnosis Of Growth Hormone Deficiency In Childhood
- Treatment
- Conclusions
- Part 3. Obesity and Nutrition
- 19. Basic and Clinical Appetite Regulation and Energy Expenditure
- Introduction
- Components of Eating Behavior
- Components of Energy Expenditure
- Body Weight Regulation
- Conclusions
- 20. Obesity: isk, Risk Factors, and Medical Management
- Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity
- Social and Environmental Contributions to Obesity
- Diseases Associated With Obesity
- Therapy for Obesity
- 21. Genetic Syndromes Associated With Obesity
- Introduction
- Monogenic Obesity Syndromes
- Pleiotropic Obesity Syndromes
- Rare Variants Associated with Obesity
- Conclusions
- 22. Regulation of Intermediary Metabolism During Fasting, Feeding, and Exercise
- Postabsorptive Intermediary Metabolism
- Prandial And Postprandial Intermediary Metabolism
- Protein And Amino Acid Metabolism
- Exercise Metabolism
- Summary And Concluding Remarks
- 23. Adipose Tissue Function: Metabolic and Endocrine
- Obesity And Its Health Consequences
- Adipogenesis And Its Regulation
- Immunometabolism: Its Regulation And Role In Insulin Resistance, Inflammation, And Disease
- Lipid Metabolism In White Adipose Tissue
- Human Brown Adipose Tissue––Brown Or Beige?
- Adipose Tissue Endocrine Functions And Changes In Obesity
- Adipose Tissue As A Therapeutic Target
- 24. Lipodystrophy Syndromes
- Lipodystrophies: Definition and Diagnosis
- Pathophysiology of Lipodystrophy
- Classifications of Lipodystrophies and Their Clinical Manifestations
- Mechanisms Responsible for Severe Insulin Resistance
- Treatment of Syndromes of Lipodystrophies
- Future Perspectives
- 25. Lipoprotein Metabolism and the Treatment of Lipid Disorders
- Lipoprotein Metabolism
- Disorders of Lipid Metabolism In Patients With Diabetes
- Genetic Basis of Lipid Disorders
- Diagnosis of Lipid Disorders
- Management/Treatment
- 26. Metabolic Syndrome
- Diagnosis and Prevalence
- History
- Diagnosis
- Coronary Heart Disease and Type 2 Diabetes
- Linkage of Metabolic Syndrome to Other Disorders
- Treatment of Metabolic Syndrome
- Children and Adolescents
- Low Birth Weight Infants (Epigenetic Changes)
- The Thrifty Genotype and the Increasing Incidence of Metabolic Syndrome
- 27. Bariatric Procedures and Operations
- Introduction/Overview
- Commonly Performed Bariatric Operations
- Evolving Evidence Profile For The Use Of Endoscopic Bariatric And Metabolic Therapies In Clinical Practice
- The Physiology Of Weight Loss After Bariatric Operations And Procedures
- Physiologic Effects Of Bariatric Surgery On Cardiometabolic Health And Mortality
- Impact Of Bariatric Surgery On Other Obesity-Related Comorbid Conditions (Table 27.1)
- Complications Of Bariatric Operations And Procedures (Table 27.2)
- Late and Chronic Complications
- Weight Regain
- Dumping Syndrome
- Summary
- Part 4. Diabetes Mellitus
- 28. Development of the Endocrine Pancreas
- Pancreas Morphogenesis
- Early Organ Specification And Bud Formation
- Cell Type Differentiation
- The Role Of Pancreatic Development In Human Diabetes
- 29. Regulation of Islet Hormone Synthesis and Secretion
- Introduction
- Hormonal Synthesis
- Hormonal Secretion and Action
- 30. Mechanisms of Insulin Action
- Introduction
- Insulin
- The Insulin Signaling Cascade
- Heterologous Regulation of Insulin Signaling Cascades
- Mouse Genetics Reveal Tissue-Integrated Insulin Signaling
- Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Disease
- 31. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus
- Definition
- Classification
- Diagnosis
- What’s New?
- 32. Autoimmune (Type 1) Diabetes Mellitus: Etiology, Pathogenesis, Prediction, and Prevention
- Definition
- Epidemiology
- Inheritance
- Natural History and Disease Staging
- Etiology
- Pathogenesis
- Diagnostic Criteria
- Prediction
- Prevention
- Primary Prevention
- Secondary Prevention
- Intervention
- Summary and Future Directions
- 33. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Natural History
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Origins of the Disease: Etiologic Factors
- Natural History of Diabetes as an Evolving Glucoregulatory Defect
- The Pathophysiology of Insulin Resistance
- The Molecular Basis of Human Insulin Resistance in Target Tissues
- Cell Stress Responses, Nutrient Sensing, and Insulin Resistance
- Syndromes of Severe Insulin Resistance
- Natural History of Type 2 Diabetes as an End-Stage Manifestation of Cardiometabolic Disease
- 34. Diabetes Mellitus and Pregnancy
- Diabetes and Pregnancy and the Mother
- Diabetes and Pregnancy and the Offspring
- Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy
- Obstetric Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy
- Long-Term Outcomes and Management of Gestational Diabetes
- Summary and Future Directions
- 35. Hyperglycemia Secondary to Non-Traditional Diabetic Conditions
- Hyperglycemia and Disorders of the Pancreas
- Hyperglycemia Associated With Endocrinopathies
- Drugs That can Cause Hyperglycemia
- Lipid-Lowering Agents and New-Onset Diabetes Mellitus
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome and Antiretroviral Drugs
- Atypical Antipsychotic Agents
- Conclusion
- 36. β Cell Glucose Toxicity and Oxidative Stress
- Introduction
- Normal Carbohydrate Biochemistry and Abnormal Glucose Metabolism Secondary to Chronic Hyperglycemia With Excess Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species
- General Overview of Free Radical Biology and Antioxidants as Defense Mechanisms Against Elevated Cellular Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species
- Evaluation of Oxidative Stress and Defective Endogenous Antioxidant Response In β Cells From The Points of View of the Glutathione and Thioredoxin Pathways
- Brief Overview of the Contributions of Oxidative Stress to Secondary Complications of Diabetes
- 37. Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State
- Diabetic Ketoacidosis
- Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State
- 38. Hypoglycemia and Hypoglycemic Syndromes
- Hypoglycemia
- Physiology of Hypoglycemia
- Counterregulatory Responses During Hypoglycemia
- General Approach to the Patient
- Hypoglycemia in Diabetes
- Hypoglycemia in the Absence Of Diabetes
- Hypoglycemia in Medicated or Ill Individuals
- Hypoglycemia in Apparently Well Individuals
- Neonatal Hypoglycemia
- Conclusion and Future Directions
- 39. Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Adults
- Goals Of Management
- Acute Complications
- Chronic Complications
- Quality Of Life
- Team Approach To Management
- Monitoring
- Insulin Therapy
- Nutrition
- Other Therapies For Type 1 Diabetes
- Future Perspectives
- 40. Clinical Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
- Introduction
- Diabetes Education
- Nutrition
- Summary
- Physical Activity
- Pharmacotherapy Of Type 2 Diabetes
- Incretin-Based Therapies
- Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors
- Insulin Therapy In Type 2 Diabetes
- Practical Aspects For Managing Type 2 Diabetes
- Diabetes Technology
- Population Management
- Conclusion
- 41. Pancreas and Islet Transplantation
- Introduction
- Pancreas Transplantation
- Allogeneic Islet (Alloislet) Transplantation
- Immunosuppressive Drugs
- Autologous Islet (Autoislet) Transplantation
- Effect of Successful Pancreas or Islet Transplantation on Complications of Diabetes
- Future Directions and Conclusions
- 42. Diabetes and Long-Term Complications
- History
- Classification
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Role of Glucose Control in the Prevention of Diabetic Complications
- Role of Glucose Control in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease
- Can We Prevent Macrovascular Disease?
- Effects of Specific Hypoglycemic Agents on Cardiovascular Disease and Renal Outcomes in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
- Conclusion
- 43. Diabetic Eye Disease
- Pathogenesis
- Natural History of Diabetic Retinopathy
- Clinical Classification of Diabetic Retinopathy Severity
- Epidemiology
- Other Ocular Diseases Associated With Diabetes
- Detection
- Management
- Novel Therapies
- 44. Diabetic Neuropathy
- Definition of Diabetic Neuropathies
- Classification of Diabetic Neuropathies
- Distal Symmetrical Polyneuropathy
- Distal Symmetric Polyneuropathy Evaluation in Clinical Research
- Diabetic Autonomic Neuropathies
- Atypical Neuropathies
- Conclusions
- 45. Diabetic Kidney Disease
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Diagnosis and Classification
- Natural History
- Structural Changes of the Kidney
- Pathophysiology
- Treatment
- Summary and Future Directions
- 46. Diabetic Foot and Vascular Complications
- Introduction
- Pathophysiology
- Presentation and Diagnosis
- Medical Management
- Surgical Management
- Multidisciplinary Approach
- Future Trends
- Part 5. Parathyroid Gland, Calciotropic Hormones, and Bone Metabolism
- 47. Parathyroid Hormone and the Parathyroid Hormone Receptor Type 1 in the Regulation of Calcium and Phosphate Homeostasis and Bone Metabolism
- Regulation Of Mineral Ion Homeostasis—General Considerations
- Parathyroid Hormone
- Parathyroid Hormone–Dependent Regulation Of Mineral Ion Homeostasis Mediated Through The Parathyroid Hormone Receptor Type-1
- Molecular Properties Of The Parathyroid Hormone Receptor Type-1
- The Parathyroid Hormone Receptor Type-2 And Tip39
- Summary
- 48. Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein
- The Pthrp Gene And The Pth/Pthrp Gene Family
- Posttranslational Processing Of Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein
- Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein Receptors
- Nuclear Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein
- Physiologic Functions Of Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein
- Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein In Disease
- Conclusion
- 49. Calcitonin
- Calcitonin Synthesis, Secretion, and Cells of Origin
- Calcitonin Chemistry
- Calcitonin Gene
- Calcitonin Receptors
- Calcitonin Physiology
- Peptides Related to Calcitonin
- Calcitonin and its Receptors in Cancer
- Calcitonin As a Therapeutic
- Conclusion
- 50. Vitamin D: From Photosynthesis, Metabolism, and Action to Clinical Applications
- Historic Overview
- Origin of Vitamin D: Nutrition and Photosynthesis
- Metabolism of Vitamin D
- Vitamin D Transport
- Action and Mode of Action
- Clinical Consequences of Vitamin D Status
- Clinical Use of Vitamin D
- Summary
- 51. Bone Development and Remodeling
- Mechanisms of Skeletal Development
- Principles of Bone Remodeling and Skeletal Homeostasis
- Cellular and Molecular Control of Skeletal Development and Bone Remodeling
- Regulation of Bone Remodeling and Bone Mass
- Conclusion
- 52. Regulation of Calcium Homeostasis and Genetic Disorders That Affect Calcium Metabolism
- Regulation of Calcium Homeostasis
- PTH Gene Structure and Function
- Hypercalcemic Diseases
- Hypocalcemic Disorders
- Conclusion
- 53. Genetic Disorders of Phosphate Homeostasis
- Regulation of Phosphate Homeostasis
- Regulation of Phosphate Absorption
- Fibroblast Growth Factor-23–Associated Syndromes
- Possible Future Therapeutic Avenues
- 54. Primary Hyperparathyroidism
- Introduction
- Risk Factors, Pathology, and Anatomical Location
- Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Overview of Clinical Features
- The Skeleton
- Nephrolithiasis and Renal Function
- Other Organ Involvement
- Unusual Presentations
- Evaluation
- Natural History
- Surgery
- Medical Management
- Hydrochlorothiazide
- Summary
- 55. Malignancy-Associated Hypercalcemia
- Introduction and History
- Normal Physiology of Calcium Metabolism
- Malignancy-Associated Hypercalcemia
- Treatment
- 56. Surgical Management of Hyperparathyroidism
- Primary Hyperparathyroidism
- Special Circumstances in the Surgical Management of Primary Hyperparathyroidism
- Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
- Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism
- COVID-19 and Parathyroid Surgery
- Summary
- 57. Pseudohypoparathyroidism, Albright’s Hereditary Osteodystrophy, and Progressive Osseous Heteroplasia: Disorders Caused by GNAS Mutations that Reduce Gsα Activity
- Diagnosis and Progression of Parathyroid Hormone Resistance
- Pseudohypoparathyroidism Type-Ia
- The Complex Gnas Locus
- Clinically Distinct, Genetically Related Pseudohypoparathyroidism Variants
- Pseudohypoparathyroidism Type-Ib
- Pseudohypoparathyroidism Type-II
- Acrodysostosis With Hormonal Resistance
- Treatment
- Summary
- 58. Genetic Defects in Vitamin D Metabolism and Action
- Overview of Vitamin D Metabolism
- Rickets and Osteomalacia
- Vitamin D–Deficiency Rickets, Vitamin D Hydroxylation–Deficient Rickets, and Vitamin D–Dependent Rickets
- Molecular Etiology of Vitamin D Hydroxylation–Deficient Rickets Type 1B
- Treatment of Vitamin D Hydroxylation–Deficient Rickets, Type 1B
- Molecular Etiology of Vitamin D Hydroxylation–Deficient Rickets Type 1A
- Treatment of Vitamin D Hydroxylation–Deficient Rickets, Type 1A
- Treatment OF Vitamin D-Dependent Rickets, Type 2A
- Idiopathic Infantile Hypercalcemia
- Treatment of Idiopathic Infantile Hypercalcemia
- Future Directions
- 59. Hereditary Disorders of the Skeleton
- Dense Bone Disorders
- Osteogenesis Imperfecta and Heritable Osteoporoses
- Paget Disease of Bone
- Disorders of Increased RANK/OPG/RANKL/NF-ĸB Signaling
- 60. Osteoporosis
- What Is Osteoporosis?
- Origins of Skeletal Fragility
- Epidemiology
- Assessing Patients at Risk of Fracture
- Treatment Decisions
- Management of Subtypes of Osteoporosis
- 61. CKD-MBD Syndrome: Chronic Kidney Disease Produced Disorders in Skeletal, Vascular, and Cardiac Tissues and Mineral Metabolism
- Pathobiology
- Pathogenesis
- Pathogenic Factors in the Chronic Kidney Disease–Mineral and Bone Disorder
- Pathology of Renal Osteodystrophy
- Associated Features
- Conclusion
- 62. Disorders of Mineralization
- Mineralization
- Clinical Features of Rickets and Osteomalacia
- Radiologic Features
- Nutritional Osteomalacia and Rickets
- Gastrointestinal Diseases
- Disorders of Vitamin D Metabolism
- Hypophosphatemia
- Miscellaneous Causes of Impaired Mineralization
- Treatment
- Conclusion
- 63. Paget Disease of Bone
- Incidence and Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Features
- Biochemical Features
- Systemic Complications and Associated Diseases
- Drug Treatment
- Treatment and Posttreatment Laboratory Evaluation
- Volume 2
- Part 6. Thyroid
- 64. Anatomy and Development of the Thyroid
- The Anatomy Of The Thyroid Gland
- Thyroid Follicular Cells And Thyroid Follicles
- Other Thyroid Cells
- The Development Of The Thyroid Gland
- Molecular Genetics Of Thyroid Gland Development
- Phylogenesis Of The Thyroid Gland
- 65. Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone and TSH Receptor
- Introduction
- Regulation of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Biosynthesis
- Regulation of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Secretion
- Thyrostimulin
- Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Receptor
- Thyroidal Actions of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone
- Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Receptor/Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Receptor Crosstalk
- Extrathyroidal Actions Mediated By Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Receptor
- 66. Thyroid Hormone Transporters and Metabolism
- Thyroid Hormone Transport And Metabolism
- Disorders Of Thyroid Hormone Transport
- Disorders Of Thyroid Hormone Metabolism
- 67. Thyroid Hormone Action
- Components Of Thyroid Hormone Action
- Regulation Of Ligand Availability In Development And The Adult
- Thyroid Hormone Binding To Serum Proteins
- Local Regulation Of Thyroid Hormone Availability
- Thyroid Hormone Receptors And Their Response Elements
- Positive And Negative Gene Regulation By Thyroid Hormone
- Nongenomic Thyroid Hormone Action
- Thyroid Hormone Tissue-Specific Actions
- Lessons From Resistance To Thyroid Hormone Receptor Beta And Alpha
- Summary And Future Directions
- 68. Thyroid Function Testing (Thyrotropin, Triiodothyronine, and Thyroxine)
- Introduction
- Thyrotropin
- Free Thyroid Hormones
- Total Thyroxine And Triiodothyronine
- Interference In The Measurement Of Thyroid Hormones
- Future Directions
- 69. Thyroid Imaging
- Ultrasonography
- Primary Thyroid Lymphoma
- Scintigraphy
- Computed Tomography And Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Incidentalomas
- Future Directions
- 70. Pathology of the Thyroid Gland
- Thyroid Gland
- Pathologic Assessment Of Thyroid Lesions
- Tumors With Thymic Or Related Branchial Pouch Differentiation
- Rare Tumors of Thyroid Gland
- Summary and Future Directions
- 71. Graves Disease
- Historical Background
- Etiology
- Pathology
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical Spectrum
- Diagnosis
- Management
- Antithyroid Drugs
- Radioactive Iodine
- Thyroidectomy
- Perspective and Conclusion
- 72. Graves’ Orbitopathy
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical Manifestations And Diagnosis
- Management
- Brief Note On Graves Dermopathy And Thyroid Acropachy
- Summary And Perspectives
- 73. Thyroiditis
- Introduction: Concept and Definition of Thyroiditis
- Subtypes of Thyroiditis
- Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
- Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis and Thyroid Malignancy
- Acute/Infectious Thyroiditis
- Subacute Thyroiditis
- Silent Thyroiditis
- Riedel’s Thyroiditis
- IgG4 Thyroiditis
- Summary and Future Directions
- 74. Hypothyroidism
- Brief History
- Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis
- Thyroid Physiology and Thyroid Hormone Action
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Etiology
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Summary and Areas of Future Research
- 75. Thyroid and Pregnancy
- Thyroid Disease and Fertility
- Maternal and Fetal Physiology in Pregnancy
- Thyroid Function Tests in Pregnancy
- Hyperthyroidism in Pregnancy
- Hypothyroidism and Hypothyroxinemia In Pregnancy
- Screening for Thyroid Dysfunction in Pregnancy
- Thyroid Nodules and Cancer During Pregnancy
- Thyroid Disorders in the Postpartum Period
- Summary and Future Directions
- 76. Iodine Nutrition and the Thyroid
- Dietary Sources Of Iodine
- Metabolism
- Methods To Assess Iodine Status
- Effects of Iodine Deficiency on the Thyroid and Brain
- Treatment And Prevention Of Iodine Deficiency
- Iodine Excess
- 77. Euthyroid and Hyperthyroid Nodules and Goiter
- Basic Aspects
- Familial and Sporadic Nonautoimmune Hyperthyroidism
- Iodine-Induced Hyperthyroidism
- Epidemiology, Occurrence, and Natural History of Euthyroid and Hot Thyroid Nodules
- Thyroid Nodule Diagnostic Pathway to Distinguish Benign and Malignant Thyroid Nodules
- Treatment of Autonomous Thyroid Nodules
- Treatment of Euthyroid Nodules (see Table 77.3)
- 78. Differentiated Thyroid Cancer – Streamlining Diagnosis and Optimizing Management
- Epidemiology
- Pathology
- Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma
- Hurthle Cell (Oncocytic) Tumors
- Poorly Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma
- Causes
- Diagnosis, Clinical Features, And Course
- Staging, Risk Of Recurrence, And Response To Therapy
- Prognostic Factors
- Therapy And Monitoring
- 79. Medullary Thyroid Cancer
- Introduction
- Clinical Presentation And Diagnosis
- Pathology And Pathogenesis
- Initial Therapy
- Postsurgical Follow-Up
- Other Therapies
- Conclusions
- 80. Anaplastic (Undifferentiated) Thyroid Carcinoma
- Presentation
- Diagnosis
- Evaluation
- Establish Goals of Care
- Prognosis
- Therapy
- Future Directions
- Conclusions
- 81. Resistance to Thyroid Hormone and Genetic Defects of the Thyroid
- Thyroid Gland Development, Hormone Biosynthesis, and Action
- Congenital Primary Hypothyroidism
- Classification of Disorders of Thyroid Hormone Action
- Differential Diagnosis of Elevated Thyroxine and/or Triiodothyronine with Nonsuppressed Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone
- Resistance to Thyroid Hormone β
- Resistance to Thyroid Hormone Alpha
- 82. Surgical Management of Thyroid Disease
- History Of Thyroid Surgery
- Relevant Surgical Anatomy
- Imaging For Surgical Planning
- Molecular Testing And Its Use For Surgical Planning
- Diseases Of The Thyroid And Surgical Procedures To Consider
- Developmental Abnormalities Of The Thyroid Gland And Their Surgical Management
- Thyroid Cancer And The Surgical Management
- Indications For Surgery Of The Thyroid Gland
- Transoral Approach To Thyroidectomy
- Open Surgical Techniques
- Minimally Invasive Techniques
- Surgical Complications
- 83. Nonthyroidal Illness Syndrome
- Low Triiodothyronine States
- Nonthyroidal Illness Syndrome with Low Serum Thyroxine
- Serum Hormone Levels
- Thyroid Hormone Transport
- Thyroid Hormone Metabolism and Action
- Tissue- and Organ-Specific Responses in Nonthyroidal Illness Syndrome
- Mechanism of Altered Thyroid Hormone Metabolism in Nonthyroidal Illness Syndrome
- Clinical Implications and Therapeutic Considerations
- Conclusion
- 84. Drugs and Thyroid
- Introduction
- Drugs Affecting Hypothalamic-Pituitary Control Of The Thyroid
- Drugs Affecting Thyroid Hormone Synthesis Or Secretion
- Drugs That Enhance Thyroid Autoimmunity
- Drugs Causing Direct Thyroid Damage
- Drugs Affecting Protein Binding Of Thyroid Hormone
- Drugs Affecting Thyroid Hormone Activation, Metabolism, And Excretion
- Drugs Affecting The Absorption Of Thyroid Hormone Preparations
- Drugs Causing Abnormal Thyroid Testing In Euthyroid Patients
- The Effect Of Thyroid Dysfunction On Drug Metabolism
- Summary And Future Directions
- Part 7. Adrenal
- 85. Adrenal Development and Homeostasis
- Introduction and Historical Background
- Adrenal Structure and Function
- Embryonic Adrenal Development
- Postnatal Adrenal Development
- Maintenance of Adult Adrenal Cortex Function by Cortical Cell Renewal
- Conclusion and Future Directions
- 86. Genetic Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex
- Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: An Overview
- Genetic Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex
- Conclusion
- 87. Enzymes and Pathways of Human Steroidogenesis
- Overview of the Human Steroidogenic Enzymes and Steroidogenesis
- Human Steroidogenic Cytochrome P450 Enzymes
- Redox Partner Proteins
- Steroidogenic Dehydrogenases and Reductases
- Steroid Sulfonation
- Pathways
- 88. Mineralocorticoids: Physiology, Metabolism, Receptors, and Resistance
- Feedback Control of Aldosterone Secretion
- Sodium Homeostasis
- Potassium Homeostasis
- Specificity-Conferring Enzymes
- Mineralocorticoid Receptors
- Cellular Mechanisms of Aldosterone Action
- Nonepithelial Tissues
- Summary and Future Directions
- 89. Glucocorticoid Receptorse: Mechanisms of Action in Health and Disease
- Introduction
- Glucocorticoid Receptor Domain Organization
- Glucocorticoid Receptor Regulation of Transcription
- Glucocorticoid Receptor Polymorphisms
- Glucocorticoid Receptor Isoforms Derived From Single Gene
- Glucocorticoid Receptor Posttranslational Modifications
- Glucocorticoid Receptor Physiology
- Glucocorticoid Receptor Ligands and Pulsatility
- Glucocorticoid Receptor Resistance
- Summary and Future Directions
- 90. Adrenal Androgens, Adrenarche, and Adrenopause
- Adrenarche
- The Adrenal Glands
- The Fetal Adrenal Gland
- Postnatal Adrenal Morphology and Function
- Dehydroepiandrosterone and in Vitro Fertilization
- Neurobiology of Dehydroepiandrosterone and Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate
- Conclusion
- 91. Adrenal Pathology
- Anatomic Pathology in Developmental Abnormalities of the Adrenal Gland
- Tumor-Like Lesions Of The Adrenal Gland
- Functional Approach In Adrenal Pathology
- Pathology In The Distinction Of Adrenocortical Carcinoma
- Diagnostic And Predictive Immunohistochemical Biomarkers In Adrenal Pathology
- Synoptic Reporting In Adrenocortical Carcinoma And Pheochromocytoma
- 92. Adrenal Gland Imaging
- Introduction
- Adrenal Gland Anatomy
- Adrenal Gland Imaging
- Clinical Utility
- Summary
- 93. Adrenal Insufficiency
- Brief Historical Perspective: the Changing Spectrum of Adrenal Insufficiency Etiology
- Epidemiology of Adrenal Insufficiency
- Pathogenesis of Adrenal Insufficiency
- Clinical Features of Adrenal Insufficiency
- Etiology
- Critical Illness-Related Corticosteroid Insufficiency
- Diagnosis of Adrenal Insufficiency
- Treatment of Adrenal Insufficiency
- Adrenal Crisis
- 94. Defects of Adrenal Steroidogenesis
- Virilizing Forms of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
- Nonvirilizing Forms of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
- Other Conditions Affecting Adrenal Steroid Synthesis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Medical Therapy of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
- Future Directions and Novel Therapies
- Conclusion
- 95. Adrenal Genomics II: Familial and Sporadic Neoplasia
- Introduction
- Genetic Causes Of Adrenal Neoplasia
- Summary And Future Directions
- 96. Primary Aldosteronism
- Pathophysiology
- Pathogenesis And Genetics
- Prevalence
- Clinical Diagnosis
- Treatment
- 97. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone–Independent Cushing Syndrome
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology––Molecular Genetics and Animal Models
- Diagnosis
- Etiology
- Management of Adrenal Cushing Syndrome
- Perspectives
- 98. Adrenocortical Carcinoma
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors And Genetics Of Adrenocortical Carcinoma
- Clinical Presentation
- Diagnosis
- Staging
- Therapy (Fig. 98.3)
- Medical Therapy
- Follow-Up
- 99. Pheochromocytoma
- Introduction And History
- Catecholamine Production, Secretion, And Metabolism
- Clinical Presentation
- Pathology
- Genetics Of Pheochromocytoma
- Biochemical Diagnosis Of Pheochromocytoma
- Localization Of Pheochromocytoma
- Management Of Pheochromocytoma
- Special Presentations And Therapeutic Problems
- Future Directions
- 100. Adrenal Surgery
- Background And History
- Preoperative Evaluation
- Disease-Specific Decision-Making For Surgery
- Surgical Approaches To The Adrenal Gland
- Open Anterior Transabdominal
- Open Flank–Transabdominal or Retroperitoneal
- Open Posterior (Lumbotomy)
- Laparoscopic Anterior Transabdominal
- Laparoscopic Lateral Transabdominal Adrenalectomy
- Laparoscopic Hand-Assisted Adrenalectomy
- Lateral Retroperitoneoscopic Adrenalectomy
- Posterior (Dorsal) Retroperitoneoscopic Adrenalectomy
- Robot-Assisted Adrenalectomy
- Thoracoabdominal Approach To Adrenalectomy
- Disease-Specific Considerations And Decision For Extent OF Adrenalectomy
- Bilateral Adrenalectomy
- Partial Adrenalectomy
- Disease-Specific Intraoperative Considerations
- Disease-Specific Postoperative Care And Follow-Up
- Conclusion
- Part 8. Reproductive Endocrinology and Sexual Function
- 101. Differences of Sex Development
- Introduction To Sexual Development
- Embryology
- Genetic Pathways Of Sex Development And Their Variations
- Differences Of Sex Development
- Evaluation And Management Of Differences Of Sex Development
- Acknowledgements
- 102. Endocrinology of Sexual Maturation and Puberty
- Endocrine Physiology Of Sexual Maturation
- Control Of The Onset Of Puberty
- Physical Changes Of Puberty
- Pubertal Growth And The Growth Hormone/Insulin Growth Factor Axis
- Additional Changes During Sexual Maturation
- Laboratory Testing During Puberty
- Summary
- 103. Endocrinology of Pubertal Disorders
- Introduction
- Precocious Puberty
- Variants of Precocious Puberty
- Pathologic Precocious Puberty
- Tumors
- Hypothyroidism
- Delayed Puberty
- Benign Variants of Delayed Puberty
- Pathologic Delayed Puberty
- Treatment of Delayed Puberty
- Conclusion
- 104. Transgender Healthcare
- Overview
- Principles of Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy
- General Approach to Treatment––Feminizing
- General Approach to Treatment––Masculinizing
- Laboratory Monitoring Considerations
- Summary
- Part 9. Male Reproduction
- 105. Gonadotropin Regulation and Androgen and Estrogen Physiology
- Regulation Of Gonadotropin
- Androgen Physiology
- Estrogen Physiology
- 106. Hypogonadism: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment
- Introduction
- Pathogenesis
- Secondary Hypogonadism
- Diagnosis Of Hypogonadism
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Treatment Of Hypogonadism
- Gonadotropin Induction Of Spermatogenesis And Fertility
- Future Directions
- 107. Testosterone Deficiency: Aging and Chronic Disease
- Aging
- Acute and Chronic Disease
- Medications
- 108. Gynecomastia
- Physiologic Forms of Gynecomastia
- Pathologic Forms of Gynecomastia
- Treatment and Prevention
- 109. Erectile Dysfunction
- Introduction
- Guidelines
- Epidemiology
- Penile Physiology
- Clinical Evaluation Of The Man With Erectile Dysfunction
- Treatment Of Erectile Dysfunction
- Medical Therapy For Erectile Dysfunction
- Surgical Therapies For Erectile Dysfunction
- Additional Conditions Contributing To Male Sexual Dysfunction
- Future Directions For The Treatment Of Erectile Dysfunction
- Conclusions
- 110. Misuse and Abuse of Anabolic Hormones
- AAS: Use, Misuse, and Abuse
- History and Epidemiology of Anabolic Steroid Abuse
- Ergogenic Potential of Anabolic Steroids
- Types and Patterns of Androgen Doping
- Detection of Androgen Doping
- Strategies Used by Athletes to Avoid Detection of Androgen Abuse
- Health Consequences of Anabolic Steroid Abuse
- Management Options of Anabolic Steroid Abuse
- Conclusion
- 111. Regulation of Spermatogenesis
- Macroscopic Organization of the Adult Human Testis
- Cellular Development and Organization for Functional Control
- The Intertubular Compartment
- The Immunologic Environment of the Testis
- Endocrine and Local Control of Spermatogenesis
- Control of Sertoli Cell Function
- 112. Prevalence and Causes of Male Infertility
- Introduction
- Definition And Prevalence Of Male Infertility
- Common Causes Of Male Infertility
- Other Possible Contributing Factors To Male Infertiliy
- Epigenetics And Male Infertility
- Summary And Future Directions
- 113. Clinical Management of Male Infertility
- Introduction
- Health Considerations For Infertile Men
- Management of Male Infertility
- Conclusion
- 114. Male Contraception
- The Need for Male Contraception
- Current Methods
- Male-Directed Contraceptive Methods in Development
- Summary and Future Directions
- 115. Testicular Dysgenesis Syndrome and Testicular Tumors
- Testicular Dysgenesis Syndrome
- Cryptorchidism
- Hypospadias
- Minipuberty
- Testicular Tumors
- Conclusion
- 116. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Prostate Cancer
- Introduction
- Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
- Prostate Cancer
- Summary and Future Challenges
- Part 10. Female Reproduction
- 117. The Menstrual Cycle and Disorders of Ovulation
- The Menstrual Cycle: An Introduction
- Overview of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian Axis
- Integrated Physiology of the Menstrual Cycle
- Neuroendocrine Mechanisms of Anovulation
- Conclusion
- 118. Folliculogenesis, Ovulation, and Luteogenesis
- Ovary Anatomy and Histology
- Folliculogenesis
- Ovulation
- Luteogenesis
- Conclusion
- 119. Ovarian Hormone Synthesis
- Ovarian Steroid Hormone Biosynthesis
- Peptide Hormones and Growth Factors Produced by the Ovary
- Gonadotropin Control of Ovarian Steroid Production
- Intraovarian Regulators
- Hormone Production During the Ovarian Life Cycle
- Conclusion
- 120. Estrogen and Progesterone Action
- Interaction of Steroid Hormones With Target Cells
- Nuclear Receptor Structure
- Coactivators and Corepressors
- Mechanisms of Estrogen Action
- Mechanisms of Progesterone Action
- Conclusions
- 121. Contraception
- Contraceptive Use
- Methods and Their Effectiveness
- Drug Interactions
- Medical Eligibility Criteria
- Medium Effectiveness Methods
- Low Effectiveness Methods
- Summary and Future Directions
- 122. Menopause and Perimenopause
- Mechanisms Of Menopause And The Transition
- Staging Reproductive Aging
- Epidemiology (TABLE 122.1)
- Pathophysiology Of Menopause
- Clinical Presentation
- Reproductive And Somatic Aging
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Summary
- 123. Female Infertility: Evaluation and Management
- Introduction
- History
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis And Clinical Features
- Evaluation Of The Female In The Infertile Couple
- Expectant Management Of The Infertile Couple
- Summary And Future Developments
- 124. Androgen Excess Disorders in Women
- Androgen Physiology and Pathophysiology
- Clinical Manifestation of Androgen Excess
- Common Androgen Excess Disorders
- Diagnosis of Hyperandrogenism
- Treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and other Androgen Excess Disorders
- Summary and Future Directions
- 125. Endometriosis
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis
- Pathophysiology
- Diagnosis
- Therapies
- Summary
- 126. Uterine Fibroids and Adenomyosis
- Uterine Fibroids
- Adenomyosis
- 127. Hormonal Control of the Breast
- Hypothalamic-Pituitary Influences, Ovarian Function, And Breast Development
- The Mature Breast
- Distribution Pattern Of Estrogen Receptor– And Progesterone Receptor–Positive And Proliferating Cells In The Mammary Gland
- Stem Cells In The Normal Human Breast And Their Implications In Breast Cancer
- The Menopausal Breast
- 128. Sexual Dysfunction in the Female
- Normal Female Sexual Response
- Endocrinology of Objective Arousal
- Definitions and Diagnosis of Sexual Dysfunction
- Pathophysiology of Female Sexual Dysfunction
- Treatments For Sexual Dysfunction
- Persistent Genital Arousal Disorder
- Conclusion
- 129. Hormonal Control of Human Pregnancy and Parturition
- Establishment of Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Maintenance
- Parturition and Birth Timing
- Conclusion/Future Directions
- 130. Fetal and Neonatal Endocrinology
- Overview
- Placental Hormone Production and Transfer
- Ectopic Fetal Hormone Production
- Fetal Endocrine Systems
- The Fetal Autonomic Nervous System
- Fetal Pancreas and Glucose Homeostasis
- Fetal Parathryoid and Bone Metabolism
- Fetal Growth
- Adaptations to Extrauterine Life
- Future Directions
- 131. Hormonal Changes and Pregnancy Testing
- Introduction
- Pituitary Gland
- Prolactin
- Growth Hormone
- Thyroid Gland
- Adrenal Gland
- Parathyroid Glands
- Conclusion
- Part 11. Multisystem Endocrine Disorders
- 132. Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndromes
- Background
- The Basis of Autoimmune Disease
- Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome Type 1
- Immumodysregulation Polyendocrinopathy Enteropathy X-Linked
- Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome Type 2
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Induced Polyendocrinopathy
- 133. Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1
- Historical Aspects
- Clinical Findings and Treatment
- Molecular Genetics
- Surveillance of Individuals at Risk of Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 Tumors
- Function of the Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 Protein, Menin, and Future Targeted Treatments
- Conclusion
- 134. Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Types 2 and 3, and Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
- Prevalence and Epidemiology
- Molecular Pathogenesis: Ret Protooncogene
- Histology
- Clinical Relevance of Germline Ret Variants in Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2 and Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 3
- Specific Genotype-Phenotype Correlations
- Clinical Presentation
- Screening in Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2 and Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 3
- Management Implications of Genetic Results
- The Role of Somatic Mutations
- Germline Screening
- Natural Progression and Behavior of Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2 and Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 3
- Management Of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
- Management of Pheochromocytoma
- Management of Hyperparathyroidism
- Conclusion
- 135. Neuroendocrine Tumor Syndromes
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Etiology
- Pathologic Classification and Prognosis
- Diagnostic Approach and Clinical Presentation
- Clinical Features of Functional net and Their Syndromes
- Management Strategies for Functional Neuroendocrine Tumors
- Conclusion
- 136. Ectopic Hormone Syndromes
- History
- Theoretical Considerations
- Ectopic Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Syndrome
- Ectopic Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Secretion
- Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion
- Humoral Hypercalcemia of Malignancy
- Oncogenic Osteomalacia
- Ectopic Growth Hormone–Releasing Hormone
- Non–Islet Cell Tumor Hypoglycemia
- Other Pituitary Ectopic Hormones
- Ectopic Gut Hormone Syndromes
- Acknowledgments
- 137. Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Human Health
- The US Population is Less Healthy Today
- Environmental Chemicals Contribute to Human Disease
- Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals are not Typical Poisons
- Characteristics of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals
- Health Effects of Environmental Chemicals
- Mechanisms of EDC Actions
- Dose-Response Characteristics of EDCS
- Endocrine Systems: Disease Trends and Effects Of Edcs
- Emerging Issues
- Conclusion and Guidance for Clinicians
- Index
- No. of pages: 2880
- Language: English
- Edition: 8
- Published: September 29, 2022
- Imprint: Elsevier
- Hardback ISBN: 9780323694124
- eBook ISBN: 9780323694148
- eBook ISBN: 9780323694131
RR
R. Paul Robertson
R. Paul Robertson, M.D. is an Emeritus Professor of Medicine at the University of Washington and at the University of Minnesota.
Dr. Robertson has published 395 peer-reviewed manuscripts with primary emphasis on pancreatic islet function in humans, animals, and clonal cell lines. His early studies were the first to demonstrate defects involving the adverse effects of glucose toxicity on the critical insulin promoters Pdx-1 and MafA associated with glucose toxicity. More recent research demonstrated adverse metabolic consequences of using the liver as a transplant site for pancreatic islet transplantation in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and in autoislet recipients following pancreatectomy for chronic, painful pancreatitis.