Deep Eutectic Solvents

1st Edition - November 22, 2024
Editors: Mohammad Jawaid, Indra Bahadur, Prashant Singh, Jamal Akhter Siddique
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 2 1 9 6 2 - 7
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 2 1 9 6 3 - 4

Deep Eutectic Solvents highlights well-established research and technology on applications of DESs in corrosion sciences, protein chemistry, and organic synthesis, as well as s… Read more

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Deep Eutectic Solvents highlights well-established research and technology on applications of DESs in corrosion sciences, protein chemistry, and organic synthesis, as well as separation science. This book provides state-of-the-art research that will revolutionize modern practices. Neoteric solvents have been proposed as a better substitute to these harmful organic solvents, and scientists have come up with various neoteric solvents in the last few years like Deep Eutectic solvents (DESs). DESs are defined as a system formed from a eutectic mixture of Lewis or Brønsted acids and bases with various ionic species- whereas ionic liquids (ILs) consist of a discrete anion and a cation.

DESs stand out as a greener and cheaper neoteric solvent as compared to ILs. DESs are denser than water and fairly polar, thus can be utilized as non-aqueous substitute to water in many separation processes. DESs have very high distribution coefficient of solutes, and even dissolves gases and metal oxides selectively. They also readily dissolve organic macromolecules, thereby becoming useful in pharmacological applications.

Deep Eutectic Solvents
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
Chapter 1 Navigating neoteric solvents: An overview for sustainable chemistry
Abstract
Graphical abstract
Keywords
Acknowledgments
1 Introduction
2 Definition of DES
3 History
4 Types of DESs
5 Classification based on the source and nature of constituents
5.1 Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs)
5.2 Therapeutic deep eutectic solvents (THEDESs)
5.3 Polymeric deep eutectic solvents (PODESs)
6 Classification based on water miscibility
6.1 Hydrophilic DESs
6.2 Hydrophobic DESs
6.3 Hydrophilic vs hydrophobic
7 Preparation methods of DESs
8 Characterization and physicochemical properties of DES
8.1 Infrared spectroscopy
8.2 Raman spectroscopy
8.3 Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy
8.4 Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)
8.5 Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)
8.6 Neutron scattering
8.7 Fluorescence spectroscopy
9 Role of deep eutectic solvents in selected applications
9.1 DESs for metal separation and recovery
9.2 DESs for electrochemistry
9.3 Extraction of dyes, pesticide residues and other micropollutants from the aqueous phase
9.4 DES for biomass pretreatment
9.5 DES for CO2 capture
9.6 DES for organic synthesis
10 Toxicity and biodegradability
11 Challenges and future perspectives of DES
12 Conclusions
References
Chapter 2 Applications of DES in nanomaterials
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
2 History of DES
3 History of nanomaterials
4 Applications
4.1 Renewable energy field
4.2 Electrochemical sensing
4.3 Metal processing
4.4 Drug delivery
5 Future challenges of DES in nanomaterials
6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3 Synthesis of sulfur-containing compounds in deep eutectic solvents
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
2 Thiophene
3 Thiazoles
4 Thiazolidinones
5 Thiazolidinediones
6 Sulfides
7 Sulfoxides
8 Sulfites
9 Dithiocarbamates
10 Thiirane
11 Thiazolo[3,2-a]indole-3(2H)-one
12 Carbon-sulfur cross-coupling reactions
13 Conclusions and future outlook
References
Chapter 4 How DESs can be used as corrosion inhibitors
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
2 Chemical composition of DESs
3 Characteristics of DESs
3.1 Lower volatility
3.2 Higher density and viscosity
3.3 Reduced toxicity
3.4 Nonflammability
3.5 Better solubility
3.6 Formation of stable complexes
3.7 Higher thermal stability
3.8 Enhanced biodegradability with better tunability
3.9 Higher ionic conductivity
3.10 Capability of formation of shielding layer on metal’s surface
3.11 Economic viability
3.12 Easier to extract from natural sources
3.13 Wide array of applications
4 High concentration of ligands in DESs
5 DESs and their eco-friendly aspects
5.1 Toxicity-free behavior
5.2 Prevents release of hazardous substances into the environment
5.3 Biodegradable nature
5.4 Safer alternative for workers
5.5 Renewable resource
5.6 Enhanced versatility
5.7 Safe to handle and use
5.8 Easier accessibilities and economic viability
5.9 Reduced wastes
5.10 Lower energy consumption
5.11 Efficacious corrosion inhibition abilities
6 DESs as corrosion inhibitors
7 Conclusion and future perspectives
References
Chapter 5 Importance of computational tools in studying DES
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
2 Computational methods used for studying DESs
2.1 Classical molecular dynamics
2.2 Gas-phase QC calculations
2.3 Ab-initio molecular dynamics (AIMD)
2.4 COSMO-RS
3 Quantum-chemical studies on DESs
4 Classical MD studies of pure DES
5 Mixtures of DESs and water or other cosolvents
6 Ab initio molecular dynamics studies
7 COSMO-RS studies
8 Summary
References
Chapter 6 Deep eutectic solvents in the dissolution of lanthanides and actinides and recovery of value-added materials from electronic waste
Abstract
Keywords
Conflict of interest
1 Introduction
2 Historical development of DES-mediated e-waste recovery
2.1 Separation of metal from E-waste using solid–liquid extraction and DESs
2.2 Separation of metal using liquid–liquid extraction and DESs
3 DES in a nutshell
3.1 Hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity
3.2 Physicochemical properties of DES from a modeling perspective
4 The modeling perspective
4.1 Modeling study of SLE
4.2 Modeling study on liquid–liquid extraction
5 Comparison with the efficiency of extraction with various classes of DES in SLE
6 Comparison with the efficiency of extraction with various classes of DES in LLE
7 Comparison with the efficiency of extraction techniques like LLE and SLE
8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7 Physicochemical properties of DESs through experimental techniques
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
2 Deep eutectic solvents
2.1 Types of deep eutectic solvents
2.2 Preparation of deep eutectic solvents
3 Physicochemical properties of DESs
3.1 Density
3.2 Viscosity
3.3 Speed of sound
3.4 Refractive index
4 Excess thermodynamic properties
4.1 Excess molar volume
4.2 Isentropic compressibility and deviation isentropic compressibility
4.3 Intermolecular free length
4.4 Deviation in refractive indices and deviation in viscosities
5 Curve fitting of excess molar volumes, VmE, excess isentropic compressibilities, ksE, and Δn using Redlich-Kister polynomial
6 Prediction of density and refractive index
7 L-L relation
7.1 A-B relation
7.2 G-D relation
8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 8 Exploration of deep eutectic solvents in the synthesis and stabilization of nanomaterials
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
2 Deep eutectic solvents
2.1 Characteristics of deep eutectic solvents
3 Nanomaterial synthesis using deep eutectic solvents
3.1 Need of the deep eutectic solvents in the synthesis of nanomaterials
3.2 Exploration of deep eutectic solvents as reaction media for nanomaterial synthesis
3.3 Discussion on the influence of deep eutectic solvent composition on nanomaterial morphology
3.4 Role of the thermodynamics and kinetics on nanomaterial formation in deep eutectic solvents
3.5 Various nanomaterials synthesized using deep eutectic solvents
4 Stabilization of nanomaterials using deep eutectic solvents
5 Challenges and future perspectives
6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 9 Deep eutectic solvent (DES)-polymer hybrid systems as tools in drug delivery
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
2 Fabrication approaches for DES-polymer hybrids
2.1 Design guidelines and selection criteria for DES
2.2 Methods of preparation
3 The role of DES in functional polymer hybrid design
4 DES-polymer hybrids in drug delivery
5 Conclusion and prospects
References
Chapter 10 Importance of DES based nanomaterials in renewable energy
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
2 Deep eutectic solvents
2.1 Types of deep eutectic solvents [18,23,24]
2.2 Application of DESs based nanomaterials
3 The important advantages of DESs in nanomaterials synthesis
4 Application of DESs based nanoparticles in renewable energy
4.1 DES based nanomaterials in solar energy technologies
4.2 DES based nanomaterials in hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction
4.3 DES based nanomaterials in CO2 capturing
4.4 DES based nanomaterials in supercapacitors
5 Challenges and future perspectives
6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 11 DES: A potential application in energy harvesting
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
2 Deep eutectic solvents
3 DESs baking
4 Properties of DESs
4.1 Melting point
4.2 Vapor pressure
4.3 Phase involvement
4.4 Viscosity
4.5 Density
4.6 Ionic conductivity
5 Applications of DESs
5.1 Electrodeposition and metallurgy
5.2 Separations
5.3 Gas capture
5.4 Enzymatic catalysis and organic matter
5.5 Biomass utilization
5.6 Fundamentals of nucleic acids and genomics
5.7 Nanomaterials synthesis
6 DES: A potential application in energy storage and harvesting
6.1 DESs as energy harvesting
7 Difficulties and prospects for the future
8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 12 DES solvents: Biocatalytic applications and perspectives
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
1.1 Biocatalysis in deep eutectic solvents: Why?
2 Deep eutectic solvents and its classification
3 Properties of DESs useful for biocatalytic processes
3.1 Freezing point
3.2 Melting points
3.3 Nonflammable liquid components
3.4 Volatility
3.5 Thermal stability
3.6 Density and viscosity
4 Compatible biocatalysts
4.1 Lipases in biocatalysis
4.2 Protease in biocatalysis
4.3 Epoxide hydrolase in biocatalysis
5 DES as a solvent for whole-cell biocatalysis
6 Challenges and future perspectives
7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13 Novel and innovative ionic liquid-based electrolytes and their applications
Abstract
Keywords
Acknowledgments
1 Introduction
2 Ionic liquids
3 Electrochemical properties of ionic liquids
4 Ionic liquid as an electrolytes in energy storage applications
4.1 Batteries
4.2 Dye-sensitized solar cells
4.3 Supercapacitor
4.4 Fuel cell
5 Advantages of using the ionic liquid-based electrolytes
6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14 DESs gel materials: Applications in green and sustainable chemistry
Abstract
Keywords
Acknowledgment
1 Introduction to DESs and eutectogels
2 Green chemistry and properties of eutectogels
3 Application of eutectogels in wearable electronics and sensors
4 Application of eutectogels in energy materials
5 Potential uses of eutectogels in food and other industries
6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 15 Application of DES in multicomponent reaction
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
1.1 What is DES?
1.2 The most widely accepted classification for DES are as follows: [2]
1.3 Preparation of DES
2 DESs’s physical properties
2.1 Melting point
2.2 Density
2.3 Viscosity
2.4 Ionic conductivity
2.5 Polarity
2.6 Surface tension
2.7 Toxicity and biological decay
3 Multi-component reactions: Concepts and applications
4 The synergy between deep eutectic solvents and multicomponent reactions
5 Mechanistic insights and solvent-catalyst interactions
6 Applications in green chemistry and sustainable synthesis
7 Case studies: Successful DES-MCR systems
7.1 Isocyanide-based MCRs
7.2 Mannich-type reaction
7.3 Biginelli reaction
7.4 Synthesis of chromene derivatives
7.5 Multicomponent synthesis of pyrrole and pyrazole
7.6 Synthesis of quinazoline
7.7 A3-coupling reaction
8 Challenges and future directions
9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 16 Interaction of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) with carbon allotropes
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
1.1 Classification of DESs
2 Physicochemical properties of DESs
3 Melting point: Tuning state transitions
4 Viscosity: A fluid spectrum
5 Density: Striking the right balance
6 pH
7 Conductivity
7.1 Surface tension
7.2 Air compression
8 Phase behavior: Liquid dynamics
9 Hydrogen-bonding interactions: The glue of stability
9.1 Interaction mechanisms
10 DESs for carbon dioxide (CO2) capture
10.1 Lactate-driven DESs
10.2 DESs based on phosphonium and ammonium
11 Graphene and DESs
12 Electrochemical behavior of graphene
13 CNTs and DESs
14 Applications and advancements of DESs
15 Chromatographical methods
16 Electrophoretic methods
17 Vapor adsorption
18 Bioconversion
19 Drugs and therapeutic study
20 Genomics/basics of nucleic acids
21 Conclusion
References
Chapter 17 Therapeutic deep eutectic solvents as drug delivery systems
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
2 Preparation of THEDES
3 Characterization of THEDES
4 Preparation of THEDES to enhance the solubility of poorly soluble APIs
5 Preparation of THEDES to enhance the skin permeability of APIs
6 Biologically active API-free THEDES
7 Commercially available THEDES-based formulations
8 Conclusion and future perspectives
References
Chapter 18 How DESs play a significant role in food science
Abstract
Keywords
1 Introduction
2 What are DESs?
3 Historical background, benefits, and synthesis of DESs
4 Properties of DESs
5 Factors affecting the NADES and DES-assisted retrieval of superior quality biomolecules from food wastes from agriculture
5.1 Viscosity
5.2 Polarity
5.3 pH
5.4 Solubility
5.5 Solid-to-liquid ratio
5.6 Temperature
6 Applications of DESs
6.1 Metalworking and electrodeposition
6.2 Distinctions
6.3 Capturing gas
6.4 Biomolecules and enzymatic catalysis
6.5 Synthesis of nanomaterials
7 Application of DESs in food science
7.1 Value-added chemicals extracted from agri-food waste items
7.2 Extraction, separation of component with DESs
8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 19 Separation of aromatic solvents using the DESs
Abstract
Keywords
Acknowledgment
1 Introduction
2 Background on DESs
3 Significance of DESs
4 Significance of studying activity coefficients at infinite dilutions in DESs
5 DESs in separation of aromatics
5.1 Interactions of DES with organic solutes based on activity coefficients at infinite dilution
5.2 Separation potential based on selectivity and capacity values
6 Effect of change in the anion of the HBA with the same HBD
7 Conclusions
References
Index

Mohammad Jawaid

Dr. Mohammad Jawaid is currently affiliated with the Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering at United Arab Emirates University. Previously he was a senior fellow (professor) in the Laboratory of Biocomposites Technology at the Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia. He is an eminent scientist with more than twenty years of teaching, and research experience in composite materials. His research interests include hybrid reinforced/filled polymer composites, and advanced materials such as graphene/

nanoclay/fire retardant, lignocellulosic reinforced/filled polymer composites, and the modification and treatment of lignocellulosic fibres and solid wood, and nanocomposites and nanocellulose fibres.

Affiliations and expertise

Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, College of Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates

Indra Bahadur

Professor Bahadur is a Full Professor in the discipline of Physical Chemistry at North-West University, South Africa. His research areas include ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents (dess), phase equilibria, thermodynamics, corrosion science, biofuels, biomass, and cellulose. He serves on the editorial advisory boards of several national and international journals and acts as an editor for Elsevier's Journal of Ionic Liquids

Affiliations and expertise

Full Professor, North-West University, South Africa

Prashant Singh

Dr. Prashant Singh is a Professor of Chemistry at Atma Ram Sanatan Dharam College, University of Delhi, India. His area of research is finding promising inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 and CHIKV using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. He also works on the exploration of C-based molecules like GO, and GDY in water remediation and others.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor of Chemistry, University of Delhi, India

Jamal Akhter Siddique

Jamal Akhter Siddique is an Associate Professor at the School of Basic and Applied Sciences (SBAS), Lingayas University, India. He successfully completed multiple Postdoctoral Research tenures around the globe in renowned universities. He earned his Ph.D on “Physico-chemical studies of biological/biochemical systems” in 2007 from the Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University. Apart from direct involvement in research he has also contributed his experience to multiple journals as editorial member and worked as a Guest-Editor for a Special Issue entitled “Nanostructure Materials as a Promising Route for Efficient Renewable Energy Production, Storage, and Conversion”, Journal of Nanomaterials; as a Guest-Editor for a Special Issue entitled “Academic Research for Multidiscipline” in International Journal of Science Technology and Society; and as an Assistant-Editor for Journal of Medical Imaging and Health Informatics.

Affiliations and expertise

Associate Professor, Department of Chemistry, Lingayas University, Haryana, India

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Deep Eutectic Solvents

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Mohammad Jawaid

Indra Bahadur

Prashant Singh

Jamal Akhter Siddique