Cytokine Response Against Major Human Viral Infections

1st Edition - October 22, 2024
Imprint: Academic Press
Editors: Mukesh Samant, Prashant Khare
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 1 5 2 8 3 - 2
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 1 5 2 8 2 - 5

Cytokine Response Against Major Human Viral Infections provides in-depth coverage of the immunological response against human viral infections and the role and impact of cytoki… Read more

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Cytokine Response Against Major Human Viral Infections provides in-depth coverage of the immunological response against human viral infections and the role and impact of cytokines on disease pathogenesis and host immune response.

Cytokines, as a part of innate immunity, initiate the development of antiviral and TH 1-type immune responses. Cytokines also affect the adaptive immune response and disease manifestation. In five sections, this book gives a comprehensive introduction to the clinical manifestations of viral and infectious diseases; details the role of cytokines in DNA virus infections, RNA virus infections, and reverse transcribing virus infections; and gives insights into the recent advances and strategies in diagnostic tools and therapeutic and prophylactic measures.

Cytokine Response Against Major Human Viral Infections is valuable resource for both researchers in immunology and virology, as well as for those in the biotech and pharmaceutical industries, engaged in the study of cytokines and their immunological response against human viral infections.

Title of Book
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
Section 1. Introduction
Chapter 1. History of the human viral infection and their clinical manifestation
1 Introduction
2 History of the virology
3 Classification of human viral infections
3.1 Viral families
3.1.1 Retroviridae
3.1.2 Orthomyxoviridae
3.1.3 Herpesviridae
3.1.4 Flaviviridae
3.2 Common types of human viral infections
4 Clinical manifestations of viral infections
4.1 General clinical viral infection manifestations
4.1.1 Acute viral infections
4.1.2 Chronic viral infections
4.2 System-specific clinical manifestations
5 Conclusion
Section 2. Role of cytokines in DNA virus infections
Chapter 2. Role of cytokines in Herpes Simplex Virus infection
1 Introduction
2 HSV structure, replication, and pathogenesis
3 HSV cell cycle
4 Immune response against HSV infection
5 HSV PAMPs and associated PRRs
5.1 Toll like receptor
5.2 TLR2
5.3 TLR3
5.4 TLR9
5.5 TLR7 and TLR8
6 cGAS–STING pathway and HSV–1 infection
7 IFI16 (interferon-gamma inducible protein 16)
8 DNA-dependent activator of IFN-regulatory factors (DAI)
9 Sensing viral RNA
10 Retinoic acid-inducible gene-1 (RIG-I)
11 Protein kinase RNA activated (PKR)
12 Cytokines in HSV infection
12.1 Interferon response against HSV
12.2 Canonical and noncanonical IFN pathways
12.3 Controlling HSV-1 infections: The role of IFN
12.4 Controlling HSV-2 infections: The role of IFN
13 Conclusion
Chapter 3. Cytokine response against Epstein–Barr virus infection
1 Introduction
2 Physiology of immune system against EBV infection
3 Innate immune response
4 Adaptive immune response
5 Conclusion
Chapter 4. Cytokine response against vaccinia virus
1 Introduction
2 Structure of VACV
2.1 Assembly
3 VACV as a vaccine
3.1 First-generation vaccines
3.2 Second-generation vaccines
3.3 Third-generation vaccines
3.3.1 LC16m8
3.3.2 Dairen1
3.3.3 Modified VACV Ankara
3.3.4 M65 and M101
4 VACV as a recombinant vector
4.1 Restricting the replicative activity of virus
4.2 Boosting the induced immune response in host
4.3 Reducing the cytotoxicity of viral vector
4.4 Gene optimization
5 VACV as HIV vaccine
6 VACV as an oncolytic agent
7 Immune response of VACV
7.1 Proinflammatory cytokines
7.1.1 Type III IFNs
7.1.2 TNF-alpha
7.1.3 IL-17
7.1.4 GM-CSF
8 Conclusion
Chapter 5. Cytokine response against human papillomavirus infection
1 Introduction
1.1 DNA viruses and their impact on human health
1.2 Human papillomavirus
2 Immune response to HPV
2.1 Innate immune recognition of HPV infection
2.2 Adaptive immune responses against HPV
3 Individual cytokines commonly dysregulated in cervical cancer
3.1 Epidermal growth factor and its receptors
3.2 Interferons
3.3 Tumor necrosis factor
3.4 Transforming growth factor-β
3.5 Interleukin-1α/β
3.6 Interleukin-2
3.7 Interleukin-4
3.8 Interleukin-6
3.9 Interleukin-8
3.10 Interleukin-10
3.11 Interleukin-12
3.12 Chemokines
4 Interplay between cytokines and HPV
5 Conclusion
Section 3. Role of cytokines in RNA virus infections
Chapter 6. Cytokine response against Rotavirus infection
1 Introduction
2 Structural characteristics of RV
3 Classification
4 Molecular pathogenesis and pathophysiology
5 Epidemiology
6 Symptoms
7 Immune response
7.1 Innate immune response
7.2 Acquired immune response
8 Receptors for RV
9 Regulation of cytokine expression
10 Cytokine antagonists of RV
11 Conclusion
Chapter 7. Cytokine response to coxsackievirus B3 infection
1 Introduction
1.1 Structure of coxsackievirus B3
2 Cytokines
2.1 Role of different cytokines in CVB3 infection
2.1.1 Transforming growth factor-α
2.1.2 Transforming growth factor-β
2.1.3 Interferons
2.1.4 Interferon-beta
2.1.5 Interferon-gamma
2.1.6 Interleukin-2
2.1.7 Interleukin-6
2.2 Other interleukins
2.2.1 CXC chemokine ligand 10
3 Conclusion
Chapter 8. Cytokine response against coronavirus
1 Introduction
2 Role of the immune system against coronavirus
2.1 Role of innate and adaptive immunity
2.1.1 Innate immunity
2.1.2 Adaptive immunity
2.2 Activation of immune cells and helper T-cells
2.3 Role of TNF-α and interleukin-17 cytokine
3 Cytokine storm and immunopathy of coronavirus
3.1 Cytokine storm
3.2 Inflammatory cytokine and inflammation
3.3 Immunosuppressive strategies
4 Conclusion
Chapter 9. Role of cytokines in Dengue infection
1 Introduction
2 Dengue structure, replication, and pathogenesis
3 Dengue life cycle
4 Dengue pathogenesis
5 Innate immunity: Front line of defense mechanism
5.1 Sensor: DENV
6 RIG-I-like receptors
7 Toll-like receptors
8 Cyclic GMP–AMP synthase
9 Cytokine response in DENV infection
10 DENV approaches to evade host immune response
11 Adaptive immune response: DENV
12 ADE-induced pathogenesis
13 T-cell genesis antigenic sin
14 Conclusion
Chapter 10. Role of cytokines in chikungunya infections
1 Introduction
2 Chikungunya virus: A brief overview
2.1 Virology and transmission of Chikungunya
2.2 Clinical features of Chikungunya infections
3 Host immune responses to Chikungunya virus
3.1 Early recognition of the virus
3.1.1 Innate immune responses
3.1.2 Type I interferons
3.2 Adaptive immune response
3.2.1 T-cell activation
3.2.2 B-cell responses
4 Role of cytokines in Chikungunya pathogenesis
4.1 Pro-inflammatory cytokines
4.1.1 Interleukin-1
4.1.2 Interleukin-6
4.1.3 Tumor necrosis factor-alpha
4.2 Chemokines and their significance
4.2.1 C-C motif chemokine ligand 2
4.2.2 C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10
5 Cytokines as a biomarkers of disease severity
6 Conclusion
Chapter 11. Cytokine response against hepatitis C virus
1 Introduction
2 Host immune response in hepatitis C infection
2.1 Inflammatory process triggered by HCV infection
2.2 Role of innate and adaptive immunity
2.2.1 Innate immune response
2.2.2 Adaptive immune response
2.3 Proinflammatory status and cytokine production
2.4 Liver cells and inflammatory processes
3 Cytokines and its role in HCV infection
3.1 Cytokines and HCV
3.2 Tumor necrosis factor-alpha
3.3 Th1 cytokines
3.3.1 Interleukin-2
3.3.2 IFN-gamma
3.4 Th2 cytokines: IL-4 and IL-10
3.4.1 Interleukin-4
3.4.2 Interleukin-10
3.5 Interleukin-17
3.6 Interleukin-23
3.7 Interferons
4 Conclusion
Chapter 12. Cytokine response against Zika virus
1 Introduction
2 Zika virus and host immune dynamics
2.1 Host factors influencing immune response to ZIKV
3 Mechanisms employed by ZIKV to evade host immune response
3.1 Importance of the host immune system in viral clearance
4 Cytokines and ZIKV infection
4.1 Role of IFNs in ZIKV infection
4.2 ILs as mediators of the immune response
4.2.1 Interleukin-1
4.2.2 Interleukin-6
4.2.3 Interleukin-10
4.2.4 Interleukin-12
4.2.5 Interleukin-17
4.3 TNF-α and its significance
5 Therapeutic strategies and future directions
5.1 Antiviral drugs
5.2 Vaccine development
5.3 Passive immunization
5.4 Vector control
5.5 Immune modulation
5.6 Combination therapies
6 Conclusion
Chapter 13. The role of cytokine response in influenza virus pathogenesis in humans
1 Introduction
2 Cytokine profiles in the respiratory tract
3 Production of cytokine during influenza infection
4 Role of cytokines in influenza infection
4.1 Interferons
4.2 Interleukin-6
4.3 Interleukin-1
4.4 Tumor necrosis factor alpha
5 Negative regulatory cytokines
6 Immunomodulatory therapy
6.1 Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 agonists
6.2 COX inhibitors
6.3 Antioxidants
6.4 Anti-TNF therapy
7 Conclusion
Chapter 14. Cytokine response against respiratory syncytial virus
1 Introduction
2 Cytokine response in RSV infection
2.1 Tumor necrosis factor-alpha
2.2 Transforming growth factor-beta
2.3 Interferon alpha
2.4 Interleukin-6
2.5 Interleukin-3
2.6 Interleukin-33
2.7 Interleukin-13
2.8 Interleukin-10
3 Discussion
Chapter 15. Role of cytokines in rabies virus infection
1 Introduction
2 Infection and pathogenesis
3 Cytokines
4 Role of type-I IFNs in rabies
5 Role of IFN-γ and other cytokines in blood–brain barrier permeability
6 Role of IL-1β in rabies
7 Role of cytokines in improving humoral immune response
8 IFN and cytokine-induced autophagy/apoptosis during rabies infection
9 Conclusion
Chapter 16. Cytokine response against West Nile virus
1 Introduction
2 Immune response against the WNV infection
2.1 Innate immune response
2.2 Adaptive immune response
2.3 Immunopathology
2.4 Immunodiagnosis of WNV
3 Conclusion
Section 4. Role of cytokines in reverse transcribing virus infections
Chapter 17. Cytokine response in HTLV infection
1 Introduction
2 Cytokine response in HTLV infection
2.1 Interleukin-2
2.2 Interleukin-4
2.3 Interleukin-6
2.4 Interleukin-10
2.5 Interferon-I
2.6 Transforming growth factor-beta
3 Discussion
Chapter 18. Role of cytokines in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection
1 Introduction
2 Pathogenesis of HIV
3 Cytokines and IA pathways in HIV infection
4 Th1 to Th2 shift
4.1 Interleukin-2
4.2 Interleukin-4
4.3 Interleukin-6
4.4 Interleukin-10
5 Tumor necrosis factor
6 Interferons
7 Th1 to Th2 switch and allergy
8 Implications of Th1 to Th2 switch
9 Inflammation and biomarkers
10 Conclusion
Chapter 19. Hepatitis-B immunopathogenesis: Role of cytokines in disease progression
1 Introduction
2 Pathogenesis of HBV
2.1 Immune response characteristics to HBV
2.1.1 Lack of an innate response in infected cells
2.2 The adoptive immune response
2.3 The CD4 T-cell response
2.4 The CD8 T-cell response
2.5 Mechanisms of HBV clearance
2.6 Mechanisms of HBV persistence
2.7 Mechanisms of hepatocarcinogenesis during HBV infection
2.7.1 Integration of HBV DNA
2.7.2 Role of viral proteins
2.8 Immune-mediated liver injury
3 Cytokines in HBV infection
3.1 Interleukin-1
3.2 Interleukin-2
3.3 Interleukin-4
3.4 Interleukin-6
3.5 Interleukin-12
3.6 Tumor necrosis factor-alpha
3.7 Interferon
4 Chemokines in HBV infection
5 Conclusion
Section 5. Diagnostics and therapeutic tools
Chapter 20. Recent advances and strategies in diagnostic tools, therapeutic and prophylactic measures
1 Introduction
2 Human viral infections
3 Diagnosis of viral infections
3.1 Symptomatic methods
3.2 Histopathology and viral cultures
3.2.1 Serodiagnostic methods
3.2.2 Fluorescent microscopy
3.2.3 Electron microscopically diagnosis
3.2.4 Radiologic methods
3.3 Immunogenic assays
3.3.1 Enzyme-linked immunoassay
3.3.2 Radioimmunoassay
3.3.3 Immunochemiluminescent assay
3.4 Molecular techniques
3.4.1 PCR
3.4.2 Crisper
3.4.3 Other molecular techniques
4 Therapeutic and prophylactic strategies
4.1 FDA-approved antiviral drugs
4.2 Host directed therapies
4.3 Nanoparticles based therapeutics
4.4 Immune modulation
5 Conclusions
Index

Mukesh Samant

Mukesh Samant is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Zoology’s Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory at Soban Singh Jeena University, Almora, Uttarakhand, India. He earned his PhD from the Division of Parasitology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. He has more than four years of postdoctoral experience at Laval University, Quebec, Canada, and more than 20 years of research experience of Leishmania biology, microbiology, immunology, molecular parasitology, bioremediation, and rhizosphere microbiology. He has published more than 45 research papers in highly reputed international journals. He has reviewed publications for various international journals like Scientific Reports, Vaccine, Parasitology, Journal of Immunology, and Frontiers in Microbiology. He is currently working on live attenuated vaccine and drug development against various parasites and viruses and has completed two research projects in this area.

Affiliations and expertise

Assistant Professor, Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Kumaun University, SSJ campus, Almora, (Uttarakhand), India

Prashant Khare

Dr. Prashant Khare is a Vice President (R&D) at Xenesis Institute, Absolute in Gurugram (Haryana), India. Previously, he was a Ramalingaswami Fellow and Scientist D in the Department of Microbiology at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India. He completed his PhD from the Division of Parasitology at the Central Drug Research Institute in Lucknow, (Uttar Pradesh), India. He has almost five years of postdoctoral experience from the Baylor Institute for Immunology Research and UT Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas, Texas, USA, and more than 15 years of research experience in the field of infectious biology, immunology, vaccine, and drug development. He has published more than 30 research papers in highly reputable international journals such as Nature Immunology and Nature Communication. He has reviewed publications and served in an editorial role for several international journals as well.

Affiliations and expertise

Director (R&D), Center for Advanced Biotechnology Research Absolute Foods, Gurugram, Haryana, India

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