Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering

1. Introduction to wastewater microbiology: special emphasis on hospital wastewater

1.1 Introduction

1.2 History of wastewater origin and treatment

1.3 History of microbiology and pathogens discovery

1.4 Antibiotic discovery

1.5 Pharmaceuticals in hospital wastewater

1.6 Presence of pharmacological substances in aquatic environment

1.7 Conclusion and future perspectives

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References

2. Pharmaceutical metabolites and their by-products in hospital wastewater

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Pharmaceutical metabolites and their classification

2.3 Route of entry and fate of pharmaceutical compounds

2.4 Metabolism and transformation mechanism of pharmaceutical compounds

2.5 Ecotoxicity of pharmaceutical compounds

2.6 Detection of pharmaceutical compounds

2.7 Conclusions and perspectives

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3. Physical, chemical, and biological impact (hazard) of hospital wastewater on environment: presence of pharmaceuticals, pathogens, and antibiotic-resistance genes

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Pharmaceuticals and pathogens in hospital wastewater

3.3 The development of antibiotic resistance genes

3.4 The transportation of pharmaceuticals and pathogens in the environment

3.5 The prevention of pharmaceuticals and pathogens into environment

3.6 Conclusions and perspectives

References

4. Microbiology of hospital wastewater

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Microorganisms and pathogens originating from hospital wastewater

4.3 Antibiotic-resistance genes prevalence in environment

4.4 Tools used to identify antibiotic-resistance genes

4.5 Metagenomics of hospital wastewater

4.6 Horizontal gene transfer

4.7 Emerging infectious particles

4.8 Conclusions and perspectives

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5. Fate of pathogens and viruses in hospital wastewater and their treatment methods

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Pathogen surveillance and detection in hospital wastewater

5.3 Types of pathogens present in hospital wastewater

5.4 Treatment methods available for pathogens present in hospital wastewater

5.5 Treated water monitoring and analysis

5.6 Summary

5.7 Conclusions and perspectives

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References

6. Multidrug-resistant genes and pathogenic bacteria in hospital wastewater

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Origin and mechanism of drug resistance

6.3 Antifungal drug resistance

6.4 Antibiotic-resistance bacteria

6.5 Antibiotic-resistance genes

6.6 Conclusions and perspectives

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7. Cancer treatment drugs and endocrine-disrupting chemicals release and fate in hospital wastewater

7.1 Introduction

7.2 List of chemicals released in the hospital wastewater

7.3 Endocrine-disrupting chemicals

7.4 Challenges in hospital wastewater treatment

7.5 Conclusions and perspectives

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8. Pharmaceuticals roles in microbial evolution

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Microbial evolution and adaptation

8.3 Aquatic environment microbiology

8.4 Soil microbiology

8.5 Effect on plants, animals, and humans in long run

8.6 Conclusions and perspectives

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9. Present scenario of antibiotic use in veterinary practice: importance of wastewater microbiology

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Antibiotic released in veterinary applications

9.3 Microbial association with animals

9.4 Dissemination of animal pathogens to environment

9.5 Animal viruses in wastewater

9.6 Recent studies on wastewater associated with animals

9.7 Molecular detection of veterinary pathogens

9.8 Policy interventions in animal health

9.9 Conclusions and perspectives

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10. Bacteriophages isolated from hospital wastewater and its role in controlling drug-resistant pathogens

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Background of bacteriophages (Φ)

10.3 Classification of bacteriophages

10.4 Phages commonly found in hospital wastewater

10.5 Role of phages in drug-resistance gene transfer

10.6 General (vast) applications of bacteriophages in different fields

10.7 Limitations of phage use in real world applications

10.8 Removal of phages from wastewater treatment plant

10.9 Conclusions and perspectives

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11. Development of molecular methods to detect and control emerging drug-resistance pathogens

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Antibiotic-resistance gene-carrying plasmidome in the cultivable microbial community

11.3 Molecular tools/biosensors development for detection

of drug-resistance bacteria and genes

11.4 Recent approaches to control drug resistance development

11.5 Conclusions and perspectives

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12. Riboswitches and aptamers: potential future targets

to control drug-resistant bacteria

12.1 Introduction

12.2 History of riboswitches and aptamers

12.3 Role of riboswitches

12.4 Applications of aptamers

12.5 Engineering bacteria using riboswitches and aptamers

12.6 Conclusions and perspectives

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13. Treatment of wastewater containing pharmaceuticals: biological treatment

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Activated sludge process

13.3 Sequential batch reactor

13.4 Membrane bioreactor

13.5 Fluidized bed biofilm reactor and moving bed biofilm

reactor

13.6 The impact of property of pharmaceuticals on the removal

13.7 Novel methods and advanced treatment options

13.8 Engineering aspects to improve pharmaceuticals removal with biological process of wastewater treatment

13.9 Technical and economical evaluation of biological processes

13.10 Treatment systems for small flows

13.11 Effect of climate change on the microbiology of the biological treatment process in removing the pharmaceuticals

13.12 Conclusions and perspectives

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Further reading

14. Role of chemical treatments in pharmaceuticals degradation and its consequences and environmental risks

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Photocatalysis

14.3 Fenton-type processes

14.4 The electrochemical advance oxidation process

14.5 Treatment of pharmaceutical pollutants by combined wastewater treatment processes

14.6 By-products identification

14.7 Technoeconomic comparison for various hospital wastewater treatment processes

14.8 Challenges in the treatment process

14.9 Conclusion and perspectives

References

Further reading

15. Hospital wastewater treatment scenario around the globe

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Global scenario of hospital wastewater treatment

15.3 Status of hospital wastewater management in developed countries

15.4 Status of hospital wastewater management in developing countries

15.5 Other countries

15.6 Conclusions and perspectives

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16. Guidelines for hospital wastewater discharge

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Guideline of hospital wastewater discharge to municipal sewer

16.3 On-site treatment of hospital wastewater

16.4 Worker’s health and safety principles

16.5 Conclusions and perspectives

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17. Future impacts and trends in treatment of hospital wastewater

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Emerging infectious diseases

17.3 Threats

17.4 Required research action and proposed remedies

17.5 Effect of global warming on pathogens survival

17.6 Conclusions and perspectives

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References