Cu, Zn, Pb, and Ag Deposits

Chapter 1. Comparative Review of the Genesis of the Copper-Lead Sandstone-Type Deposits Introduction Description of the Pb-Zn Sandstone-Type Deposit of Largentière (France) The Hercynian Basement The Pediment Area and the Evaporitic Basin Outline of the Genetic Model Relations Between Largentière and Other Sandstone-Type Deposits Other Trends of Genetic Models of Sandstone Types Genetic Models and Epochs of Concentration Genetic Models and the Origin of Metals General Conlusions ReferencesChapter 2. "Volcanic" Massive Sulphide Deposits and their Host Rocks - A Review and an Explanation Introduction Volcanic Host Rocks Felsic vs. Mafic Magma-Type and Ore Occurrence Local Host-Rock-Ore Relationships Related Plu Tonic Rocks Tectonics Interim Summary of Field and Laboratory Data Problems of Genesis The Geothermal Model Conditions for Convection Size of the Convection Cell Life of the Convection Cell Heat Supply Metal and Sulphur Supply Discussion General Sulphur and Lead Isotopes Evolutionary Trends Summary and Conclusions Note Added in Proof Acknowledgements ReferencesChapter 3. Tectonic Setting of Some Strata-Bound Massive Sulphide Deposits in New South Wales, Australia Introduction Tectonic Setting of Cyprus-Type and Kuroko-Type Strata-Bound Massive Sulphide Deposits Oceanic Metallogenic Unit Volcanic-Rift Metallogenic Unit Development of Some Tectonic Units in Which Strata-Bound Massive Sulphide Deposits Occur in the Palaeozoic Sequences of New South Wales Kanmantoo Pre-Cratonic Metallogenic Province Lachlan Pre-Cratonic Metallogenic Province Description of Some Examples of Strata-Bound Sulphide Deposits in New South Wales Cyprus-Type Deposits Kuroko-Type Deposits Conclusions ReferencesChapter 4. Caledonian Massive Sulphide Deposits in Scandinavia: A Comparative Review Introduction Scandinavian "Volcanogenic" Deposits Economic Importance Mineralogy Major Minerals Minor Minerals Size and Grade of Ore Bodies Elemental Composition Comparisons with Other Ores Survey of History of Genetical Concepts Metamorphism of the Ores Lithostratigraphical Relations of the Ores The Lower Palaeozoic Sequence Nature of the Volcanic Activity Relation to a Plate Tectonic Model Acknowledgments ReferencesChapter 5. Precambrian, Strata-Bound, Massive Cu-Zn-Pb Sulfide Ores of North America Introduction Definition of the Ore Type Location of Deposits in North America Geology of Representative Deposits Ores in Predominantly Volcanic Rocks Ores in Volcano-Sedimentary ("Mixed") Rocks Ores in Predominantly Sedimentary Rocks General Geological Features Nature and Depositional Environment of Host Rocks Sulfide Deposits Metamorphic Effects Effects on Host Rocks Effect on Sulfide Deposits Effects on the Footwall Alteration Zone Genesis Comparison with the Japanese Kuroko Deposits Acknowledgements ReferencesChapter 6. Geology of the Zambian Copperbelt Introduction Regional Setting Sedimentary Basins Basement Complex Katanga Supergroup Nomenclature Acknowledgements Structures of the Zambian Copperbelt The Lufilian Arc The Kafue Anticline Early Recumbent Folds En-Echelon Synclines Cross-Folding Domes Dragfolds Faults Metamorphism Basement Complex Katanga System Basic Intrusives Metamorphic Veins Types of Orebodies Mineralization Distribution of Ore Orebody Descriptions Konkola and Musoshi Basement Complex Katanga System or Supergroup Basal Conglomerate Footwall Quartzite Formation Porous Conglomerate-Sandstone Formation Footwall Conglomerate Banded Shale and Sandstone Formation Barren "Gap" Eastern Margin Konkola Orebody Mineral Zoning Footwall Mineralization Hanging-Wall Formations Upper Roan Mwashia Lower Kundelungu Folding, Faulting, and Metamorphism Chambishi Basement Complex Katanga System or Supergroup Folding and Metamorphism Nchanga Luano Deposit Basement Complex Katanga System or Supergroup Post-Katanga Intrusives Structures Metamorphism Supergene Processes Paleotopography Nkana Basement Complex Katanga System or Supergroup Post-Katanga Intrusives Folding and Metamorphism Metamorphism Roan Antelope and Baluba Basement Complex Katanga System Baluba Folding and Metamorphism Chibuluma and Chibuluma West Basement Complex Katanga System or Supergroup Post-Katanga Intrusives Folding and Metamorphism Supergene Processes Mufulira Mine, Zambia Basement Complex Katanga Supergroup Paleogeography and Depositional Environmen Summary Genesis of the Ore Shale Deposits Grain of the Basemen Footwall Terrestrial Beds Marine Transgression Footwall Conglomerate Bioherms, Plankton, and Sulfides Transgression and Regression Carbonaceous Muds Ore in Basement Karila Bomwe-Musoshi Area Hanging-Wall Sediments Continuity of the Ore Shale Genesis of the Arenaceous Ore Deposits Time and Space Relations to Ore-Shale Deposits The Syngenetic Explanation Evidence of Smaller Sedimentary Features Folding Mineral Zones Transgression and Regression Detrital Reworking Source of the Metals Syngenesis versus Epigenesis Homogeneity of the Mineralization Metal Zoning Barren Bioherms Cross-Bedding Sharp Assay Cut-Offs Diffuse Contacts Mineralized and Barren Clasts Sulfidite Layers Washouts Concretions Ripple Marks ReferencesChapter 7. Kupferschiefer in the German Democratic Republic (GDR) with Special Reference to the Kupferschiefer Deposit in the Southeastern Harz Foreland Introduction Geological-Tectonic Survey of the Kupferschiefer Deposits of the Southeastern Harz Foreland Lithology and Palaeogeography Base of the Kupferschiefer Characteristics of the Kupferschiefer The Upper Permian Limestone (Zechsteinkalk) The "Rote Fäule" Metal Types of the Kupferschiefer and their Distribution in Relation to the Palaeogeographical Situation Ore-Mineral Parageneses of the Kupferschiefer and their Regional Distribution Hematite Type (Paragenesis 1) Covellite-Idaite Type (Paragenesis 2) Chalcosine Type (Paragenesis 3) Bornite-Chalcosine Type (Paragenesis 4) Bornite Type (Paragenesis 5) Bornite-Chalcopyrite Type (Paragenesis 6) Chalcopyrite-Pyrite Type (Paragenesis 7) Galena-Sphalerite-Chalcopyrite Type (Paragenesis 8) Galena-Sphalerite Type (paragenesis 9) Pyrite Type (paragenesis 10) Regularities in the Occurrence of Non-Ferrous Metals, Trace Metals, and Ore Minerals Investigation of Major and Trace Metals Physicochemical Regularities Effectiveness of Some Adsorbents in the Metal Concentration at Stronger Eh-potentials Effectiveness of Some Adsorbents in the Metal Concentration Independent of Eh-potentials History and Present Position Concerning the Genesis of the Kupferschiefer Conclusions ReferencesChapter 8. Sabkha and Tidal-Flat Facies Control of Stratiform Copper Deposits in North Texas Introduction Regional setting Stratigraphy Depositional Systems Copper Breaks and Old Glory Fluvial-Deltaic Systems Copper Breaks Deltaic System Old Glory Fluvial-Deltaic System Buzzard Peak and Cedar Mountain Tidal-Flat Systems Buzzard Peak Sand-Rich Tidal-Flat System Cedar Mountain Mud-Rich Tidal-Flat System Blaine Sabkha and Tidal-Flat System Depositional History Copper Mineralization Mineral Assemblage Distribution of Copper Mineralization Paragenesis Origin of Copper Mineralization Sabkha-Diagenetic Model Epigenetic Models Evaluation of Mineralization Models Summary and Conclusions Acknowledgements Appendix Methods ReferencesChapter 9. Carbonate-Hosted Lead-Zinc Deposits Introduction Mississippi Valley Type Alpine Type Discussion ReferencesChapter 10. Tri-State Ore Deposits: The Character of their Host Rocks and their Genesis Introduction Stratigraphy Structure General Features of the Ore Deposits Runs Circles Blankets or Sheets Mineralogy and Paragenesis Host Rock Character Limestones Bioherms Chert Karst Features Dolomite Jasperoid Genesis ReferencesChapter 11. Appalachian Zinc-Lead Deposits Introduction Shallow-Water Marine Carbonate Host Rocks Paleokarst and Paleoaquifer Environments Mineralization Austin Ville (Virginia) Friedensville (Pennsylvania) Stratigraphy East Tennessee Embreeville Powell River District Evanston District Mascot-Jefferson City and Copper Ridge Districts The Ore Environment Coarse Rock Matrix Breccias Fine Rock Matrix Breccias Inflation Breccias Ore Breccias Central Tennessee Genesis ReferencesChapter 12. The Mcarthur Zinc-Lead-Silver Deposit: Features, Metallogenesis and Comparisons with Some Other Stratiform Ores Introduction Scope Regional Geology, Northern Australia Stratigraphy and Depositional Environments, Mcarthur Area Myrtle Shale Mara Dolomite Mitchell Yard Dolomite Teena Dolomite W-Fold Shale H.Y.C. Pyritic Shale Cooley Dolomite Reward Dolomite Structure General Features of the Mcarthur Deposit Size Orebodies and Inter-Ore Beds Orebodies, 547 - Inter-Ore Beds Mineral Relationships in the Orebodies Pyrite Sphalerite Galena Minor Sulphide Minerals Geochemistry of the Orebodies Zinc and Lead Iron Silver Copper Arsenic Cadmium Mercury Antimony Thallium Other Elements Minor Mineralization in the Mcarthur Area H.Y.C. Pyritic Shale Cooley Dolomite Other Dolomite Units, Batten Trough Shelf Sequences to East and West of Batten Troug Mineral Dispersions Around Mcarthur Deposit Sulphides Non-Sulphides Geochemical Dispersion Haloes Around Mcarthur Deposit Elements With Dispersion Haloes Other Elements Isotope Data Sulphur Isotopes Lead Isotopes Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Data Genesis of Mcarthur Deposit Arguments Against A Replacement Origin Consideration of Volcano-Exhalative Metal Sources Consideration of Metal Sources Unrelated to Volcanism Sources of Non-Biogenic Sulphur Significance of Structures and Organic Matter in Transport and Entrapment of Metals Temperature Limits Consideration of Low-Copper Content Genesis of Minor Deposits Comparisons with Other Stratiform Ores of Volcano-Sedimentary Associations "McArthur-type" Pb-Zn-Ag Deposits of Australia Possible "McArthur-type" Deposits of Other Countries Other Ore Types Conclusions Acknowledgements References