CRISPR for Climate-Smart and Sustainable Agriculture

CRISPR for Climate-Smart and Sustainable Agriculture summarizes the current genome editing technology being used in food and energy crops. It presents methods and applications of CRISPR tools for breeding climate-smart and stress-tolerant crops that are better able to resist biotic and abiotic stressors due to climate change.

Gene editing tools are increasingly seen as options for improving plant health and productivity. CRISPR is one such emerging and quickly advancing crucial technology for the research field of plant physiology, plant molecular biology, and crop breeding. CRISPR for Climate-Smart and Sustainable Agriculture focuses on genetic engineering using CRISPR technology for precision breeding of crops to achieve climate resilience, stress tolerance, and higher yield. Organized by specific plant challenges, this book presents expert insights from around the globe, providing updated knowledge of CRISPR with an emphasis on facing climate change and supporting sustainable agriculture.

This volume in the Genome Modified Plants and Microbes in Food and Agriculture series will be valuable for researchers, academics, and advanced-level students seeking to understand and advance the use of CRISPR technologies toward the UN Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Climate Agreement.

Title of Book
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
About the editor
Chapter 1. CRISPR technologies for climate-smart and sustainable agriculture: An updated overview
Introduction
Principles of climate-smart agriculture
Increase in climatic temperature
Novel paths to deplete greenhouse effects
Climatic adaptation
Climate-smart food supply
Effect of climate change on agriculture
Introduction to climate-smart agricultural technologies
Genetic engineering and genome editing: History and evolution
Genome editing: Overview, types, and mechanisms
ZFNs
TALENs
CRISPR-Cas
CRISPR/Cas-associated gene editing in plant systems
Yield advancement
Quality enhancement
Biotic stress tolerance
Abiotic stress resistance
Public perception and conclusion
Chapter 2. CRISPR plants for studying functional genomics: Methods and applications
A brief introduction to plant functional genomics
Strategies for precision gene targeting: From RNAi to CRISPR/Cas
Unveiling the diversity of CRISPR/Cas systems
Cas12a: The first robust alternative to Cas9
Reaching farther into the Cas12 family
OMEGA system: Digging into the origins of CRISPR/Cas
Cas13: An alternative for RNA editing
Adapting CRISPR/Cas for next-level genome manipulations
Delivery of CRISPR/Cas component in plants
Genetic transformation
Methods for DNA-free editing
Protoplast transfection
Virus-induced genome editing
Nanoparticles
Strategies toward the recovery of transgene-free edited plants
Eliminating transgenes via genetic segregation
Transient expression of editing components
Genome editing coupled with haploid induction
Applications of gene editing in plant functional genomics and crop breeding
Multiplexing and high-throughput CRISPR
Introducing genetic variation
Directed evolution
Transcriptional and translational modulation
De novo domestication
Gene editing in plastids and mitochondria
Regulation of genome editing and future perspectives
Chapter 3. CRISPR plants for studying growth and development: Methods and applications
Introduction
Methodologies for CRISPR plant research
Guide RNA design
Chopchop
CRISPR RGEN tools
Crispor
CRISPR-local
WheatCRISPR
Delivery of Cas9 nucleases
Off-target effects and mitigation
Applications of CRISPR in plant growth and development
Gene knock-out and knock-in strategies
Study of regulatory elements and gene function in different tissues and organs
Enhancement of plant resistance and tolerance to phytopathogen infection
Enhancement of plant tolerance to abiotic stresses
Virus-based CRISPR-CAS9 system
Ethical considerations and risks
Responsible use of CRISPR in plant research
Potential risks and challenges
Conclusion and future prospects
Chapter 4. CRISPR technologies for crop improvement: An updated overview and future perspective
Introduction
Gene editing and transcriptional regulation employing CRISPR
gRNA arrays transcription and processing
Assembly methods for extremely repetitive gRNA arrays
Complex genetic engineering and multigene targeting
Prime editing system for accurate processing of the plant genome
Editing of bases for crop augmentation
Creating genetically stable DNA-free CRISPR-edited plants
Studies of abiotic and biotic stress-related genes in crop plants
Conclusion
Chapter 5. CRISPR plants for studying signal transduction pathways: Methods and applications
Introduction to CRISPR in plant research
Understanding signal transduction pathways in plants
Hormone signaling pathways
Stress response pathways
Photoreceptor pathways
Methods for CRISPR editing in plants
Designing guide RNA (gRNA)
Constructing CRISPR/Cas9 vectors
Delivery of CRISPR components
Agrobacterium-mediated transformation
Particle bombardment (biolistics)
Protoplast transfection
Regeneration and screening of transgenic plants
Explant selection and preparation
Callus induction
Shoot and root formation
Molecular screening
Protein expression analysis
Phenotypic screening
Applications of CRISPR in signal transduction pathway studies
Gene knockout studies
Gene editing for functional analysis
Integration of reporter genes
Investigation of regulatory elements
Pathway mapping and interaction studies
Challenges and considerations
Technical improvements
Regulatory alignment
Ethical and social engagement
Environmental stewardship
Off-target effects and precision
Regulatory and ethical issues
Public acceptance and environmental impact
Future prospects and innovations
Conclusion
Chapter 6. CRISPR technologies for obtaining abiotic stress-tolerant plants
Introduction
Abiotic stresses and plants' response
CRISPR technology: An overview for plant genome modifications
Positive regulatory strategies for stress tolerance
uORF gene editing
Promoter engineering
CRISPR-operative technology
Negative regulatory strategies for stress tolerance
NHEJ-based knock-out of targeted genes
Precision editing
HDR-mediated stress resistance
NHEJ-based targeted gene substitution
Base editing–oriented resistance development against abiotic stresses
Challenges or limitations
Conclusion and future perspectives
Chapter 7. CRISPR plants against multi-stressors under global climate change: Methods and applications
Introduction
CRISPR technology: Fundamentals and advancements
Principles of CRISPR/cas systems
Recent developments in CRISPR technology
Applications of CRISPR in plant genome editing
Multi-stressors in the context of global climate change
Understanding multi-stressors and their impact on plant growth
Effects of global climate change on plant stress responses
CRISPR-mediated strategies for multistressor tolerance
Engineering stress-tolerant traits in crop plants
Targeting multiple stress response pathways using CRISPR
Enhancing crop resilience to climate change through CRISPR
Challenges and future directions
Navigating regulatory and ethical terrain in CRISPR-edited crops
Limitations and potential risks of CRISPR technology
Future prospects for CRISPR plants in addressing multi-stressors
Conclusion
Chapter 8. CRISPR plants against heat stress: Methods and applications
Introduction
How CRISPR/Cas9 works
Mechanism of acquired thermotolerance in plants
Heat-stress impact on plant
CRISPR/Cas heat-stress applications
Limitation of CRISPR/Cas9
Conclusion
Chapter 9. CRISPR plants against cold stress: Methods and applications
Cold stress response in plants
How cold stress affects plant growth and survival
How plants cope with cold stress
CRISPR–Cas system for plant genome editing
Current status of CRISPR plants against cold stress
Future perspective of methods and applications
Chapter 10. Enhancing plant resilience: CRISPR techniques for mitigating salt stress
Introduction
Impact of salt stress on plants
Mechanisms behind the physiological responses to salt
Constraints of CRISPR system and most likely solution
An overview of CRISPR/Cas9-based genome-editing technology for salinity stress tolerance
CRISPR/Cas system
Plant responses to salt stress using CRISPR tools
Impact of salt stress on plant systems
Utilizing CRISPR for alleviating salinity-induced stress
Chapter 11. CRISPR plants against drought stress: Methods and applications
Introduction
Effects of drought stress on plants
General mechanisms of CRISPR
CRISPR-based gene editing methods
Applications of CRISPR in drought stress research
CRISPR plants and hormone regulation against drought stress
Impacts of CRISPR on plant productivity against drought
Limitations of CRISPR system
Future prospects
Conclusion
Chapter 12. CRISPR plants against osmotic stress: Methods and applications
Introduction
Impacts on plants due to osmotic stress
Drought stress tolerance
Salinity stress tolerance
CRISPR/Cas9-based genome-editing technology for osmotic stress tolerance in crops
Application of CRISPR in drought stress mitigation
Application of CRISPR in salinity stress mitigation
Genome-editing–driven strategies for abiotic stress tolerance
Advantages and limitations of genome-editing approach over breeding and transgenic technologies
Conclusion
Chapter 13. CRISPR plants against oxidative stress: Methods and applications
Introduction
Combat mechanism to curb the oxidative damage
Gene database
Emergence of CRISPR-CAS technology in genome editing
CRISPR-CAS and its composition
Modes of action by CRISPR
Generating a knockout using CRISPR
Improving the efficacy with high-fidelity enzymes and nickases
Double-strand break-free CRISPR base editing
Target gene activation or repression using CRISPR
Epigenetic alterations through CRISPR
Using CRISPR for multifaceted genome engineering
Genome-wide screens using CRISPR
In silico tool for design CRISPR-CAS design and additional alterations
CRISPR-CAS application to fight against oxidative stress due to abiotic factors
CRISPR-CAS application for the heat and drought-induced oxidative stress
CRISPR-CAS application for drought and salinity-induced oxidative stress
CRISPR-CAS application for salinity-induced oxidative stress
CRISPR-CAS application for the multiple abiotic stressors induced oxidative stress
Biotic factors–mediated oxidative stress alleviation through CRISPR-CAS technology
Conclusion and prospects
Chapter 14. CRISPR plants against heavy metal and metalloid stresses: Methods and applications
Introduction
Metal stress and metalloid stress in plants
Uptake of metals transmission and accumulation in plants
Source and impact of metals on plants
General biotechnological methods involved in enhancing the ability of plant-metal tolerance
CRISPR technology and its utilization
CRISPR technology and metal tolerance in plants
Conclusion and prospects
Index

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

Social Sciences & Humanities

Health

CRISPR for Climate-Smart and Sustainable Agriculture

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Jen-Tsung Chen

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