Cornea, 2-Volume Set

5th Edition - March 5, 2021
Authors: Mark J Mannis, Edward J Holland
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 6 7 2 4 0 - 5
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 6 7 4 7 2 - 0
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 7 1 1 4 2 - 5

The only reference available that synthesizes this vast subspecialty into a single trustworthy resource, Cornea, 5th Edition, provides state-of-the-art coverage of the expanding… Read more

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The only reference available that synthesizes this vast subspecialty into a single trustworthy resource, Cornea, 5th Edition, provides state-of-the-art coverage of the expanding range of contemporary corneal surgery, new diagnostic and imaging technologies, and medical management of corneal and external disease as well as ocular surface disease. Drs. Mark J. Mannis, Edward J. Holland, and a team of more than 200 global experts keep you up to date with both common and more obscure diseases and disorders and the best route to effective treatment and management, making this two-volume text a must-have resource for residents and fellows, general ophthalmologists, and seasoned cornea specialists.

Instructions for online access
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Preface
Acknowledgments
Dedication
Acknowledgments to the Founding Editors
List of Contributors
VOLUME I. FUNDAMENTALS, DIAGNOSIS, AND MANAGEMENT
PART I. Basic Science: Cornea, Sclera, Ocular Adnexa Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathophysiologic Responses
1. Cornea and Sclera: Anatomy and Physiology
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology
Development of the Anterior Eye Segment
2. The Conjunctiva: Anatomy and Physiology
Embryology
Anatomy
Histology
Vascular Supply
Lymphatic Drainage
Nerve Supply
Normal Flora
Physiology of the Conjunctiva
3. Tear Film
Macrostructure and Function
Evaluation of the Tear Film
Microstructure
Tear Production
4. Eyelids and the Corneal Surface
Introduction
Anatomy
5. A Matrix of Pathologic Responses in the Cornea
Anatomic Regions of the Cornea
General Pathologic Responses of the Cornea
Specific Pathologic Responses of the Cornea
Pathologic Responses of the Corneal Epithelium
Pathologic Responses of the Subepithelial Zone
Pathologic Responses of the Corneal Stroma
Pathologic Responses of the Corneal Endothelium and Descemet Membrane
The Immune Response: Components and Reactions in the Eye
Soluble Mediators/Receptors of Inflammation
Tissue Components of the Ocular Immune System
Cell-Mediated Immune Response
Humoral (Antibody-Mediated) Immune Response
Anterior Chamber–Associated Immune Deviation
Immune Hypersensitivity Reactions
Examining and Imaging the Cornea and External Eye
SECTION 1. Basic Evaluation of the Cornea and External Eye
6. Examination of the Lids
General Principles
History of the Patient
Dermatologic Examination
Eyelid Position
Tear Meniscus and Puncta
Anterior Eyelid
Posterior Eyelid
Meibomian Gland Expression
Mucocutaneous Junction
Meibomian Gland Imaging
7. Slit Lamp Examination and Photography
Section I: Examination
Section II: Photography
8. Tear Film and Corneal Diagnostic Techniques
Introduction
Dry Eye Questionnaires
General Inspection
Slit Lamp Examination
Tear Stability
Corneal Staining
Tear Production and Volume
Meibomian Gland Health
Tear Clearance Tests
Point-of-Care Tests
Devices Used in the Assessment of Dry Eye Disease
Conclusion
SECTION 2. Laboratory Investigations
9. Practical Ophthalmic Microbiology for the Detection of Corneal Pathogens
Introduction
Communication: Ophthalmologist and Laboratory
Corneal Specimen Collection
Stains and Cytology Specimens
Bacterial Laboratory Diagnosis
Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing
Laboratory Diagnosis of Fungal Infection
Laboratory Detection of Acanthamoeba and Microsporidia
Laboratory Diagnosis of Adenovirus Infection
Laboratory Testing for Herpes Simplex Virus
Laboratory Testing for Varicella-Zoster Virus, Cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr Virus
Laboratory Testing for Chlamydia
Laboratory Diagnosis: Unusual Requests
Summary
10. Molecular Genetics of Corneal Disease
Review of Genetics and Human Disease
Techniques Used to Identify Disease-Causing Genes
Disease-Causing Mutations Versus Non–Disease-Causing Sequence Variations
Epithelial and Subepithelial Corneal Dystrophies
Epithelial-Stromal TGFBI Dystrophies
Stromal Dystrophies
Endothelial Dystrophies
Other Conditions
Conclusion
SECTION 3. Imaging Techniques of the Cornea
11. Keratometry and Topography
Keratometry
Corneal Topography
Topographic Maps
Applications
Conclusion
12. Corneal Shape Analysis and Biomechanical Assessment
Scheimpflug Principle
Three-Dimensional Image—Cornea and Lens Densitometry (Backscatter)
Elevation Maps—Enhanced Elevation
Cone Location
Displaced Apex Syndrome
Enhanced Reference Surface
Comprehensive Corneal Thickness Evaluation
Spatial Variation of Corneal Thickness
Segmental Tomography
Corneal Biomechanical Assessment
Conclusion
13. Specular Microscopy
Optical Principles of Specular Microscopy
Patient Preparation
Standardization of Imaging Techniques
Instrumentation
Qualitative Specular Microscopy
Quantitative Specular Microscopy
Specular Microscopy in Clinical Trials and the Value of a Reading Center
Clinical Applications for Specular Microscopy
Summary
14. Confocal Microscopy
Background
In Vivo Confocal Imaging
Applications
Imaging Corneal Collagen Using Second Harmonic Generated Signals
Normal Human Corneal Stromal Collagen Organization
Collagen Organization in Keratoconus Corneas
Combining in Vivo and Second Harmonic Generated Confocal Imaging
Conclusion
15. Clinical Applications of Confocal Microscopy
Introduction
Normal Exam
Infectious Keratitis
Acanthamoeba Keratitis
Fungal Keratitis
Corneal Dystrophies
Keratoconus
Endothelium Evaluation
Corneal Surgery and Wound Healing
Corneal Disease
Corneal Nerves
Dry Eye
Corneal/Conjunctival Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Systemic Diseases
Conclusion
Declaration of Interests
16. High-Resolution Ultrasound
Ultrasound Biomicroscopy: High-Resolution Ultrasound
Examination Techniques With Ultrasound Biomicroscopy
Use of Ultrasound Biomicroscopy in Disease
Summary
17. Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography
Introduction
Detection and Classification of Keratoconus and Other Corneal Irregularities
Refractive Surgery Evaluation
Corneal Power Measurement and Intraocular Lens Power Calculation
Corneal Opacities
Cornea Transplant
Refractive Implants
Ocular Surface and Iris Tumors
Other Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography Applications
PART III. Differential Diagnosis of Selected Problems in Cornea and External Eye Disease
18. Congenital Corneal Opacities: Diagnosis and Management
Background
History and Physical Examination
Sclerocornea (S TUMPED)
Tears in the Endothelium and Descemet Membrane (S T UMPED)
Corneal Ulcers and Inflammation (ST U MPED)
Metabolic Diseases (STU M PED)
Miscellaneous Syndromes
Posterior Corneal Defects (STUM P ED)
Endothelial Dystrophy (STUMP E D)
Dermoids (STUMPE D)
Corneal Keloids
19. Peripheral Corneal Disease
The Peripheral Cornea: Susceptibility and Response to Disease
Congenital/Developmental/Inherited Disorders of the Peripheral Cornea
Inflammatory/Autoimmune Disorders of the Peripheral Cornea
Neoplastic Disorders of the Peripheral Cornea
Degenerative Disorders of the Peripheral Cornea
Infectious Disorders of the Peripheral Cornea
20. Evaluation of the Corneal Ulcer
History
Clinical Exam
Testing—Corneal Smears and Cultures
Treatment
Conclusion
21. Evaluation of Recurrent Corneal Erosions
Introduction
Presentation
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Ancillary Diagnostic Testing
22. Corneal Deposits
Superficial Deposits
Stromal Deposits
Deep Stromal Deposits
23. The Red Eye
History
Identifying Abnormalities in the Ocular Structures
Recognizing Distinctive Ocular Signs
Constructing a Differential Diagnosis
Conclusion
PART IV. Eye Banking
24. Eye Banking: Structure and Function
Eye Banking: Past and Present
Tissue Acquisition
Donor Screening and Authorization
Recovery
Tissue Preservation and Storage
Tissue Evaluation and Suitability
Donor Eligibility
Tissue Processing and Distribution
Facilities, Equipment, Instruments, and Supplies
Quality Assurance
Future Considerations
25. Medical Standards for Eye Banking
Eye Bank Association of America Medical Standards
Federal and State Regulations
Standards Relating to Safety of Tissue
Recalls and Market Withdrawals
Primary Graft Failure
Mechanical and Optical Integrity
Future Challenges and Opportunities
The Ocular Adnexa
SECTION 1. Diseases of the Lid: Anatomic Abnormalities
26. Malposition of the Eyelids
Entropion
Ectropion
Trichiasis and Distichiasis
Floppy Eyelid Syndrome
Giant Fornix Syndrome
Lid Imbrication Syndrome
Lagophthalmos
Eyelid Retraction
SECTION 2. Diseases of the Lid: Tumors, Inflammation, and Infection
27. Benign Lid Tumors
Histology of the Eyelid Skin
Approach to Diagnosis and Management
Benign Tumors of the Epidermis
Benign Tumors of the Dermis
Benign Tumors of the Eyelid Adnexa
Benign Melanocytic Lesions
Conclusion
28. Malignant Eyelid Tumors
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Premalignant Lesions
Epidemiology and Differential Diagnosis
Xeroderma Pigmentosum
Muir-Torre Syndrome
Summary
29. Blepharitis: Overview and Classification
Classification
Differential Diagnosis
Management
30. Eyelid Infections
Viral Infections
Bacterial Infections
Fungal Infections
Parasitic Eyelid Infections
SECTION 3. Disorders of Tear Production and the Lacrimal System
31. Dry Eye Overview: Classification and Treatment Algorithm
Definition
Pathophysiology
Classification Scheme
Dry Eye Diagnostic Algorithms and Management Guidelines
Conclusion
32. Aqueous Deficiency Dry Eye Syndrome
Pathophysiology
Sjögren Syndrome Dry Eye
Secondary Lacrimal Gland Deficiencies
Diagnosis
33. Meibomian Gland Dysfunction and Evaporative Dry Eye
Normal Anatomy of the Meibomian Glands
Terminology
Physiology/Pathophysiology
Classification of Meibomian Gland Dysfunction
Diagnosis of Meibomian Gland Dysfunction
Associated Conditions
Animal Models of Meibomian Gland Dysfunction
Lipid Composition and Behavior of Human Meibomian Secretion
Role of Microorganisms
Treatment
Conclusion
34. Dacryoadenitis, Dacryocystitis, and Canaliculitis
Dacryoadenitis
Dacryocystitis
Canaliculitis
35. Epiphora
Introduction
Etiology
Differential Diagnosis
Evaluation
Treatment
Summary
The Conjunctiva
SECTION 1. Conjunctivitis
36. Conjunctivitis: An Overview and Classification
Conjunctival Injection
Conjunctivitis
Acute Conjunctivitis
Chronic Conjunctivitis
37. Bacterial Conjunctivitis
Introduction
Acute Conjunctivitis
Hyperacute Bacterial Conjunctivitis
Chronic Conjunctivitis
Conclusion
38. Viral Conjunctivitis
DNA Viruses
RNA Viruses
39. Chlamydial Infections
Introduction
Biology
Laboratory Tests for Chlamydia
Trachoma
Neonatal Inclusion Conjunctivitis
Adult Inclusion Conjunctivitis
Lymphogranuloma Venereum
Chlamydia Psittaci and Chlamydia Pneumoniae
Conclusion
40. Ophthalmia Neonatorum
Pathogenesis and Assessment of Risk
The Role of Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Causes of Neonatal Conjunctivitis
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment
Ocular Prophylaxis
41. Parinaud Oculoglandular Syndrome
History
Directed Work-Up
Individual Etiologies
42. Seasonal and Perennial Allergic Conjunctivitis
Introduction
Clinical Findings
Pathophysiology
Local Treatments
Systemic Treatments
Future Developments
Conclusion
43. Vernal and Atopic Keratoconjunctivitis
Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis
Atopic Keratoconjunctivitis
44. Giant Papillary Conjunctivitis
Symptoms and Signs
Histopathology and Immunopathology
Pathophysiology
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
45. Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid
Introduction
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Ocular Manifestations
Management of Ocular Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid
Conclusion
46. Erythema Multiforme, Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis
Introduction
History
Classification
Incidence
Clinical Findings
Recurrent Disease
Differential Diagnosis
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Histopathology
Eye
Management
Conclusion
47. Toxic Conjunctivitis
Introduction
Toxicity Versus Allergy
Toxic Keratoconjunctivitis Related to Topical Medications
Other Causes of Toxic Keratoconjunctivitis
Therapeutic Considerations
48. Superior Limbic Keratoconjunctivitis
Introduction and Epidemiology
Clinical Presentation
Etiology
Histopathology
Treatment Modalities
Differential Diagnosis
Summary
49. Ligneous Conjunctivitis
Epidemiology
Clinical Findings
Pathophysiology/Histopathology
Etiology
Treatment
50. Conjunctivochalasis
Introduction
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Management
Conclusion
SECTION 2. Conjunctival Disease: Tumors
51. Epithelial Tumors of the Conjunctiva
Benign Tumefactions
Malignant Tumefactions
52. Medical and Surgical Management of Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia
Initial Considerations
Role of Optical Coherence Tomography in Diagnosis and Management of Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia
Choice of Treatment Modality for Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia
Medical Management of Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia
Surgical Management of Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia
Role of Optical Coherence Tomography During Treatment and Surveillance of Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia
53. Melanocytic Neoplasms of the Conjunctiva
Introduction
Clinical and Histopathologic Features of Conjunctival Melanocytic Lesions
Management of Conjunctival Melanocytic Lesions
54. Subepithelial Tumors of the Conjunctiva
Congenital Lesions
Reactive, Degenerative, and Inflammatory Lesions
Neoplastic Lesions
Other Subconjunctival Neoplastic Lesions
Diseases of the Cornea
SECTION 1. Developmental Abnormalities of Cornea
55. Developmental Corneal Anomalies of Size and Shape
Absence of the Cornea
Anomalies of Size
Anomalies of Shape
Congenital Anterior Staphyloma and Keratectasia
56. Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome
Terminology
Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome
57. Peters Anomaly
Peters Anomaly
SECTION 2. Corneal Manifestations of Systemic Disease and Therapies
58. Corneal Manifestations of Metabolic Diseases
Introduction
Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism
Lysosomal Storage Disorders
Disorders of Lipid and Lipoprotein Metabolism
Disorders of Glycosaminoglycan and Lipid Metabolism
Disorders of Amino Acid, Nucleic Acid, and Protein Metabolism
59. Skeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders With Anterior Segment Manifestations
Classification of Skeletal Disorders
Treatment of Ocular and Corneal Abnormalities in Skeletal Disorders
60. Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis and Other Systemic Inflammatory Diseases
Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Whipple Disease
Chronic Granulomatous Disease
Kawasaki Disease
61. Nutritional Disorders
Metabolism of Vitamin A
Historical Considerations
Classification and Clinical Manifestations of Xerophthalmia
Interactions With Other Factors
Epidemiology
Treatment
Other Nutritional Deficiencies
Summary
62. Hematologic Diseases and Malignancies
Basics of Hematology
Anemia
Leukemia
Bruton Agammaglobulinemia
Plasma Cell Disorders
Differential Diagnosis of the Crystalline Keratopathies
63. Endocrine Disease and the Cornea
Diabetes Mellitus
Parathyroid Disease
Thyroid Disease
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia
64. Dermatologic Disorders and the Cornea
Inflammatory and Papulosquamous Disorders
Immunobullous Disorders
Genetic Disorders
Miscellaneous Disorders
Summary
65. Infectious Disease: Ocular Manifestations
Emerging Infections
Established Infections
66. Corneal and External Ocular Infections in Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Viral Infections
Other Viruses
Summary
67. Ocular Graft-Versus-Host Disease
Introduction
Pathophysiology of Acute and Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease
Ocular Graft-Versus-Host Disease
Conjunctival Disease
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca/Dry Eye Syndrome
Management of Ocular Graft-Versus-Host Disease
68. Corneal Manifestations of Local and Systemic Therapies
Topical Ophthalmic Medications
Surgical Solutions
Systemic Therapies
Conclusion
SECTION 3. Corneal Dystrophies, Ectatic Disorders, and Degenerations
69. Corneal Dystrophy Classification
History
Corneal Dystrophy Definition
Corneal Dystrophy Classification in the Literature
Shortcomings of Corneal Dystrophy Nomenclature and Classification
The Impact of Genotyping on Corneal Dystrophy Nomenclature
The International Committee for Classification of Corneal Dystrophies
The IC3D Classification—an Anatomically Based Classification System
The IC3D Category System to Denote the Evolution of a Corneal Dystrophy
The IC3D Templates
Changes from 2008 to 2015 IC3D
Summary
70. Anterior Corneal Dystrophies
Epithelial Corneal Dystrophies
Epithelial Basement Membrane Dystrophy (IC3D, EBMD, Some Category 1)
Corneal Dystrophies of Bowman Layer
71. The Stromal Dystrophies
Granular Corneal Dystrophy
Lattice Corneal Dystrophy
Macular Corneal Dystrophy
Schnyder Corneal Dystrophy
Fleck Corneal Dystrophy
Central Cloudy Dystrophy of François
Posterior Amorphous Corneal Dystrophy
Congenital Stromal Corneal Dystrophy
Pre-Descemet Corneal Dystrophy
72. Descemet Membrane and Endothelial Dystrophies
Posterior Polymorphous Corneal Dystrophy
Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy
Congenital Hereditary Endothelial Dystrophy
X-Linked Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy
73. Noninflammatory Ectatic Disorders
Keratoconus
Pellucid Marginal Degeneration
Keratoglobus
Posterior Keratoconus
74. Iridocorneal Endothelial Syndrome
History and Background
Clinical Features
Etiology
Clinical Course
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Summary
75. Corneal and Conjunctival Degenerations
Corneal Degenerations
Conjunctival Degenerations
SECTION 4. Corneal Infections
76. Bacterial Keratitis
Introduction
Epidemiology
Host Defense and Risk Factors
Pathogenesis
Natural History
Presentation
Differential Diagnosis
Clinical Examination
Specific Bacterial Ulcers
Laboratory Investigation
Other Diagnostic Tools
Specific Therapeutic Agents and Resistance Patterns
Strategies for Initial Management
Modification of Therapy
Therapy for Complicated Cases
Surgical Management
Prevention and Early Detection
Counseling and Referral
77. Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Keratitis
Overview
Classification
Risk Factors
Clinical Features
Laboratory Diagnosis
Medical Treatment
Surgical Treatment
78. Herpes Simplex Keratitis
Viral Structure and Classification
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
79. Herpes Zoster Keratitis
Epidemiology
Clinical Disorders
Diagnosis of Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus
80. Less Common Viral Corneal Infections
DNA Viruses
RNA Viruses
81. Fungal Keratitis
Introduction
Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Risk Factors
Clinical Features
Laboratory Diagnosis
Medical Therapy
Surgical Therapy
Prognosis
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
Acanthamoeba and Other Parasitic Corneal Infections
Acanthamoeba Keratitis
Other Parasitic Corneal Infections
83. Corneal Diseases in the Developing World
Global Data on Corneal Blindness
Causes of Corneal Blindness
Xerophthalmia
Trachoma
Onchocerciasis
Leprosy
Ophthalmia Neonatorum
Corneal Trauma
Infectious Keratitis
Traditional Eye Medicines
Keratoconus
Corneal Dystrophies
Keratoplasty
Models for Tackling Corneal Blindness
Conclusion
SECTION 5. Interstitial Keratitis
84. Syphilitic Keratitis
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Stromal Keratitis of Congenital Syphilis
Stromal Keratitis of Acquired Syphilis
Syphilitic Keratopathy
Laboratory Investigation
Management
85. Nonsyphilitic Interstitial Keratitis
Nonsyphilitic Bacterial Infections Associated with Interstitial Keratitis
Parasitic Infections Associated with Interstitial Keratitis
Viral Infections
Cogan Syndrome
SECTION 6. Noninfectious Keratopathy
86. Filamentary Keratitis
Introduction
Background
Pathophysiology
Associated Conditions
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
Summary
87. Superficial Punctate Keratitis of Thygeson
History
Epidemiology
Disease Course and Clinical Manifestations
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Pathogenesis
88. Neurotrophic Keratitis
Clinical Causes
Biochemical Basis
Clinical Findings
Histopathologic Findings
Clinical Evaluation
Management
Summary
89. Factitious Keratoconjunctivitis
Introduction
Factitious Disorders Defined
Miscellaneous Types of Self-Induced Trauma
Topical Anesthetic Abuse
SECTION 7. Immunologic Disorders of the Cornea
90. Corneal Disease in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Introduction
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
Conclusion
91. Corneal Disease Associated With Nonrheumatoid Collagen-Vascular Disease
The Collagenoses
The Vasculitides
Conclusion
92. Phlyctenular Keratoconjunctivitis and Marginal Staphylococcal Keratitis
Phlyctenular Keratoconjunctivitis
Staphylococcal Marginal Keratitis
93. Mooren Ulcer
Introduction
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Additional Surgery
Prognosis
Summary
SECTION 8. Corneal Trauma
94. Mechanical Injury
Approach to the Patient With a Corneal Injury
Abrading Injuries
Blunt Trauma
Injuries Caused by Radiant Energy
Thermal Burns
Foreign Body Injuries
Clinical Signs and Findings
Stings
95. Chemical and Thermal Injuries of the Eye
Introduction
Epidemiology of Chemical Eye Injuries
Etiology of Chemical Injury: Causative Agents
Emergency Management
Acute Management
Emergency Surgery
Chronic Phase
Glaucoma Management
Future Therapies
Conclusion
96. Corneal Complications of Intraocular Surgery
Epithelial Complications
Thermal Burns
Descemet Membrane Tear/Detachment
Infectious Keratitis
Endothelial Injury
Incidence
Histopathology of Aphakic Bullous Keratopathy and Pseudophakic Bullous Keratopathy
Pathogenesis
Brown-Mclean Syndrome
Toxic Anterior Segment Syndrome
Specific Etiologic Factors in Aphakic Bullous Keratopathy and Pseudophakic Bullous Keratopathy
Treatment
Future Considerations
97. External Eye Manifestations of Biological and Chemical Warfare
Background
Mechanism of Attack
Warning Signs
Biological Diseases
Chemical Agents
SECTION 9. Contact Lenses
98. Contact Lens Applications in Corneal Disease
Introduction
Contact Lens Materials: Historical Overview
Soft Lens Innovations
Contact Lenses As Bandage Lenses
Therapeutic Uses for Contact Lenses
Contact Lenses for Drug Delivery
Irregular Cornea and Ectasia
Wavefront Customized Contact Lens Designs
Contact Lens Correction for Vision Correction After Surgery
Contact Lens Correction After Refractive Surgery
Prosthetic Contact Lenses
Summary
99. Complications of Contact Lens Wear
Introduction
Patient History
Abrasions
Infections
Contact Lens-Induced Keratopathy
Giant Papillary Conjunctivitis and Other Allergies
Dry Eyes
Hypoxia
Corneal Warpage
Contact Lens-Induced Limbal Stem Cell Deficiency
Conclusion
The Sclera and Anterior Uvea
SECTION 1. Disorders of the Sclera
100. Episcleritis
Anatomy
Incidence
Clinical Manifestations
Course
Differential Diagnosis
Pathology
Imaging
Angiography
Complications
Etiology
Laboratory Evaluation
Treatment
101. Scleritis
Immune-Mediated Scleritis
Infectious Scleritis
SECTION 2. Anterior Uveitis
102. Classification and Diagnosis of Anterior Uveitis
Diagnosis
Symptoms of Anterior Uveitis
History
Demographic Information
Past Medical History and Review of Systems
Social and Family History
Physical Examination
Classification
Response to Therapy
Diagnostic Evaluation
Treatment
Summary
103. Idiopathic Anterior Uveitis
Classification of Uveitis
History of Uveitis
Ocular Examination
Differential Diagnoses of Anterior Uveitis
Laboratory Evaluation
Treatment Of Anterior Uveitis
Topical Corticosteroids
Topical Cycloplegics
Regional Corticosteroid Injections and Implants
Systemic Corticosteroids
Systemic Immunosuppressive Drugs
Biologic Agents
Treatment Of Complications
Summary
104. HLA-B27–Associated Uveitis
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Etiology
Hla-B27 and its Association With Spondyloarthropathies
Treatment
Complications and Prognosis
105. Sarcoidosis
Ocular Manifestations
Diagnosis
Course and Management
106. Behçet Disease
Systemic Manifestations of Behçet Disease
Ocular Manifestations of Behçet Disease
Anterior Segment Findings
Posterior Segment Findings
Laboratory Investigations in Behçet Disease
Treatment of Ocular Findings in Behçet Disease
Conventional Therapy
Biologic Therapy
107. Fuchs Uveitis Syndrome
Clinical Features
Etiology
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
108. Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis-Associated Uveitis
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Ocular Clinical Features
Etiology
Treatment of Ocular Disease
Screening
Conclusion
VOLUME II. SURGERY OF THE CORNEA AND CONJUNCTIVA
Keratoplasty
SECTION 1. Overview
109. The Evolution of Contemporary Keratoplasty
Early Contributions to Corneal Transplantation
Modern Techniques of Corneal Transplantation
The Evolution From Penetrating Keratoplasty Back to Lamellar Keratoplasty
Descemet Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty
Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty
Thin Descemet Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty Techniques
Deep Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty
Use of the Femtosecond Laser
Ocular Surface Transplantation
Cell-Based Therapy for Endothelial Dysfunction
Conclusion
110. Preoperative Considerations and Decision-Making in Keratoplasty
General Considerations
Summary
SECTION 2. Penetrating Keratoplasty Procedures
111. Penetrating Keratoplasty: The Fundamentals
Introduction
Factors in Patient Selection
Establish Realistic Expectations
Surgical Setting and Anesthesia
Preoperative Preparations
Surgical Steps in Phakic Penetrating Keratoplasty
Surgical Tips on Wound Closure
Postoperative Suture Adjustment
Special Circumstances
112. Intraoperative Complications of Penetrating Keratoplasty
Complications Related to Anesthesia
Scleral Perforation with Fixation Sutures
Complications Related to Trephination
Complications Related to Damage to Intraocular Structures
Complications Related to Positive Vitreous Pressure
Complications Related to Bleeding in the Anterior Segment
Expulsive Suprachoroidal Hemorrhage
113. Femtosecond-Assisted Penetrating Keratoplasty
Introduction
Laboratory Research
Problems With Traditional Penetrating Keratoplasty
Laser Platforms
Preoperative Evaluation
Posterior Side Bridge
Trephination Geometry
Surgical Methodology
Early Outcomes
Femtosecond Laser-Enabled Keratoplasty Versus Conventional Penetrating Keratoplasty
Suture-Out Femtosecond Laser-Enabled Keratoplasty Data
Femtosecond-Assisted Lamellar Keratoplasty
SECTION 3. Penetrating Keratoplasty: Postoperative Management
114. Postoperative Management
Immediate Postoperative Care
Early Postoperative Care
Postoperative Care
Postoperative Care in Infants and Children
Early Postoperative Complications
Wound Leaks and Wound Displacement
Persistent Epithelial Defects
Filamentary Keratitis
Suture-Related Complications
Elevated Intraocular Pressure
Postoperative Inflammation
Anterior Synechia
Pupillary Block
Choroidal Detachment and Choroidal Hemorrhage
Hyphema
Fixed Dilated Pupil
Postoperative Infection
Primary Graft Failure
Epithelial Downgrowth
Fibrous Ingrowth
Differential Diagnosis
Management of PostKeratoplasty Astigmatism
Preoperative Factors
Intraoperative Factors
Postoperative Factors
Conclusion
115. Diagnosis and Management of Corneal Allograft Rejection
Clinical Aspects of Corneal Allograft Rejection
Historical Perspective
Recognition of Risk Factors
Clinical Features of Corneal Allograft Rejection
Differential Diagnosis of Corneal Allograft Rejection
Treatment of Corneal Allograft Rejection
Prevention of Corneal Allograft Rejection
Management Strategy
116. Infections After Penetrating Keratoplasty
Microbial Keratitis
Suture Abscess
Infectious Crystalline Keratopathy
Endophthalmitis
Recurrence of Host Infections After Penetrating Keratoplasty
Newly Acquired Herpetic Keratitis After Keratoplasty
Transmission of Unusual Infections
Conclusion
117. Glaucoma After Corneal Transplantation
Incidence
Risk Factors
The Prekeratoplasty Evaluation
Clinical Presentation
Glaucoma and Graft Failure
Summary
SECTION 4. Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty
118. Indications for Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty
Introduction
Lamellar Keratoplasty Techniques For Stromal Diseases
Deep Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty Indications
119. Historical Development of Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty
120. Techniques of Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty
Introduction
Surgical Anatomy of the Corneal Stroma
Dalk Surgical Techniques
121. Intraoperative and Postoperative Complications of Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty
Indications for Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty
Surgical Instruments to Prevent Intraoperative Complications
Intraoperative Complications
Postoperative Complications
122. Recovery Techniques in Deep Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty
Introduction
Standard Techniques And Learning Curves
Avoidance of Descemet Membrane Ruptures
Repair of Descemet Membrane Ruptures
123. Outcomes of Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty
Introduction
Visual Outcomes
Refractive Outcomes
Graft Survival
Suture Management and Other Postoperative Factors
Resistance to Trauma
Surgical Planning
Summary
SECTION 5. Complex Keratoplasty
124. Pediatric Keratoplasty
Introduction
An Approach to Treating Children with Corneal Opacities
Indications
Preoperative Evaluation
Management Options
Pediatric Keratoplasty
Scheduling Surgery
Operative Technique
Anesthesia
Penetrating Keratoplasty
Rotational Penetrating Autokeratoplasty
Deep Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty
Endothelial Keratoplasty
Concomitant Procedures
Postoperative Evaluation
Early Postoperative Complications
Intermediate to Late Postoperative Complications
Optical Correction and Amblyopia Therapy
Graft Survival
Risk Factors for Failure
Visual Outcome
The Future
125. Keratoplasty in Herpes Simplex Infection
Indications and Timing for Corneal Grafting
Preoperative Measures
Operative Technique
Postoperative Management
126. Immunologically High-Risk Penetrating Keratoplasty and Large-Diameter Corneal Grafts
Introduction
Immunology of Graft Rejection
Risk Factors for Immune Rejection (BOX 126.1)
Clinical Management of Immunologically High-Risk Penetrating Keratoplasty
SECTION 6. Endothelial Keratoplasty
127. Historical Development of Endothelial Keratoplasty
Introduction
Early Posterior Lamellar Keratoplasty
The Flap Technique of Posterior Lamellar Keratoplasty
The Limbal Approach to Endothelial Replacement
Deep Lamellar Endothelial Keratoplasty
Descemet Stripping Endothelial Keratoplasty
Advances in Eye Bank Tissue Preparation
Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty
Alternatives to Endothelial Transplantation: Descemet Stripping Only and Rho-Associated Kinase Inhibitors
128. Indications and Decision-Making for Endothelial Keratoplasty
Indications for Endothelial Keratoplasty
Advantages of Endothelial Keratoplasty
Types of Endothelial Keratoplasty Procedures
Patient Selection
Duration of Corneal Edema
Lens Considerations
Conclusion
129. Eye Bank Preparation of Tissue for Endothelial Keratoplasty
Introduction
Issues to Consider
Techniques
Summary
130. Surgical Techniques for Descemet Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty
Intraoperative Considerations
Techniques to Improve Donor Adherence
Donor Insertion Techniques
Donor Apposition Techniques
Early Postoperative Management
Special Considerations for Endothelial Keratoplasty
Summary
131. Ultrathin Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty
Introduction
Indications
Preoperative Planning
Surgical Technique
Postoperative Care
Results
Complications
Conclusion
132. Nanothin Descemet Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty
Introduction
Ultrathin Descemet Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty and its Outcomes
Nanothin Descemet Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty
Nanothin Descemet Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty Outcomes
Intraoperative Technique for Nanothin Descemet Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty (Fig. 132.2 and Video 132.1)
Advantages of Nanothin Descemet Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty
133. Intraoperative and Postoperative Complications of Descemet Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty
Complications of Donor Tissue Preparation
Intraoperative Complications
Postoperative Complications
134. Outcomes of Descemet Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty
Introduction
Results
Summary
135. Surgical Technique for Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty
Introduction
Injectors
Recipient Preparation
Wound Creation
Graft Orientation
Unscrolling and Centering
Graft Tamponade With Air or Sulfur Hexafluoride 20%
136. Intraoperative and Postoperative Complications of Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty
Introduction
Intraoperative Complications
Postoperative Complications
Conclusion
137. Outcomes of Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty
Introduction
Visual Function After Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty
Morphology After Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty
Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty Outcomes: Preoperative Considerations
Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty Outcomes: Perioperative Considerations
Postoperative Management and Complications
Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty Outcomes: Comparison With Other Techniques of Posterior Lamellar Surgery
Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty in Special Situations
138. Complex Endothelial Keratoplasty
Introduction
Lens Abnormalities
Anterior Chamber Abnormalities
Iris Abnormalities
Previous Glaucoma Surgery
Previous Failed Graft
Summary
139. Cultivated Corneal Endothelial Cell Transplantation
Concept
Corneal Endothelial Cell Biology
Cultured Human Corneal Endothelial Cells-Sheet Transplantation
Cultured Human Corneal Endothelial Cells-Injection Therapy
Topical Treatment of Corneal Endothelial Disease
Therapeutic Procedures
SECTION 1. Corneal Surgery
140. Management of Corneal Perforations
Etiology
Terminology
Signs and Symptoms of Descemetocele and Perforation
Preoperative Management
Treatment Options
Prevention of Corneal Perforation
Conclusion
141. Therapeutic Keratoplasty
Therapeutic Keratoplasty for Infectious Keratitis
Tectonic Indications for Therapeutic Keratoplasty
Presurgical Evaluation
Antimicrobial Therapy
Donor Material
Surgical Technique
Postoperative Management of Therapeutic Keratoplasty
Visual Prognosis for Therapeutic Keratoplasty
142. Surgical Management of Superficial Corneal and Conjunctival Disease
Introduction
Superficial Corneal Diseases
Superficial Conjunctival Diseases
Conclusion
143. Excimer Laser Phototherapeutic Keratectomy
Introduction
Indications for Phototherapeutic Keratectomy
Contraindications
Preoperative Evaluation
Patient Selection
Techniques
Postoperative Management
Results
Side Effects and Complications
Future Directions
Summary
SECTION 2. Conjunctival Surgery
Management of Primary Pterygium
Introduction
Definition and Morphology
Epidemiology of Pterygium
Pathogenesis of Pterygium
Therapeutic Options for Pterygium
Complications of Conjunctival Autografting
Conclusion
145. Management of Recurrent Pterygium
Introduction
Aims and Definitions
Risk Factors for Pterygium Recurrence
Dry Eye Syndrome
Timing of Surgery
Surgical Technique
Previous Surgical Procedures
Other Considerations
Medial Rectus
Author’s Technique
Femtosecond Laser-Assisted Pterygium Surgery
Further Considerations
Conclusion
146. Conjunctival Flaps
Introduction
Indications
Lacrimal Punctal Occlusion
Disadvantages
Surgical Techniques
Complications
147. Indications for and Uses of Amniotic Membrane: Clinic
The Amniotic Membrane: Histology, Biologic Properties, and Clinical Effects
Preserving The Amniotic Membrane
Complications
148. Indications for and Uses of Amniotic Membrane: Operating Room
The Amniotic Membrane: Histology, Biologic Properties, and Clinical Effects
Preservation Methods of Amniotic Membrane: Tissue Bank
Techniques for Amniotic Membrane Implantation in The Operating Room (Video 148.1 )
Amniotic Membrane Transplantation in Ocular Surface Diseases1,2,5
Limitations of Amniotic Membrane Transplantation in Ocular Surface Diseases
Complications
SECTION 3. Anterior Segment Surgery
149. Surgical Management and Rehabilitation of Anterior Segment Trauma
Patient Evaluation
Management of Penetrating and Perforating Trauma
Postoperative Care
Suture Removal
Visual Rehabilitation
Conclusion
150. Iris Reconstruction Surgery
Iris Suture Techniques
Iridodialysis Repair
Iris Relaxing Incisions
Iris Oversewing of Transillumination Defects
Scissors Sculpting
Vitrector Sculpting
Iris Prostheses
Summary
151. Management of Scleral Perforation
General Management Strategies
Anesthesia for Scleral Perforations
Surgical Repair of Scleral Perforations
Summary
PART XI. Collagen Crosslinking
152. Collagen Crosslinking for Keratoconus
Introduction
Mechanism of Action
Indications
Contraindications
Surgical Procedure
Cellular and Ultrastructural Findings After Crosslinking
Biomechanical Changes
Complications
Clinical Outcomes
Future Directions
Conclusion
153. Collagen Crosslinking for Postrefractive Ectasia
Introduction
Pathophysiology
Clinical Outcomes
Topographic Outcomes
Postoperative Timecourse
Biomechanical Effects of Corneal Collagen Crosslinking
Complications
Postoperative Haze
Corneal Pachymetry
Predictors of Outcomes
Future of Corneal Collagen Crosslinking
Financial Disclosure
154. Collagen Crosslinking for Infectious Keratitis
Bacterial Susceptibility
Fungal Susceptibility
Acanthamoeba Susceptibility
PACK-Corneal Crosslinking
Conclusion
PART XII. Keratoprosthesis
155. Indications for Keratoprosthesis
Introduction
Keratoprosthesis Designs Currently in Wide Use
Other Keratoprosthesis Devices
Summary
156. Boston Keratoprosthesis Type 1 Surgical Technique
Preoperative Evaluation
Assembly and Surgical Procedure ( Video 156.1)
Postoperative Management
157. Postoperative Management of Boston Keratoprosthesis Type 1
Avoidance of Complications
Postoperative Patient Evaluation
Postoperative Treatment
Conclusion
158. Complications of Boston Keratoprosthesis Type 1
Retroprosthetic Membrane
Glaucoma
Endophthalmitis
Posterior Segment Complications
Infectious Keratitis
Keratolysis or Corneal Melt
Extrusion or Keratoprosthesis Loss
159. Outcomes of Boston Keratoprosthesis Type 1
Introduction
Visual Acuity and Prosthesis Retention
Postoperative Complications
Retroprosthetic Membranes
Glaucoma
Infectious Keratitis
Endophthalmitis
Sterile Vitritis
Retinal Detachment
Corneal Melt
Conclusion
160. Boston Keratoprosthesis Type 2 Surgical Techniques, Complications, and Outcomes
Background and Design
Surgical Planning
Surgical Technique
Postoperative Care
Outcomes and Complications
Conclusion
161. Osteo-Odonto-Keratoprosthesis
Introduction
Preoperative Assessment
Surgical Technique
Results and Complications
Conclusion
162. Contemporary Approaches to the Biosynthetic Cornea: Overview and Classification
Alphacor
Keraklear
Tissue Engineering
Cell Culture—Endothelial Cell Injection Therapy
Future Directions
Conclusion
PART XIII. Ocular Surface Transplantation
163. Classification and Staging of Ocular Surface Disease
Introduction
Classification of Ocular Surface Disease
Staging of Ocular Surface Disease
164. Conjunctival Limbal Autograft 1
Introduction
Indications and Patient Selection
Preoperative Evaluation and Ocular Surface Optimization
Surgical Procedure
Postoperative Management
Outcomes and Complications
Surgical Alternatives
165. Living-Related Conjunctival Limbal Allograft
Introduction
Indications/Contraindications
Preoperative Considerations
Surgical Procedure
The Cincinnati Procedure and Combined LR-CLAL With Conjunctival Limbal Autograft
Postoperative Management
Rejection and Failure
Ocular Surface Stability and Visual Acuity Outcomes
166. Keratolimbal Allograft
Indications and Contraindications
Preoperative Considerations
Surgical Technique
Combined Conjunctival Limbal Allograft and Keratolimbal Allograft (“Cincinnati Procedure”)
Postoperative Considerations
167. Cultivated Limbal Epithelial Transplant
Introduction
History
Origin of Cells
Culture Process
Surgical Procedure
CLET in Children
Follow Up
Results Table (LSCD Review)
Outcomes
Complications
Advantages and Disadvantages of CLET
Future Directions of CLET
168. Simple Limbal Epithelial Transplantation
Introduction
Indications for Simple Limbal Epithelial Transplantation
Technique
Technique Modifications
Results
Allogenic Simple Limbal Epithelial Transplantation
Complications and Risk Factors for Failure
Other Indications for SLET
Conclusion
169. Postoperative Management of Ocular Surface Reconstruction
Introduction
Preoperative Screening and Donor Selection—the Cincinnati Protocol
Preventing Immune Rejection
Immunosuppression Regimen
Ocular Surface Rehabilitation
Postoperative Infectious Keratitis
170. Corneal Transplantation in Ocular Surface Disease
Introduction
Review of the Literature
Treatment Paradigm for Keratoplasty in Patients With Severe Ocular Surface Disease
Summary
171. Outcomes of Ocular Surface Transplantation
Introduction
Outcome Measures
Autograft Outcomes
Allogeneic Outcomes
Keratoplasty Outcomes
Rejection Outcomes
Ocular Hypertension/Glaucoma
Infectious Keratitis (Fig. 171.2)
Conclusion
Refractive Surgery
SECTION 1. Preoperative Considerations
172. Decision-Making in Refractive Surgery
Excimer Laser Vision Correction
Thin-Flap Lasik
Surface Ablation
Small-Incision Lenticule Extraction
Conductive Keratoplasty
Arcuate Transverse Keratotomy
Phakic Intraocular Lenses
Intraocular Lens After Phacoemulsification
Retreatments And Sequential Procedures
Intracorneal Inlays
Treatment of Presbyopia
173. Patient Evaluation and Selection in Refractive Surgery
Introduction
History
Examination
Informed Consent
174. Topographic Analysis in Keratorefractive Surgery
Introduction
Background
Clinical Applications
Postoperative Evaluations
Future Horizons
SECTION 2. Laser Vision Correction
175. Excimer Laser Surface Treatment: Photorefractive Keratectomy
Excimer Laser Surface Treatment
Indications for Photorefractive Keratectomy
Specific Considerations in Photorefractive Keratectomy Candidate Evaluation
Photorefractive Keratectomy Epithelial Removal
Postoperative Management
Results
Complications
Conclusion
176. LASIK Technique
Introduction
The Evolution of Lasik
Advantages of the Femtosecond Laser Flap Creation Versus the Microkeratome
Lasik Evaluation
Preoperative Planning
Preoperative Preparation
Technique
Lasik Results
Lasik Enhancements
The Future of Lasik
177. LASIK for Myopia
History
LASIK
LASIK in Complex Cases
LASIK After Smile
LASIK After Intraocular Lenses
Intraocular Lens Calculations After LASIK
Summary
178. LASIK for Hyperopia
Introduction
Physiologic Aspects of Hyperopia
Corneal Surgery for Hyperopia
Preoperative Considerations and Patient Selection
Indications for Lasik for Hyperopia
Technique
Results
Complications
Conclusion
179. LASIK Complications
Introduction
Intraoperative LASIK Complications
Early Postoperative Complications
Late Postoperative LASIK Complications
180. Corneal Ectasia: Prevention, Detection, and Management
Prevention
Detection
Management
181. Small-Incision Lenticule Extraction
Introduction
Basic Science
Clinical Assessments and Outcomes
Enhancement Following Small-Incision Lenticule Extraction
Conclusions and Future Prospects
SECTION 3. Additional Refractive Procedures
182. Topography-Guided Photorefractive Keratectomy
Keratoconus, Pellucid Marginal Degeneration, or Ectasia
After Radial Keratotomy
After LASIK, PRK, or SMILE
Other Conditions
Caution in Interpreting Topographic Maps
Summary
183. Intrastromal Corneal Ring Segments
A Brief History of the Technique
Mechanism of Action
Market Availability
Indications and Contraindications
Surgical Planning
Surgical Procedure
Complications
184. Combined Corneal Refractive Techniques
Combination of Two Procedures Excluding Excimer Laser Ablation
Combination of Two Procedures, at Least One Of Which is an Ablation Procedure
Triple Procedure
Four-Stage Procedure
185. Incisional Keratotomy
Introduction
Manual Peripheral Corneal Relaxing Incisions
Femtosecond Corneal Relaxing Incisions
Alignment
Incisional Keratotomy for Post Keratoplasty or Cornea Refractive Surgery
Summary
186. Phakic Intraocular Lenses
Introduction
Angle-Supported Anterior Chamber Phakic Intraocular Lenses
Anterior Chamber Iris-Fixated Phakic Intraocular Lenses
Posterior Chamber Phakic Intraocular Lenses
Bioptics
187. Corneal Inlay Surgery for Presbyopia: Techniques and Complications
Introduction
Small-Aperture Inlays: Lessons Learned
Postoperative Management
Conclusion
Index

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Cornea, 2-Volume Set

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Mark J Mannis

Edward J Holland