Contemporary Neurology

Contemporary NeurologyPrefaceList of ContributorsChapter 1. Headache Acute Single Episodes of Headache Acute Recurrent Episodes of Headache Headaches of Subacute Onset Chronic Headache Conclusion Front Cover References Contemporary NeurologyChapter 2. Headache in Children Incidence Acute Headache in A Previously Healthy Child Recurrent Or Chronic Headaches Unexplained Recurrent Headaches Migraine Tension Headache Investigation in A Child with "Unexplained" Headaches ReferencesChapter 3. Funny Turns-Neurological Drop in Cerebral Perfusion Basilar Ischaemia Epilepsy Breath-Holding Attacks in Children Intermittent Obstructive Hydrocephalus Trauma Prostrating Vertigo Cryptogenic Drop Attacks of Women Narcolepsy Metabolic Causes Hyperventilation Hysteria Investigation and Management ReferencesChapter 4. Funny Turns-Cardiac Funny Turns Resulting From Cardiac Arrhythmias Fainting Carotid Sinus Syncope Funny Turns in Patients with Pacemakers Funny Turns That Do Not Involve Arrhythmias Drugs Cardiac Investigation of Patients with Funny Turn ReferencesChapter 5. Hyperventilation Diagnosis Mechanisms of Action Conclusion ReferencesChapter 6. Dizziness Children Adults Investigation Management ReferencesChapter 7. Dysarthria Dysphonia Dysphasia The Causes of Dysarthria Clinical Course Dysarthria in Childhood ReferencesChapter 8. Facial Pain Infection Ocular Causes Dental Occlusion and Malfunction of the Temporomandibular Joint Salivary Calculi Trigeminal Neuralgia (Tic Douloureux) Trigeminal Neuropathy Trigeminal Nerve Lesions Atypical Facial Pain Cluster Headaches Migraine Variants Causalgia ReferencesChapter 9. Nystagmus Clinically Significant Nystagmus Nomenclature Commoner Types of Nystagmus Rarer Types of Nystagmus Other Abnormal Ocular Movements Summary ReferencesChapter 10. Pins and Needles Clinical Features Diffuse Pins and Needles Pins and Needles Localized to the Limbs Pins and Needles Localized to An Area of A LimbChapter 11. The Wasted Hand The Median Nerve The Ulnar Nerve Combined Median and Ulnar Nerve Lesions Brachial Plexus Spinal Cord Disease Clinical Summary ReferencesChapter 12. Weakness of the Legs Acute Paraplegia Chronic Spastic Paraparesis Unilateral Spastic Weakness Foot Drop Proximal Weakness: The Quadriceps Syndrome Other Causes of Weakness of the LegsChapter 13. Loss of Memory Neuropathology of Amnesia Psychogenic Factors Permanent Amnesic States Treatment Addendum ReferencesChapter 14. Stupor and Akinetic Mutism Depressive Stupor Catatonic Stupor Organic Stupor (Akinetic Mutism) Psychogenic Stupor Simulated Stupor Pathophysiology Conclusion ReferencesChapter 15. Coma Diffuse Disorders Localized Brain Disease Plan of Treatment ReferencesChapter 16. Brain Death Clinical Criteria Eeg Cerebral Circulation Conclusion ReferencesChapter 17. Complications of Alcoholism Intoxication Phenomena Withdrawal Phenomena Toxic and Deficiency Disorders "Functional" Disorders with An Alcoholic Component ReferencesManagement of Epilepsy Chapter 18. Blackouts Chapter 19. Emergency Treatment of Seizures Single Seizure Frequent Seizures Chapter 20. Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Aetiological Factors Clinical Features Differential Diagnosis Overall Management Eeg Investigation Drug Treatment Surgery For Epilepsy Prognosis Conclusion References Chapter 21. Surgery For Epilepsy Indications Resective Surgery Functional NeurosurgeryInvoluntary Movements Chapter 22. Parkinson's Disease Is There A Premorbid Parkinsonian Personality? The Prodromal Phase The Classic Presentation Unusual Presentations References Chapter 23. Tics and Spasms Definitions History Tics Spasms Differential Diagnosis of Tics and Spasms References Chapter 24. Tremor Characteristics and Classification of Tremor Some Factors Influencing Tremor Measurement of Tremor Normal (Physiological) Tremor Pathological Tremor Mechanisms of Tremor References Chapter 25. Surgery For Involuntary Movements Tremor Hemifacial Spasm ReferencesNerve and Muscle Chapter 26. Muscle Diseases Introduction Muscular Dystrophy Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia (Cpeo) Myotonic Disorders The Periodic Paralyses Endocrine Myopathies Chronic Renal Failure Malignant Hyperpyrexia Myopathies Due to Identified Biochemical Defects References Chapter 27. Drug-Induced Disorders of Muscle General Mechanisms Clinical Presentations Clofibrate Epsilon Aminocaproic Acid Corticosteroids Beta-Adrenergic Blockers Myotonia Malignant Hyperpyrexia Myasthenie Syndromes Conclusion References Chapter 28. Painful Disorders of Muscle Pain Mechanisms Painful Myopathies Acute Inflammatory Myopathies Polymyalgia Rheumatica Acute Alcoholic Myopathy Painful Drug-Induced Myopathies Myopathies of Metabolic Bone Disease Myopathies Due to Defects in Muscle Energy Metabolism Idiopathic Paroxysmal Myoglobinurias Muscle Pain Syndromes of Unknown Aetiology References Chapter 29. Peripheral Neuropathy Does The Patient Have A Peripheral Neuropathy The Clinical Significance of Neurophysiological Abnormality The Pathological Significance of Neurophysiological Abnormality Aspects of Some Common Neuropathies Acute Single Episodes of Headache Difficulty in Diagnosis References Chapter 30. Acute Inflammatory Poly Neuropathy Pathology Clinical Features Clinical Immunology Management References Chapter 31. Entrapment Neuropathy Compression Neuropathy Entrapment Neuropathy Clinical Features References Chapter 32. The Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Clinical Features Associated Conditions Electrophysiological Abnormalities Treatment Pathology References Chapter 33. Neuromuscular Syndromes Associated with Malignant Disease Malignant Cachexia Primary Disorders of Muscle Muscular Weakness of Neuropathic Origin Muscular Weakness Due to Endocrine Disorders Conclusion ReferencesMultiple Sclerosis Chapter 34. Acute Optic Neuritis Definition Pathology Symptoms Signs Special Investigations Diagnosis Course and Prognosis Management References Chapter 35. Immunological Aspects of Multiple Sclerosis Histological Evidence of An Immunological Reaction Histocompatibility Types and MS CSF Evidence For Autoimmunity in MS General Immune Responsiveness in MS Immune Responses to Specific Infective Agents in MS Linoleic Acid and The Immune Response in MS Immunological Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis Conclusion References Chapter 36. New Treatments For Multiple Sclerosis Immunosuppression Fatty Acids Other Dietary Measures Hyperbaric Oxygen Immunopotentiation Myelin Basic Protein Desensitization Plasmapheresis Conclusion References Chapter 37. Spinal Cord Stimulation Modern Developments Experimental Studies Spinal Cord Stimulation For Pain The Stimulator SCS in Neurological Disease SCS in Peripheral Vascular Disease Neurophysiological Assessment How Does SCS Work? Complications Conclusions ReferencesInfections Chapter 38. Meningitis Microbial Diagnosis Antimicrobial Drug Treatment Other Aspects of Management Aseptic Meningitis References Chapter 39. Tuberculous Meningitis Pathophysiology Clinical Features Tuberculous Spinal Arachnoiditis Tuberculoma Tuberculous Serous Meningitis Tuberculous Encephalopathy Other Investigations Diagnosis Treatment References Chapter 40. Intracerebral Abscess Who Gets Them? Making The Diagnosis Outcome and Complications Conclusion References Chapter 41. Opportunistic Infections Bacteria Fungi Viruses Conclusion References Chapter 42. Encephalitis Clinical Features Investigations Diagnosis Treatment Conclusion References Chapter 43. Tetanus Pathogenesis Prophylaxis Diagnosis Grading of Severity Time Course Specific Treatment Symptomatic Treatment References Chapter 44. Neurosyphilis Asymptomatic Neurosyphilis Meningovascular Neurosyphilis Parenchymatous Neurosyphilis Congenital Neurosyphilis Treatment ReferencesCerebrovascular Disease Chapter 45. The Young Stroke Inherited Causes Congenital Vascular Anomalies Moyamoya Syndrome Trauma Infections Cardiac Disease Haematological Disorders Inflammatory Arterial Diseases Pregnancy Oral Contraceptives Metabolic Disorders Migraine Neoplasia Cortical Venous Thrombosis Atheroma and Hypertension Management References Chapter 46. Giant Cell Arteritis Clinical Features Investigations Treatment Summary References Chapter 47. Measurement of Cerebral Blood Flow Carbon Dioxide Oxygen Metabolic Demand Age and Dementia Blood Pressure and Hypertension Ischaemia Subarachnoid Haemorrhage Raised Intracranial Pressure Haematocrit, Viscosity, and Oxygen Carriage Conclusion References Chapter 48. Subarachnoid Haemorrhage Aneurysms Arteriovenous Malformations Treatment References Chapter 49. Prevention of Stroke Stroke Transient Ischaemic Attacks Summary References Chapter 50. Surgery For Ischaemic Stroke Carotid Endarterectomy ReferencesTrauma Chapter 51. Head Injuries Definitions Epidemiology Pathology Complications of Head Injury Less Seriously Injured Patients Prognosis References Chapter 52. Subdural Haematoma Pathology Relationship of Pathology to Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Treatment Bilateral Subdural Haematoma References Chapter 53. Nerve Repair Surgical Anatomy and Microanatomy Evolution of Present-Day Methods of Nerve Repair Interfascicular Nerve Grafting The Future ReferencesIntracranial Pressure Chapter 54. Intracranial Pressure Monitoring What Is Normal ICP What Is Elevated ICP What Are The Clinical Correlates of Raised ICP What Is The Incidence of Raised ICP What Harm Does Raised ICP Do How Do You Monitor ICP and Display and Process The Information? What Are The Risks of IP Monitoring? What Are The Indications For ICP Monitoring and How May It Help The Patient? What Should Be Done If ICP Increases References Chapter 55. The Detection of Intracranial Tumors Plain Skull X-Rays Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomography Isotope Studies Angiography Contrast Media in the CSF Conclusion References Chapter 56. Brain Tumors Pathological Classification Incidence and Epidemiology Clinical Presentation Natural History of Common Brain Tumors Special Investigations Summary References Chapter 57. The Management of Cerebral Oedema The Pathological Nature of Cerebral Oedema Causes of Cerebral Oedema Progress and Resolution of Cerebral Oedema Effects of Cerebral Oedema Treatment of Cerebral Oedema Conclusion References Chapter 58. Adult Communicating Hydrocephalus Basic Concepts Pathology of Idiopathic NPH Presenting Symptoms Differential Diagnosis Diagnostic Tests ReferencesVertebral Column Chapter 59. Spinal Cord Compression Important Factors in Diagnosis Investigation Diagnosis Summary Chapter 60. Lumbar Canal Stenosis The Anatomy and Pathology of Lumbar Canal Stenosis Clinical Aspects Treatment References Chapter 61. Spina Bifida Classification and Pathology Incidence and Aetiology Assessment and Management of Spina Bifida Occulta Assessment and Management of Spina Bifida Aperta References Chapter 62. Congenital Abnormalities of the CNS Distribution Antenatal Diagnosis Problems of Classification Anencephalus Hydrocephalus Meningocele Meningomyelocele and Myelocele Spinal Dysraphism Encephalocele Porencephaly Megalencephaly Other Conditions Conclusion ReferencesProcedures Chapter 63. How to Do A Lumbar Puncture Preparation Procedure Hazards Chapter 64. How to Do A Cisternal Puncture Method ReferencesIndex