Contamination of Water

Health Risk Assessment and Treatment Strategies

1st Edition - August 6, 2021
Imprint: Academic Press
Editors: Arif Ahamad, Sharf Elahi Siddiqui, Pardeep Singh
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 4 0 5 8 - 8
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 4 0 5 9 - 5

Water containing significant amounts of inorganic and organic contaminants can have serious environmental consequences and serious health implications when ingested.… Read more

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Water containing significant amounts of inorganic and organic contaminants can have serious environmental consequences and serious health implications when ingested. Contamination of Water: Health Risk Assessment and Treatment Strategies takes an interconnected look at the various pollutants, the source of contamination, the effects of contamination on aquatic ecosystems and human health, and what the potential mitigation strategies are. This book is organized into three sections. The first section examines the sources of potential contamination. This includes considering the current scenario of heavy metal and pesticide contamination in water as well as the regions impacted due to industrialization, mining, or urbanization. The second section goes on to discuss water contamination and health risks caused by toxic elements, radiological contaminants, microplastics and nanoparticles, and pharmaceutical and personal care products. This book concludes with a section exploring efficient low-cost treatment technologies and remediation strategies that remove toxic pollutants from water. Contamination of Water incorporates both theoretical and practical information that will be useful for researchers, professors, graduate students, and professionals working on water contamination, environmental and health impacts, and the management and treatment of water resources.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
List of contributors
Preface
Section A: Water contamination
Chapter 1. Contamination of water resources in the mining region
Abstract
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Sources of contamination
1.3 Pathways of contamination
1.4 Impacts of mines on vegetation and humans
1.5 Remediation methods
1.6 Summary
References
Chapter 2. Contamination of water resources in and around saline lakes
Abstract
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Types of saline lakes around the world
2.3 Contamination of saline lakes
2.4 Management and conservation of lakes
2.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3. Contamination of groundwater by fly ash heavy metals at landfill sites
Abstract
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Fly ash disposal
3.3 Wet disposal method
3.4 Dry disposal method
3.5 Impact of fly ash disposal on groundwater
3.6 Status of groundwater contamination
3.7 Case study
3.8 Fly ash: heavy metal contaminant
3.9 Material method
3.10 Results
3.11 Particle size analysis by dynamic light scattering analyser (pre and postmonsoon analysis)
3.12 Fourier transform infrared analysis of dyke ash (pre and postmonsoon)
3.13 Mineralogy of dyke ash by x-ray diffraction (pre and postanalysis)
3.14 Particle size analysis of ash by dynamic light scattering
3.15 Fourier transform infrared analysis of ash
3.16 Mineralogy of ash by x-ray diffraction
3.17 Seasonal concentration of heavy metal in fly ash
3.18 Discussion
3.19 Dry disposal system of fly ash
3.20 Wet disposal system of fly ash
3.21 Heavy metal analysis of pre and postmonsoon disposed ash
3.22 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4. Current scenario of heavy metal contamination in water
Abstract
4.1 Introduction: water contamination and measure concerns
4.2 Types of water pollutants
4.3 Standard permissible limits and sources of heavy metal pollution in water
4.4 Heavy metal contamination in water sources: environmental and health hazards
4.5 Heavy metal decontamination: remediation methods and techniques
4.6 Concluding remarks and future aspects
References
Chapter 5. Health impacts due to fluoride contamination in water: current scenario
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Fluoride chemistry
5.3 Sources of fluoride in the environment
5.4 Factors responsible for the contribution of fluoride ions to groundwater resources
5.5 Fluoride availability in groundwater/drinking water
5.6 Bioavailability of fluoride
5.7 Effects on human health due to fluoride
5.8 Human health risk assessment due to fluoride
5.9 Remedial techniques to remove fluoride from water/waste water
5.10 Consumer behavior and use of water
5.11 Recommendations
References
Chapter 6. Contamination of water resources in industrial zones
Abstract
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Types of contaminants present in water resources
6.3 Negative impacts of contaminants on human health and ecotoxicity
6.4 Remediation technology
6.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7. Contamination of groundwater resources by pesticides
Abstract
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Historical perspectives of pesticide pollution
7.3 The fate of pesticides in the environment
7.4 Initial deposition and fate of pesticides in aquatic ecosystems
7.5 Impacts of pesticides
7.6 Management practices and remedies against pesticide pollution in groundwater
7.7 Conclusion and future direction
References
Chapter 8. Current scenario of pesticide contamination in water
Abstract
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Pesticides contamination in water resources
8.3 Emerging pesticides as water pollutants
8.4 Source of pesticides release in water bodies
8.5 Ecological and health risk assessment
8.6 Conclusion and future outlook
Acknowledgement
References
Section B: Health risk assessment
Chapter 9. Contamination of water resources with potentially toxic elements and human health risk assessment: Part 1
Abstract
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Water—a boon to mankind
9.3 Impure or heavy metal contaminated drinking water
9.4 Remediation and mitigation of heavy metals
9.5 Biotechnological approaches for the detection of contaminants in freshwater
9.6 Miscellaneous
9.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10. Contamination of water resources with potentially toxic elements and human health risk assessment: Part 2
Abstract
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Natural distribution, industrial production, and applications of toxic heavy metals
10.3 Heavy metals contamination in water resources
10.4 Potential for human exposure
10.5 Mechanisms of toxicity
10.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11. Chemical water contaminants: potential risk to human health and possible remediation
Abstract
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Various types of toxic elements sources, occurrence and their health impact
11.3 Human health risk assessment
11.4 Remediation techniques for water contaminants
11.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12. Fluoride contamination in water resources and its health risk assessment
Abstract
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Sources of fluoride in water
12.3 Acceptable concentration of fluoride in water
12.4 Fluoride affected areas
12.5 Fluoride metabolism in the human Body
12.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13. Arsenic contamination in water resources and its health risk assessment
Abstract
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Health and social problems with arsenic in drinking water
13.3 Worldwide extent of arsenic problem
13.4 Sources and basic chemistry of arsenic in water
13.5 Arsenic removal technologies
13.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 14. Integrated assessment of ammonia-nitrogen in water environments and its exposure to ecology and human health
Abstract
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Occurrence of ammonia in aquatic environment
14.3 Diversity of ammonia oxidizers
14.4 Conventional biochemical process for ammonia removal
14.5 Factors affecting ammonia removal in water
14.6 Omics strategies to study ammonia oxidizers and ammonia abatement
14.7 Nutrient pollution-associating nitrogen with phosphorus
14.8 Global warming potential from aquatic ammonia transformation
14.9 Nutrient recovery and life cycle assessment associated with nutrient recycling
14.10 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 15. Radiological contaminants in water: pollution, health risk, and treatment
Abstract
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Radioactivity and water
15.3 Effect of radiation on human health
15.4 Classification of radiological wastes
15.5 Treatment of radioactive wastes
15.6 Conclusion
Appendix
References
Chapter 16. Organic pollutants in water and its health risk assessment through consumption
Abstract
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Sources of organic contaminations
16.3 Types of organic contaminants
16.4 Movement and mechanisms of contaminations
16.5 Health risk assessments
16.6 Cases of organic contamination of water
16.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 17. Nanomaterial and microplastic-based contamination in water and its health risk assessment
Abstract
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Nanomaterial based water contamination and health risk assessment
17.3 Microplastics in the aquatic environment
17.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 18. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products: occurrence, detection, risk, and removal technologies in aquatic environment
Abstract
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Occurrence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in different aquatic systems
18.3 Advancement in detection technologies of pharmaceuticals and personal care products
18.4 Toxic effects of pharmaceuticals and personal care products: impact on aquatic biota
18.5 Treatment options for abating pharmaceuticals and personal care products
18.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 19. Emerging pollutants in water and human health
Abstract
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Origin of emerging pollutants
19.3 Categorization and human health effect of emerging pollutants
19.4 Regulation regarding emerging pollutants
19.5 Conclusion and future perspectives
References
Section C: Water treatment strategies
Chapter 20. Process intensification in wastewater treatments
Abstract
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Wastewater treatment and process intensification
20.3 Membrane bioreactor
20.4 Membrane separation
20.5 Membrane distillation
20.6 Membrane absorption/stripping
20.7 Membrane extraction (Perstraction)
20.8 Reactive extraction
20.9 Reactive crystallization/precipitation
20.10 Reactive distillation
20.11 Extractive distillation
20.12 Sonochemistry
20.13 Jet loop reactor
20.14 Capacitive deionization
20.15 Static mixer/oscillatory baffled reactor
20.16 Other approaches
20.17 Reuse of treated wastewater
20.18 Conclusion
References
Chapter 21. Process intensification in wastewater treatments: basics of process intensification and inorganic pollutants
Abstract
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Wastewater status
21.3 Pollutants in wastewater
21.4 Inorganic pollutants
21.5 Wastewater treatment
21.6 Process intensification
21.7 Process intensification in wastewater treatment
21.8 Conventional and process intensification approaches for treatment of wastewater containing inorganics
21.9 Discussion and conclusion
References
Chapter 22. Treatment of contaminated water: membrane separation and biological processes
Abstract
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Major steps in wastewater treatment process
22.3 Membrane separations for wastewater treatment
22.4 Biological processes
22.5 Recent selected studies in wastewater treatment using membrane and biological processes
22.6 Membrane bioreactors
22.7 Conclusions and future challenges
References
Chapter 23. Process intensification in wastewater treatments: advanced oxidation processes for organic pollutants
Abstract
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Status of wastewater and its treatment
23.3 Wastewater pollutants and methods for treatment
23.4 Process intensification and wastewater treatment
23.5 Advanced oxidation processes
23.6 Intensifying approaches in advanced oxidation processes
23.7 Recent trends and future recommendations
23.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 24. Process intensification in wastewater treatment: cavitation and hybrid technologies for organic pollutants
Abstract
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Recent treatment options for organic pollutants
24.3 Intensification in wastewater treatment with cavitation
24.4 Emerging cavitation coupled hybrid technologies
24.5 Conclusion
24.6 Future scope
References
Chapter 25. Bio-inspired materials for adsorptive removal of water pollutants
Abstract
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Usage of bio-inspired materials in adsorption
25.3 Preparation of bio-inspired materials
25.4 Elimination of water contaminants using bio-inspired materials
25.5 Future research
25.6 Conclusion
25.7 Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 26. Oxidative stress biomarkers in cyanobacteria exposed to heavy metals
Abstract
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Oxidative stress sources in cyanobacteria
26.3 Heavy metal pollution
26.4 Heavy metal interactions and accumulation in living cells
26.5 Molecular biomarkers of oxidative stress
26.6 Cyanobacterial defense system to combat oxidative stress
26.7 Conclusion and future perspectives
References
Chapter 27. Sulfur-based advance nanomaterials for water treatment
Abstract
27.1 Introduction
27.2 The permissible concentration of heavy metal ions in drinking water
27.3 Methods for heavy metals elimination
27.4 Sulfur-based nanomaterials as adsorbents for water purification
27.5 Conclusions and future prospects
References
Chapter 28. Inorganic nanotubes for water treatment through adsorption and photocatalytic degradation
Abstract
28.1 Introduction
28.2 General process for synthesis of inorganic nanotubes
28.3 Mode of action for potential application of inorganic nanotubes
28.4 Remediation of pollutant by inorganic nanotubes
28.5 Conclusion and perspective
References
Chapter 29. Graphene oxide-based nanocomposites for adsorptive removal of water pollutants
Abstract
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Various methods of formulation of graphene
29.3 Graphene oxide
29.4 Reduced graphene oxide
29.5 Elimination of heavy metals from contaminated water using graphene oxide and its composites
29.6 Removal of organic contaminants using graphene oxide/graphene oxide based composites
29.7 Conclusion and future prospects
References
Chapter 30. Ferrite based magnetic nanocomposites for wastewater treatment through adsorption
Abstract
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Nanomaterials as adsorbents
30.3 Ferrite and ferrite based nanocomposites
30.4 Surface modification of nanoferrites
30.5 Regeneration/reusability of adsorbent
30.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 31. Magnetically separable (carbon) graphene oxide based nano-composites for water treatment
Abstract
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Synthesis strategies for graphene oxide based magnetic composites
31.3 Properties of magnetically separable graphene oxide based nano-composite towards water contaminants removal
31.4 Wastewater treatment application of graphene oxide-magnetic composites
31.5 Concluding remarks and future prospects
References
Chapter 32. Phytogenic plant-based nanocomposites for water treatment
Abstract
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Definition of phytochemicals
32.3 Nanoparticle synthesis techniques
32.4 Synthesis of phytogenic plant-based nanocomposites
32.5 Application of phytogenic plant-based nanocomposites for water treatment
32.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 33. Graphene, graphene oxide, and reduced graphene oxide-based materials: a comparative adsorption performance
Abstract
33.1 Introduction
33.2 Synthesis of graphene, graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide
33.3 Adsorption performance of the graphene and graphene derivatives nanocomposites
33.4 Resuscitation of graphite oxide and reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites
33.5 Concluding remarks and future tasks
33.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 34. Progress in carbon nanotubes for water treatment
Abstract
34.1 Introduction
34.2 Advancement in virgin nanotubes
34.3 Interaction mechanism pathways
34.4 Environmental concerns
34.5 Conclusion and outlooks
References
Chapter 35. Adsorptive removal of water pollutants using reduced graphene oxide-based nanocomposites
Abstract
35.1 Introduction
35.2 Sources of contaminants in water
35.3 Classification of water contaminants/pollutants
35.4 Effect of contaminated water on human health
35.5 Techniques used for wastewater treatment
35.6 Recent advancement in wastewater treatment by using reduced graphene oxide-based nanocomposite
35.7 Advantages, disadvantages and future prospects
35.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 36. Multifunctional organic-inorganic materials for water treatment
Abstract
36.1 Introduction
36.2 Adsorption: a promising technique for water treatment
36.3 Adsorptive organic-inorganic nanocomposites
36.4 Methods of synthesis of organic-inorganic composites
36.5 Multifunctional nature of organic-inorganic nanocomposites
36.6 Multifunctional nature of adsorptive organic-inorganic nanocomposites for water treatment
36.7 Advantages of organic-inorganic multifunction nanocomposites over other virgin nanoparticles
36.8 Conclusion and future prospects
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 37. 4d Metal-based nanomaterials for water treatment
Abstract
37.1 Introduction: water as a natural resource
37.2 Water contamination: an ecological risk
37.3 4d metal-based nanomaterials: application in water treatment
37.4 Conclusion and future prospects
References
Chapter 38. Magnetically separable graphene oxide-based spinel ferrite nanocomposite for water remediation
Abstract
38.1 Introduction
38.2 Synthesis of graphene oxide-based spinel ferrite nanocomposite
38.3 Recent development of graphene oxide-based spinel ferrite nanocomposite for water treatment
38.4 Role of graphene oxide-based spinel ferrite nanocomposite in water remediation
38.5 Magnetic recovery and reuse of graphene oxide-based spinel ferrite nanocomposite
38.6 Future prospective
38.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 39. Microbial fuel cell: a greener way to protect the environment
Abstract
39.1 Introduction
39.2 Materials and methods
39.3 Preparation nutrient medium for bacterial culture
39.4 Result and discussion
39.5 Innovations shown by the project: possible industry linkage/business idea
39.6 Conclusion and future perspective
References
Index

Arif Ahamad

Dr. Arif Ahamad is presently working as an Assistant Professor (Department of Environmental Science, Daulatram College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India). He has obtained his master’s degree from the Department of Environmental Science, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, India in 2011. He obtained his M.Phil. degree in 2014 and doctorate degree in 2019 from the Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), New Delhi. The area of his doctoral research is Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) in the Groundwater, Soil and Road dust from the Industrial area in Sonbhadra district, Uttar Pradesh, India. He has published more than 10 papers/Book chapters in international and national publishing house in the field of ground water and surface water contamination, wastewater effluent, and landfills as a source of contamination and human health risk assessment. Apart from these several papers are under review. He has also written some editorial articles in popular English newspapers. He presented his research works on several national and international platforms.

Affiliations and expertise

Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Science, Daulatram College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India

Sharf Elahi Siddiqui

Dr. Sharf Elahi Siddiqui has earned his Ph.D. degree in Chemistry from Jamia Millia Islamia University, New Delhi, India in 2019. He has done his Master’s in Chemistry from Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University in 2011 and MPhil from Department of Chemistry, Kanpur University, Kanpur in 2013. He is particularly interested in the wastewater treatment using advance materials based on the natural plant materials and nanoparticles, and during his PhD, has concentrated upon preparation of multifunctional organic-inorganic nanocomposite having the application properties in the area of photo-catalysis, adsorption, antioxidant and antibacterial. He has developed the lowcost multifunctional material by mixing a low cost and abundant phytogenic plant materials and lower toxic nanoparticles having unique properties. These materials can introduce extraordinary multifunction properties for water treatment having application properties of magnetic separation, photo-catalysis, adsorption and antibacterial properties. He has published several research papers in the peer journals like Journal. He has also published several review papers and book chapters, which cover the recent advancement in the field of water treatment.

Affiliations and expertise

Jamia Millia Islamia University, New Delhi, India

Pardeep Singh

Dr. Pardeep Singh is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Environmental Science, PGDAV College, University of Delhi, in New Delhi, India. He obtained his PhD at the Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi. Dr. Singh has published more than 65 papers in international journals in the fields of waste management, environmental pollution, and agricultural nanotechnology, and has co-edited 30 books.

Affiliations and expertise

Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Studies, PGDAV College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India

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Contamination of Water

Health Risk Assessment and Treatment Strategies

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Arif Ahamad

Sharf Elahi Siddiqui

Pardeep Singh

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