Contact Lens Practice

4th Edition - January 17, 2023
Author: Nathan Efron
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 7 0 2 0 - 8 4 2 7 - 0
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 7 0 2 0 - 8 4 2 8 - 7

The field of contact lenses continues to evolve at a rapid pace, with new optical designs and vision correction options continually being developed. Additionally, the rapid ex… Read more

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The field of contact lenses continues to evolve at a rapid pace, with new optical designs and vision correction options continually being developed. Additionally, the rapid expansion of clinical instrumentation offers eye care practitioners a wide choice of investigative techniques for assessing in-eye contact lens performance and diagnosing adverse reactions.

Now in its fourth edition, Contact Lens Practice has been thoroughly updated and revised to capture these developments and more, and translate them into an organised and easily digestible resource. Written and edited by award-winning author, researcher, and lecturer, Professor Nathan Efron, this title provides a comprehensive, evidence-based overview of the scientific foundations and clinical applications of contact lens fitting. The text has been refreshed by the inclusion of five new authors – a mixture of scientists and clinicians, all of whom are at the cutting edge of their specialty.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Any screen, Any time, Anywhere
Dedication
Copyright
List of Contributors
Preface to the Fourth Edition
Rigid Lens Terminology
Acknowledgements
Part 1: Introduction
Chapter 1. History
Abstract
Introduction
Early Theories (1508–1887)
Glass Scleral Lenses (1888)
Plastic Scleral Lenses (1936)
Plastic Corneal Lenses (1948)
Silicone Elastomer Lenses (1965)
Soft Lenses (1972)
Rigid Gas-Permeable Lenses (1974)
Disposable Lenses (1988)
Daily Disposable Lenses (1994)
Silicone–Hydrogel Lenses (1998)
Myopia Control Lenses (2010)
Contact Lens ‘Flat Pack’ (2011)
Photochromic Contact Lenses (2019)
Antiallergy Contact Lenses (2021)
The Future
References
Chapter 2. Anterior Eye
Abstract
Introduction
The Cornea
The Ocular Adnexa
The Preocular Tear Film
Conclusion
References
Chapter 3. Visual Optics
Abstract
Introduction
The Basic Optics of the Eye and Ametropia
Corneal Topography
Pupil Diameter and Retinal Blur Circles
Effects of Diffraction and Aberration
Effectivity, Spectacle Magnification, Accommodation and Convergence Effects With Contact Lens and Spectacle Corrections
Other Optical Effects
Conclusion
References
Part 2: Soft Contact Lenses
Chapter 4. Soft Lens Materials
Abstract
Introduction
Polymers
Hydrogel Materials
Silicone Hydrogel Materials
Classification of Soft Lens Materials
Conclusions
Appendix 4.1 Classification of Soft Lens Materials
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 5. Soft Lens Manufacture
Abstract
Introduction
Methods of Manufacture
Reproducibility and Quality of Mass-Produced Lenses
Environmental Impact
Occupational Safety in Lens Manufacture
Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 6. Soft Lens Optics
Abstract
Introduction
On-Eye Power Changes
Aberration
Conclusion
References
Chapter 7. Soft Lens Measurement
Abstract
Introduction
Lens Conditioning
Optical Parameters
Material Properties
Lens Geometry
Conclusion
References
Chapter 8. Soft Lens Design and Fitting
Abstract
Introduction
Ocular Measurement
Basic Principles
Soft Lens Design
Soft Lens Fitting Options
Trial Lens Fitting
Lens Fit Characteristics
Assessment of Fit
Soft Lens Fitting Problems
Conclusion
References
Chapter 9. Soft Toric Lens Design and Fitting
Abstract
Introduction
Criteria for Use
Design Considerations
Principles of Correction
Troubleshooting Soft Toric Lenses
Conclusion
References
Chapter 10. Soft Lens Care Systems
Abstract
Introduction
Lens Care Systems
Rewetting Solutions
Saline Solutions
Relative Performance Measures
Lens Storage Case
Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
Part 3: Rigid Contact Lenses
Chapter 11. Rigid Lens Materials
Abstract
Introduction
Hybrid Rigid Gas-Permeable Materials
The Gaylord Patents – Harnessing Silicon
Commercial Rigid Materials and Their Properties
Trends in the Use of Rigid Lens Materials
Conclusion
References
Chapter 12. Rigid Lens Manufacture
Abstract
Introduction
Rigid Lens Manufacture
Specialty Rigid Lens Manufacture
Industry Regulation
Conclusion
References
Chapter 13. Rigid Lens Optics
Abstract
Introduction
Basic Tear Lens Properties
The Tear Lens During Trial Lens Fits
Required BVP When the Lens to Be Ordered Has a Different BOZR From the Trial Lens Used
Calculation of Required Surface Radii From a Trial Lens Fit
Neutralization of Corneal Astigmatism by a Rigid Lens of Spherical Power
Aberrations of Rigid Contact Lenses
Other Rigid Lens Effects
Conclusion
References
Chapter 14. Rigid Lens Measurement
Abstract
Introduction
Lens geometry
Lens Geometry
Optical Properties
Material Properties
Conclusion
References
Chapter 15. Rigid Corneal Lens Design and Fitting
Abstract
Introduction
Trends in Rigid Corneal Lens Prescribing
Ocular Topography
Forces Acting on the Rigid Corneal Lens
Rigid Corneal Lens Design
Trial Fitting Options
Selection of Initial Lenses
Lens Insertion, Removal and Settling
Lens Fit Characteristics
Assessment of Lens Fit
Rigid Corneal Lens Fitting Problems
Conclusion
References
Chapter 16. Rigid Toric Corneal Lens Design and Fitting
Abstract
Introduction
Forms of Toric Lens
Criteria for Use
Design Considerations
Optical Considerations
Conclusion
References
Chapter 17. Rigid Scleral and Corneoscleral Lens Design and Fitting
Abstract
Introduction and Historical Overview
Terminology
Indications
Advantages and Disadvantages
Fitting Principles
Complications
Conclusion
References
Chapter 18. Rigid Lens Care Systems
Abstract
Introduction
Disinfection and Wetting Solutions
Cleaning Solutions
Protein Removal Solutions
Disinfection of Trial Lens Sets
Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
Part 4: Lens Replacement Modalities
Chapter 19. Daily Disposable Lenses
Abstract
Introduction
Patterns of Wear
Clinical Performance
Advantages From the Perspective of Practitioners
Advantages From the Perspective of Lens Wearers
Disadvantages
Comfort Enhancement Strategies
Manufacturing Reliability
Environmental Impact
Limitations to More General Acceptance
Inflammation, Infiltrative and Keratitis
Lens Application to Assist Ametropes in Eyewear Selection
Conclusion
References
Chapter 20. Reusable Lenses
Abstract
Introduction
Global Prescribing Trends of Contact Lenses According to Replacement Frequency
Reasons Why Contact Lenses Need to Be Replaced Regularly
Benefits of Planned Lens Replacement Compared With Nonplanned Lens Replacement
Lens Packaging
Lens Quality and Reproducibility
Practice Management
Alternative Lens Supply Routes
Alternative Lens Replacement Frequencies
Conclusion
References
Part 5: Special Lenses and Fitting Considerations
Chapter 21. Tinted Lenses
Abstract
Introduction
Basic Options
Tinted Lens Designs and Applications
Manufacture
Clinical Considerations
Conclusion
References
Chapter 22. Presbyopia
Abstract
Introduction
Patient Selection
Patient Expectations
Initial Measurements
Bifocal and Multifocal Contact Lenses
Simultaneous Image Designs
Alternating (Translating) Image Designs
Monovision
Conclusions
References
Chapter 23. Extended Wear
Abstract
Introduction
Experiences With Extended Wear
Adverse Effects of Extended Wear
Clinical Extended Wear Practice
Application of Extended Wear in Practice
Conclusion
References
Chapter 24. Sport
Abstract
Introduction
Deciding on the Best Form of Correction
Do Contact Lenses Enhance Sporting Performance?
Environmental and Physical Constraints
General Considerations
Conclusion
References
Chapter 25. Keratoconus
Abstract
Introduction
Keratoconus Clinical Assessment
Refractive Management of Keratoconus
Monitoring Keratoconus Progression
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 26. High Ametropia
Abstract
Introduction
High Myopia
High Hyperopia
High Astigmatism
Practical Considerations
Conclusion
References
Chapter 27. Babies and Children
Abstract
Introduction
Indications
Elective Contact Lens Wear in Children
Ocular Response to Lens Wear
Examination Techniques
Lens Selection
Handling of Lenses
Common Aftercare Problems
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 28. Therapeutic Applications
Abstract
Introduction
Definitions
Lens Types
Concurrent Medications
Indications
Keratorefractive Procedures
Maintenance of a Precorneal Tear Reservoir
Drug Delivery
Complications
Conclusion
References
Chapter 29. Post-surgery
Abstract
Introduction
Refractive Surgery
Corneal Collagen Crosslinking
Corneal Transplantation
Contact Lens Modalities
Challenges and Complications When Fitting Contact Lenses After Corneal Surgery
Conclusion
References
Chapter 30. Orthokeratology
Abstract
Introduction
Ocular Changes Induced by Orthokeratology
Safety of Orthokeratology
Orthokeratology Lens Fitting
Postwear Assessment During the Fitting Process
Aftercare
Myopia Control With Orthokeratology
Hyperopic Orthokeratology
Conclusion
References
Chapter 31. Myopia Control
Abstract
Introduction
Risk Factors for Progression
Myopia Management With Contact Lenses
Fitting a Myope with Contact Lenses
Continuing Care and Complications
Trends in Contact Pens Prescribing for Myopia Control
Conclusions
References
Chapter 32. Diabetes
Abstract
Introduction
The Anterior Eye
Ocular Response to Contact Lenses
Glucose Sensing in the Anterior Eye
Contact Lens Wear in Patients with Other Systemic Disease
Conclusion
References
Part 6: Patient Examination and Management
Chapter 33. History Taking
Abstract
Introduction
Indications and Contraindications for Contact Lens Wear
History-Taking Structure
Patient Education, Risk/Benefit Analysis and Informed Consent
Patient Compliance
Conclusions
References
Chapter 34. Diagnostic Instruments
Abstract
Introduction
Observation of the Eye
Measurement of Corneal Sensitivity
Ocular Thermography
Assessment of Anterior-Segment Morphology
Determination of Corneal Thickness
Myopia Management
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 35. Preliminary Examination
Abstract
Introduction
Measurement of Vision
Objective and Subjective Refraction
Anatomical Measurements
Keratometry
Slit-Lamp Biomicroscopy
Tear Film Evaluation
Wavefront Refraction
Corneal Topography
Corneal Tomography and Pachymetric Mapping
Ophthalmoscopy
Binocular Vision Assessment
Supplementary Tests
Conclusion
References
36. Patient Education
Abstract
Introduction
Creating the Optimum Teaching Environment
Patient Instruction
Informed Consent
Preteen Neophytes
Conclusion
References
Chapter 37. Aftercare
Abstract
Introduction
Frequency of Aftercare Visits
Preparing for the Aftercare Visit
Aftercare Procedures While Lenses Are Worn
Aftercare Procedures Following Lens Removal
Discussion With Patient
Grading Scales
General Approaches to Solving Problems
Conclusion
References
Chapter 38. Complications
Abstract
Introduction
Eyelids
Tear Film
Conjunctiva
Limbus
Corneal Epithelium
Corneal Stroma
Corneal Endothelium
Conclusion
References
Chapter 39. Compliance
Abstract
Introduction
Consequences of Noncompliance
Extent and Pattern of Noncompliance
Duration of the Prescription
Erroneous Contact Lens Procedures
Reasons for Noncompliance
Compliance With the Incorrect Prescription
Compliance With the Correct Prescription
Investigation of Strategies for Compliance Enhancement
Predicting Noncompliance
A Compliance Enhancement Model
Conclusion
References
Chapter 40. Practice Management
Abstract
Introduction
Patient Experience and Journey
Practice Staff Training
Pricing: Significance and Communication
Positioning and Marketing
Conclusion
References
Appendix A. Contact Lens Design and Specifications
Appendix B. Contact Lens Tolerances
Appendix C. Vertex Distance Correction
Appendix D. Corneal Curvature – Corneal Power Conversion
Appendix E. Extended Keratometer Range Conversion
Appendix F. Soft Lens Average Thickness
Appendix G. Hydrogel Lens Oxygen Performance
Appendix H. Constant Edge Clearance Rigid Corneal Lens Designs
Appendix I. Soft Toric Lens Misalignment Demonstrator
Appendix J. Contact Lens Dry Eye Questionnaire-8 (CLDEQ-8)
Application of the Contact Lens Dry Eye Questionnaire-8
Interpretation of scores2
Appendix K. Efron Grading Scales for Contact Lens Complications
Appendix L. Scleral Lens Fit Scales
Index
Confidence is ClinicalKey

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