Concise Pathology for Exam Preparation_4e

4th Edition - November 12, 2020
Author: Geetika Khanna
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 8 1 - 3 1 2 - 6 1 3 3 - 0
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 8 1 - 3 1 2 - 6 1 3 4 - 7

The fourth edition of this book has been thoroughly updated and revised in accordance with the competency-based curriculum of Pathology. It has been structured in question-answer… Read more

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The fourth edition of this book has been thoroughly updated and revised in accordance with the competency-based curriculum of Pathology. It has been structured in question-answer format that incorporates information in a concise manner with bulleted points for rapid review and easy recapitulation. This is an endeavour to make understanding of Pathology easier so as to facilitate learning by students and help them apply their knowledge to the problems they encounter in their clinical practice later in life. This edition is based on Robbins & Cotran, Pathologic Basis of Disease, 10th edition.

Cover
Title page
Contents
Copyright
Dedication
Preface to the Fourth Edition
Preface to the First Edition
Acknowledgements
Section I: General Pathology
1: Cellular Responses to Injury
Q. Define pathology. (PA1.1, 1.2)
Q. Describe the history and evolution of pathology. (PA1.3)
Q. Define and classify disease.
Q. What are the four aspects of a disease that form the core of pathology? (PA1.1, 1.2)
Q. Enumerate and write briefly on different branches of pathology. (PA1.1, 1.2)
Q. Write briefly on the various routine and special techniques in histopathology. (PA1.1, 1.2)
Q. Define homeostasis.
Q. Define cellular adaptation. (PA 2.6).
Q. Define cell injury. (PA2.1)
Q. Enumerate the various cellular responses to injury. (PA2.1)
Q. What are the different types of cell injury? (PA2.1)
Q. Enumerate and describe in brief different types of cellular adaptations. (PA2.6)
Q. Define dysplasia.
Q. Differentiate between metaplasia and dysplasia.
Q. Write briefly on aetiopathogenesis and biochemical basis of cell injury. (PA2.1, 2.2)
Q. Describe the sequence of events occurring in reversible and irreversible injury. (PA2.1)
Q. Write briefly on free radical-mediated cell injury. (PA2.1)
Q. Write briefly on reperfusion injury.
Q. Write briefly on antioxidants.
Q. Define necrosis and describe its various morphological patterns.
Q. Differentiate between autolysis and necrosis.
Q. Differentiate between coagulative and liquefactive necrosis.
Q. Differentiate between coagulative and caseous necrosis.
Q. Differentiate between dry and wet gangrene.
Q. What are the types of cell death?
Q. Define apoptosis and describe its morphology, biochemical basis and underlying mechanism. (PA2.7)
Q. Differentiate between apoptosis and necrosis. (PA2.7)
Q. Enumerate the disorders associated with apoptosis. (PA2.7)
Q. Write briefly about diagnosis of apoptosis. (PA2.7)
Q. Classify intracellular accumulations and write briefly about them. (PA2.3)
Q. Write briefly on pathologic calcification. (PA2.5)
Q. Differentiate between dystrophic and metastatic calcification. (PA2.5)
Q. Define cell ageing. Enumerate the biochemical and morphological alterations that occur during ageing. (PA2.7)
Q. Write briefly on heat shock proteins.
2: Acute Inflammation
Q. Define inflammation. (PA4.1)
Q. What are the different stimuli for acute inflammation? (PA4.1)
Q. What are the cardinal signs of inflammation? (PA4.1)
Q. What are the different types of inflammation? (PA4.1)
Q. What are the major components of acute inflammation? (PA4.1)
Q. Enumerate and describe the different pattern recognition receptors in acute inflammation. (PA4.1)
Q. Write briefly on the various pathways involved in inflammation. (PA4.1)
Q. Write briefly on the sequence of vascular events in acute inflammation. (PA4.1)
Q. Enumerate the causes of leaky endothelium (increased vascular permeability). (PA4.1)
Q. Write briefly on the cellular events involved in acute inflammation. (PA4.1)
Q. What are leukocyte adhesion molecules (LAMs)? (PA4.1)
Q. Write briefly on chemotaxis. (PA4.1)
Q. Write briefly on phagocytosis. (PA4.1)
Q. Enumerate the defects in leukocyte functions. (PA4.1)
Q. Enumerate the chemical mediators of inflammation. (PA4.2)
Q. Enumerate the steps involved in generation of arachidonic acid metabolites. (PA4.2)
Q. Write briefly on platelet-derived factor (PAF). (PA4.2)
Q. What are cytokines? Describe their role in inflammation. (PA4.2)
Q. Write briefly on chemokines. (PA4.2)
Q. Write briefly on nitrous oxide (NO). (PA4.2)
Q. Write briefly on neuropeptides. (PA4.2)
Q. Write briefly on the ‘complement system’. (PA4.2)
Q. Enumerate the steps involved in activation of kinin and clotting systems. (PA4.2)
Q. Enumerate the factors determining variation in inflammatory response of different individuals. (PA4.1)
Q. What are the systemic effects of inflammation? (PA4.1)
Q. Enumerate and describe the various morphological patterns of acute inflammation. (PA4.4)
Q. Define cellulitis. (PA4.1)
Q. Define an ulcer. (PA4.1)
Q. What are the possible outcomes of acute inflammation? (PA4.1)
3: Chronic Inflammation
Q. Define chronic inflammation. (PA4.3)
Q. Write briefly on the pathophysiology/causes of “chronic inflammation”. (PA4.3)
Q. What are the symptoms of chronic inflammation? (PA4.3)
Q. Enumerate the laboratory tests for chronic inflammation.
Q. Write briefly on the role of inflammation in carcinogenensis. (PA4.3)
Q. Write briefly on the morphological features of “chronic inflammation”. (PA4.3, 4.4)
Q. Write briefly on the cells involved in chronic inflammation. (PA4.3)
Q. What is an activated macrophage? (PA4.3)
Q. What is granulomatous inflammation? Enumerate the causes of granulomatous diseases. (PA4.3)
Q. Enumerate the components of granulation tissue.
Q. Enumerate the different types of giant cells. (PA4.3)
Q. Differentiate between granulation tissue and granuloma.
4: Healing and Repair
Q. Define repair. (PA5.1)
Q. Define fibrosis. (PA5.1)
Q. Write briefly on cell cycle.
Q. Classify different types of mammalian cells. (PA5.1)
Q. What are stem cells? (PA5.1)
Q. Enumerate the sequence of events involved in reparative response following an injury.
Q. Enumerate the growth factors and cytokines involved in regeneration and wound healing.
Q. What are the different signalling mechanisms in cell growth? Write briefly on receptors and signalling pathways involved in healing and repair. (PA5.1)
Q. Write briefly on extracellular matrix (ECM) and cell–matrix interactions. (PA5.1)
Q. Write briefly on cell and tissue regeneration.
Q. Write briefly on repair by connective tissue deposition. (PA5.1)
Q. Write briefly on angiogenesis. (PA5.1)
Q. Write briefly on scar formation. (PA5.1)
Q. Write briefly on healing by primary or first intention. (PA5.1)
Q. Write briefly on healing by secondary intention. (PA5.1)
Q. Differentiate between healing by primary and secondary intention. (PA5.1)
Q. Enumerate the complications of wound healing. (PA5.1)
Q. Enumerate the factors that retard wound healing.
Q. Write in detail on healing in specialized tissues. (PA5.1)
Q. Enumerate the complications of fracture healing. (PA5.1)
5: Haemodynamic Disorders, Thrombosis and Shock
Q. Define oedema. Write briefly on its types. (PA6.1)
Q. Enumerate the differences between exudate and transudate.
Q. What are the factors affecting fluid balance across capillaries? (PA6.1)
Q. What are the pathophysiologic categories of oedema? (PA6.1)
Q. Write briefly on normal regulatory mechanisms responsible for maintaining sodium and water balance. (PA6.1)
Q. Write briefly on the pathogenesis of oedema.
Q. Write briefly on renal oedema. (PA6.1)
Q. Write briefly on cardiac oedema. (PA6.1)
Q. Write briefly on pulmonary oedema. (PA6.1)
Q. Write briefly on subcutaneous oedema. (PA6.1)
Q. Write briefly on cerebral oedema. (PA6.1)
Q. Differentiate between cardiac and renal oedema. (PA6.1)
Q. Define and compare hyperaemia and congestion. Write briefly on the pathogenesis and outcomes of chronic venous congestion. (PA6.2)
Q. Write briefly on the pathogenesis and clinicopathological features of pulmonary congestion. (PA6.2)
Q. Write briefly on the pathogenesis and clinicopathological features of congestive splenomegaly. (PA6.2)
Q. Write briefly on the pathogenesis and clinicopathological features of hepatic congestion. (PA6.2)
Q. Define and describe types of haemorrhage. Write in detail on haemostasis. (PA6.2)
Q. Write briefly on haemostasis. (PA6.4)
Q. Write briefly on the factors contributing to thrombus formation (What is Virchow’s triad? Enlist its components). (PA6.4)
Q. Write briefly on the morphology of a thrombus. (PA6.2)
Q. Differentiate between arterial and venous thrombi. (PA6.4)
Q. Differentiate between antemortem and post-mortem clot. (PA6.4)
Q. Write briefly on fate of a thrombus. (PA6.4)
Q. Classify emboli. (PA6.5)
Q. Write briefly on the aetiopathogenesis and complications of pulmonary embolism. (PA6.5)
Q. Write briefly on fat embolism. (PA6.5)
Q. Write briefly on systemic thromboembolism. (PA6.5)
Q. Write briefly on amniotic fluid embolism. (PA6.5)
Q. Write briefly on air embolism. (PA6.5)
Q. Define and classify infarcts. (PA6.6)
Q. Differentiate between red and white infarcts. (PA6.6)
Q. Write briefly on renal infarcts. (PA6.7)
Q. Write briefly on pulmonary infarcts. (PA6.6)
Q. Write briefly on splenic infarcts. (PA6.7)
Q. Define and classify shock. Describe its pathogenesis and clinical presentation. (PA6.3)
6: Diseases of Immune System
Q. Write briefly on the human immune system. (PA9.1)
Q. What are the different immune responses of the body? (PA9.1)
Q. Differentiate between innate and adaptive immunity. (PA9.1)
Q. What are the functions of the immune system?
Q. Write briefly on the cells of immune system. (PA9.1)
Q. Enumerate the differences between T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes. (PA9.1)
Q. Write briefly on HLA complex. (PA9.3)
Q. Differentiate between MHC class I and class II. (PA9.3)
Q. Enumerate the characteristics of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. (PA9.1)
Q. Enumerate the steps of antigen recognition by T cells. (PA9.1)
Q. Differentiate between helper and suppressor T cells. (PA9.1)
Q. Define hypersensitivity and write in detail on type I hypersensitivity. (PA9.2)
Q. What are mast cells? How do they contribute to type I hypersensitivity?
Q. Write briefly on the role of eosinophils in type I hypersensitivity. (PA9.2)
Q. Write in detail on type II hypersensitivity. (PA9.2)
Q. Write in detail on type III hypersensitivity. (PA9.2)
Q. What is Arthus reaction? (PA9.2)
Q. Write in detail on type IV hypersensitivity. (PA9.2)
Q. Tabulate differences between the different types of hypersensitivity. (PA9.2)
Q. Write briefly on lepromin reaction. (PA9.2)
Q. Define immunologic tolerance. What are its different types? (PA9.1)
Q. Differentiate between central and peripheral tolerance. (PA9.1)
Q. Write in detail on the mechanism of development of autoimmunity. (PA9.4)
Q. Classify autoimmune diseases. (PA9.4)
Q. Describe the aetiopathogenesis and clinicopathological features of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). (PA9.5)
Q. Write briefly on scleroderma. (PA9.7)
Q. Write briefly on Sjögren syndrome. (PA9.7)
Q. Define transplant rejection. Describe the pathogenesis, clinical features and morphology of acute and chronic rejection. (PA9.3)
Q. Differentiate between acute and chronic transplant rejection. (PA9.3)
Q. Write briefly on transplantation of haematopoietic cells. (PA9.3)
Q. Describe the physical and chemical nature of amyloid. (PA3.1)
Q. Classify amyloidosis. Describe the aetiology and clinicopathological features of the same. (PA3.1)
Q. Write in detail on the morphological features amyloidosis. (PA3.2)
Q. Differentiate between primary and secondary amyloidosis. (PA3.1, 3.2)
Q. Write briefly on primary or congenital immune deficiency diseases.
Q. Write in detail on the aetiopathogenesis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). (PA9.6)
Q. Write briefly on the clinical presentation of HIV/AIDS.
Q. Enumerate the abnormalities of immune functions in AIDS.
Q. Enumerate the AIDS-defining opportunistic infections and neoplasms.
Q. Write briefly on Center for Disease Control (CDC) classification of categories of HIV infection.
Q. Write briefly on the laboratory diagnosis of AIDS.
7: Genetic and Paediatric Disorders
Part I: Genetic Disorders
Part II: Diseases of Infancy and Childhood
8: Neoplasia
Q. Define neoplasia. (PA7.1)
Q. Define oncology.
Q. Define cancer.
Q. What is clonality?
Q. What are the two main components of all neoplasms? (PA7.1)
Q. What is desmoplasia?
Q. Define a teratoma.
Q. Define a choristoma.
Q. Define a hamartoma.
Q. Define a blastoma.
Q. Differentiate between a hamartoma and a neoplasm.
Q. Classify neoplasms. (PA7.1)
Q. Define and classify benign tumours. (PA7.1)
Q. Define differentiation. (PA7.1)
Q. Define anaplasia. Enumerate the morphological features indicative of anaplasia. (PA7.1)
Q. Define dysplasia. Enumerate the steps in the course of progression of dysplasia to invasive cancer. (PA7.1)
Q. Differentiate between dysplasia and anaplasia. (PA7.1)
Q. Define and classify malignant tumours (refer to Table 8.2). (PA7.1)
Q. Differentiate between benign and malignant tumours.
Q. Define local invasion.
Q. Define metastasis. Write briefly on the various pathways of spread of the tumours.
Q. Write briefly about the biology of the tumour growth.
Q. Write briefly about the epidemiology of malignant tumours.
Q. Write briefly on the epidemiological factors influencing neoplasia. (PA7.2)
Q. Write briefly on the molecular basis of cancer/carcinogenesis. (PA7.2)
Q. Write briefly on the role of non-coding RNAs in cancer. (PA7.2)
Q. Write briefly on cancer regulatory genes. (PA7.2)
Q. Differentiate between anti-oncogenes and proto-oncogenes. (PA7.2)
Q. Enumerate the steps involved in carcinogenesis. (PA7.2)
Q. Write briefly on role of cyclins, CDK (cyclin-dependent kinases) and CDK inhibitors in regulating G1/S cell cycle transition/pathogenesis of neoplasia. (PA7.2)
Q. Write in detail on cancer-related genes and their effect on cell growth. (PA7.2)
Q. Write briefly on angiogenesis. (PA7.1)
Q. Describe the mechanism and biology of invasion and metastasis. (PA7.1)
Q. Write briefly on chemical carcinogenesis. (PA7.3)
Q. Write briefly on microbial carcinogenesis. (PA7.3)
Q. Define and classify paraneoplastic syndromes. (PA7.4)
Q. Write briefly on laboratory diagnosis of cancer.
Q. Write briefly on immune response to cancer. (PA7.5)
9: Infectious Diseases
Q. Write in detail on classification of infectious diseases.
Q. Write in detail on diseases caused by bacteria. (PA10.4)
Q. Write in detail on diseases caused by viruses. (PA10.4)
Q. Write briefly about chlamydial, rickettsial and mycoplasma infections. (PA 10.4)
Q. Write briefly about fungal infections.
Q. Write briefly on the aetiopathogenesis and diagnosis of mycetoma.
Q. Write briefly on protozoan infections. (PA10.1, 10.4)
Q. Write briefly on helminthic infections. (PA10.2, 10.4)
10: Environmental Pathology
Q. Enumerate and describe the pathogenesis of disorders caused by air pollution, tobacco and alcohol. (PA12.1)
Q. Write briefly about lead toxicity.
Q. Write briefly about the effects of climate change on human health.
Q. Write briefly about the biological effects and mechanism of action of ionizing radiation.
Q. Write briefly on common drug induced reactions.
Q. Write briefly about exogenous oestrogens and their effects.
11: Nutritional Disorders
Q. Define protein-energy malnutrition (PEM). (PA12.2)
Q. Differentiate between kwashiorkor and marasmus. (PA12.2)
Q. Write briefly about the metabolism of vitamin A.
Q. Enlist the manifestations of vitamin A deficiency.
Q. Write briefly on hypervitaminosis A.
Q. Write briefly about the metabolism of vitamin D.
Q. Enumerate the functions of Vitamin D.
Q. Write briefly on the salient features of vitamin D deficiency.
Q. Write briefly about vitamin E deficiency.
Q. Write briefly about vitamin K deficiency.
Q. Write briefly about the sources, functions and deficiency of vitamin C.
Q. Write briefly about thiamine deficiency.
Q. Write briefly about riboflavin deficiency.
Q. Write briefly about niacin deficiency.
Q. Write briefly about pyridoxine deficiency.
Q. What are trace elements.
Q. Write briefly on the role of diet in carcinogenesis.
Q. Write briefly on the definition, etiopathogenesis and pathologic consequences of obesity. (PA12.3)
Section II: Haematology
12: Normal Haematopoiesis and Disorders of Red Cells
Q. Write briefly on the normal sequence of development of cells of haematopoietic system. (PA13.1)
Q. Discuss the aetiology, classification and clinical features of anaemia. (PA13.3, 13.4, 13.5)
Q. Outline the laboratory approach to evaluation of anaemia.
Q. Enumerate the causes of microcytic hypochromic anaemia and enlist their salient features. (PA14.2, 14.3)
Q. Write in detail on iron metabolism. (PA14.1)
Q. Outline the aetiopathogenesis, clinical features and blood picture of iron-deficiency anaemia (IDA).
Q. Write briefly on sideroblastic anaemia.
Q. Describe the aetiopathogenesis, clinical features and haematological picture of macrocytic anaemia. (PA15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 15.4)
Q. Write briefly on anaemia due to blood loss.
Q. Define normocytic normochromic anaemia and enumerate its causes.
Q. Outline the pathogenesis and laboratory findings of anaemia of chronic disease.
Q. Define haemolysis. Classify haemolytic anaemia. (PA16.1)
Q. Enumerate the causes of intravascular haemolysis. (PA16.2)
Q. Enumerate the causes of extravascular haemolysis. (PA16.2)
Q. Differentiate between extravascular and intravascular haemolysis. (PA16.2)
Q. Enumerate the steps in the laboratory diagnosis of haemolytic anaemia. (PA16.2, 16.5)
Q. Enumerate the hereditary abnormalities of red cell membrane. Write briefly on the molecular pathology, laboratory diagnosis and clinical features of hereditary spherocytosis (HS).
Q. Write briefly on G6PD deficiency anaemia.
Q. Write briefly on the pathophysiology, clinical features and laboratory diagnosis of sickle cell disease. (PA16.3)
Q. Describe the molecular pathology, clinical features and laboratory diagnosis of thalassaemias. (PA16.3)
Q. Write briefly on paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH).
Q. Write briefly on autoimmune acquired haemolytic anaemia (AIHA). (PA16.4)
Q. Write briefly on Coombs test. (PA16.4)
Q. Define pancytopenia. Enumerate its causes. (PA17.1)
Q. Write briefly on aplastic anaemia. (PA17.1, 17.2)
13: Disorders of Leukocytes and Lymphoreticular System
Q. Enumerate the disorders of WBCs. (PA18.1)
Q. Write briefly on the quantitative disorders of neutrophils. (PA18.1)
Q. Write briefly on the morphological/qualitative disorders of neutrophils. (PA18.1)
Q. Write briefly on quantitative disorders of eosinophils. (PA18.1)
Q. Enumerate the causes of monocytosis.
Q. Enumerate the causes of basophilia.
Q. Write briefly on quantitative disorders of lymphocytes. (PA18.1)
Q. What are leukaemoid reactions? (PA18.1)
Q. Differentiate between leukaemoid reactions and chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML). (PA18.2)
Q. Define and enumerate the myeloproliferative disorders?
Q. Define and classify polycythaemia?
Q. Outline the clinical features and laboratory diagnosis of polycythaemia vera.
Q. Differentiate between primary and secondary polycythaemia.
Q. Discuss the clinical features and laboratory diagnosis of chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML). (PA18.2)
Q. Outline the clinical features and laboratory diagnosis of primary myelofibrosis (agnogenic myeloid metaplasia).
Q. Differentiate between CML and myelofibrosis.
Q. Write briefly on essential thrombocythemia (ET).
Q. Write briefly on myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS).
Q. Define and classify acute leukaemia? (PA18.2)
Q. Write briefly on the aetiopathogenesis of leukaemias. (PA18.2)
Q. Outline the clinical features and laboratory diagnosis of acute leukaemia. (PA18.2)
Q. Differentiate between acute lymphoblastic and acute myelogenous leukaemia (or differentiate between lymphoblast and myeloblast). (PA18.2)
Q. Define subleukaemic or aleukaemic leukaemia. (PA18.2)
Q. Write briefly on normal histology of lymph node.
Q. What is reactive lymphadenitis? (PA19.1)
Q. Enumerate the causes of generalized lymphadenopathy.
Q. Write in detail on Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). PA19.4, 19.5)
Q. Differentiate between HL and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). (PA19.4)
Q. Write briefly on the epidemiology of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL).
Q. Write briefly on the aetiopathogenesis of NHL.
Q. Classify NHL.
Q. Write in detail about the gross and microscopic pathology of NHL.
Q. Enumerate various plasma cell disorders.
Q. Write in detail on the pathology, clinical features and laboratory diagnosis of multiple myeloma (MM). (PA20.1)
Q. Enumerate the common histiocytic disorders.
Q. Enumerate the common causes of splenomegaly. (PA19.5)
Q. Write briefly on tropical splenomegaly. (PA19.5)
Q. Write briefly on hypersplenism. (PA19.5)
14: Bleeding and Clotting Disorders
Q. What are the components of normal haemostatic mechanisms? (PA21.1)
Q. Differentiate between primary and secondary homeostatic disorders.
Q. Write briefly on bleeding disorders. (PA21.2)
Q. Enumerate the clinicopathological features of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. (ITP, PA21.2)
Q. Differentiate between acute and chronic ITP. (PA21.2)
Q. Define thrombocytosis and enumerate its causes. (PA21.2)
Q. Write briefly on platelet function disorders. (PA21.2)
Q. Classify hereditary coagulation disorders. (PA21.3)
Q. Write briefly on the pathophysiology, clinical features and laboratory diagnosis of haemophilia.
Q. Write briefly on von Willebrand disease.
Q. Differentiate between haemophilia A, haemophilia B and von Willebrand disease.
Q. Write briefly on acquired coagulation disorders. (PA21.3)
Q. Write briefly on thrombophilia (Hypercoagulability).
Q. Write briefly on the aetiopathogenesis, clinical features and laboratory findings in disseminated intravascular coagulation. (DIC, PA21.4, 21.5)
Section III: Clinical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
15: Anticoagulants
Q. Enumerate the various types of blood specimens used for different diagnostic tests.
Q. Enumerate different anticoagulants. Write briefly on their uses and disadvantages. PA13.2
Q. Enlist the anticoagulants of choice for different analytical procedures.
Q. Enumerate the various effects of storage on the blood cells.
16: Routine Haematology Techniques
Q. Write briefly on estimation of haemoglobin. (PA13.4)
Q. Write briefly on manual cell counts using counting chambers. (PA13.4)
17: Bone Marrow Examination
Q. Enumerate the indications and describe the findings in bone marrow aspiration and biopsy. (PA17.2)
18: Urine Examination
Q. Enumerate and describe the different methods of collection of urine. (IM25.7, PE21.11)
Q. Enumerate the various physical, chemical and microscopic changes, which occur in a urine specimen on standing.
Q. Enumerate the various chemical and cytological preservatives used for preservation of a urinary sample.
Q. Write briefly on the steps in physical examination of urine. (PA23.1, IM4.12, 25.7, PE21.11)
Q. Write briefly on reagent strips (Fig. 18.2).
Q. Write briefly on the steps in chemical examination of urine. (PA23.1, IM4.12, 25.7, PE21.11)
Q. Write briefly on the steps in microscopic analysis of urine. (PA23.1, IM4.12, 25.7, PE21.11)
19: Examination of Body Fluids
Q. Write briefly on the steps in examination of synovial fluid.
Q. Write briefly on the steps in examination of cerebrospinal fluid. (PA35.1)
Q. Write briefly on the steps in examination of pleural fluid. (IM4.12)
Q. Write briefly on the steps in examination of ascitic fluid. (IM4.12)
20: Semen Analysis
Q. Write briefly on the steps in examination of semen. (PA23.3)
21: Immunohaematology
Q. What are blood groups? Enumerate the important blood group systems (PA22.1).
Q. What is the clinical significance of the ABO blood group system? (PA22.1)
Q. What is the clinical significance of the Bombay Phenotype (hh)? (PA22.1)
Q. Write briefly on ‘routine ABO blood grouping’. (PA22.2)
Q. Write briefly on different blood group systems besides ABO system. (PA22.1)
Q. Write briefly on the principles of blood transfusion. (PA22.2)
Q. Write briefly on blood component therapy. (PA22.4)
Q. What are transfusion reactions? (PA22.5, 22.6)
Q. Write briefly on autologous blood tranfusion. (PA22.7)
22: Liver Function Tests
Q. Write briefly on liver function tests. (PA25.6, IM5.14, 15.9, PE26.9)
23: Renal Function Tests
Q. Write briefly on kidney function tests. (IM10.16, 10.17)
Section IV: Systemic Pathology
24: Diseases of Blood Vessels
Diseases of blood vessels
25: Diseases of the Heart
Normal heart
Vascular Supply of the Heart (Fig. 25.2)
26: Diseases of the Lungs
Airways
27: Diseases of Oral Cavity and Gastrointestinal System
Oral cavity
Salivary glands
Oesophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Colon
28: Diseases of Hepatobiliary System and Pancreas
Liver
Pancreas
29: Diseases of Kidney and Lower Urinary Tract
Normal structure (PA28.1)
Functions of kidney
Urine formation
Composition of Urine
30: Diseases of Male Genital System
Testis and epididymis
Penis
Prostate
31: Diseases of Female Genital System
Normal anatomy
32: Diseases of the Breast
Q. Write briefly about benign epithelial lesions of the breast. (PA31.1)
Q. Write briefly about stromal tumours of breast.
Q. Describe the aetiopathogenesis, clinical features and morphology of breast carcinoma. (PA31.2)
Q. Write briefly about Paget disease of breast.
Male breast
33: Diseases of the Endocrine System
Thyroid
Parathyroid gland
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
34: Diseases of the Skin
Normal Skin
35: Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System
Bone
Joints
Muscle
Soft tissue
36: Diseases of the Central Nervous System
Normal Cells of Central Nervous System (CNS) and Their Cellular Morphology (Fig. 36.1)
Q: Write briefly on hydrocephalus.
Q. Describe the aetiology, types, pathogenesis, differentiating factors, and CSF findings in meningitis. (PA35.1)
Q. Write briefly on neurosyphilis.
Q. Write briefly on encephalitis.
Q. Write briefly on Lyme disease.
Q. Write briefly on cerebrovascular accidents.
Q. Write in detail on cerebral infarcts.
Q. Write briefly on intracranial haemorrhage.
Q. Classify and describe the etiology, genetics, pathogenesis, pathology, presentation, sequelae and complications of CNS tumours. (PA35.2)
WHO Histological Grading of Diffuse Astrocytic Tumours
WHO Histological Grading of Localized Astrocytic Tumours
Appendix: Normal Laboratory Values
Index

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