Computer Programming Languages in Practice

Introduction Why Learn to Program? The Competition Will Use the New Tools To Organize Jobs for the Computer To Understand the Products Offered Do-it-Yourself Projects As a Hobby and for Entertainment And as a Profession Why are There So Many Languages? What You'll Find in Each Chapter1 What Programming Is The Purpose of a Program What is Software? Types of Programs Elements That Can Be Programmed Programming a Printer Programming a Keyboard Programming a Display Programming the Storage Units Programming the Computer Itself How Data is Organized Codes and Characters Fields Types of Fields Records Files A Volume Planning a Data File File Size Access Methods Sequential Access Direct Access Indexed Access The Need for a Data Base Steps Involved in Preparing a Program Program Specifications Program Design Coding the Program Testing Releasing the Program The Finished Program and Its Documentation Flowcharts Decision Tables Pseudocode Self-Test for Chapter 12 Components of a Programming Language Phases of Operation The Statements Available in a Language Syntax Diagrams Coding Forms Operators Arithmetic Operators Relational Operators Variables Constants Literals Arrays Functions Expressions Procedures Control Structures and Structured Programming The Effect of Limited Control Structures Self-Test for Chapter 23 BASIC—Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code Introduction What Does a Basic Program Look Like? Choosing an Instruction Set for Explanation Other Components of the Language Expressions in BASIC String Constants and String Variables Numeric Constants and Numeric Variables A Note about Names How Numeric and String Variables are Used Arithmetic Operators Order of Priority Writing Expressions Using Arithmetic Operators Relational Operators Writing Expressions Using Relational Operators Logical Operators The String Operator Array System Functions Special System Functions Construction of Source Statements Showing Source Statement Formats Basic Source Statement Syntax Diagrams Statements Discussed Data Entry Statements Keyboard Input Statements Array Handling Statements The Field Statement File Handling Statements Statements That Display and Print Printing The Image Statement Zones on Both the Screen and Printer Variations of the Display and Printing Statements Ability to Evaluate Expressions The Let Statement Decisions, Branches, and Loops The For/Next Loop GoSub and Return Statements The GoTo Statement If/Then/Else Statement Special Source Statements A Sample Program Self-Test for Chapter 34 Cobol—Common Business Oriented Language Introduction The Four Divisions Reserved Words Organization of a Program Coding Form Relationship of Divisions to One Another The Identification Division The Environment Division The Data Division Naming Data Describing Data Relationship of Data Items Setting the Beginning Values Organizing Numeric Data Editing Data for Display or Printing Cobol Syntax Diagrams The Procedure Division Statements That Perform Arithmetic The Add Statement The Subtract Statement The Multiply Statement The Divide Statement The Compute Statement The Accept and Display Statements The Move Statement Branches, Conditions, and Loops Relational Operators Logical Operators The If Statements The GOTO Statements The Perform Statement Statements That Use Files Describing a File to Cobol Fundamentals of the File Handling Statements Printer Files—Printing a Line Handling Tape Files Disk and Diskette Files Indexed Access Files Relative Access Files Statements That Handle Tables Loading Data into Tables The Indexed By Clause The Set Statement The Search Statement The Search All Statement The Perform Varying Statement The Sort statement Statements That Process Character Strings The String and Unstring Statements The Inspect Statement Statements That Use Other Programs The Call Statement The Exit or Exit Program Statement The Enter Statement The Stop Statement Cobol Modules and Levels Sample Program—Use of an Inventory File on Tape Self-Test for Chapter 45 Other Languages, Old and New Introduction Graphics and Basic Statements Available in a Popular Basic How the Graphics Statements Work FORTRAN—Formula Translator The Coding Form Fortran Keywords and Syntax Diagrams Operators—Arithmetic, Relational, and Logical Names for Variables Construction of Statements Data Types Intrinsic Functions Available Overall Organization of a Program A Section of a Fortran Program Report Program Generator—RPG The Five Specifications A Source Program and Its Compilation A Section of a Source Listing The Fixed Program Logic of RPG Naming Conventions Control Card Specifications File Description Specifications Input Specifications Relationship Between Files Arrays and Tables Calculation Specifications Output Format Specifications An Ideal Application for RPG CP/M—An Operating System You May Hear About Self-Test for Chapter 5Glossary of TermsAnswers to Self-Test for Chapter 1Answers to Self-Test for Chapter 2Answers to Self-Test for Chapter 3Answers to Self-Test for Chapter 4Answers to Self-Test for Chapter 5Index