Computational Techniques for Multiphase Flows

1st Edition - October 6, 2009
Imprint: Butterworth-Heinemann
Authors: Guan Heng Yeoh, Jiyuan Tu
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 0 8 - 0 9 7 4 6 7 - 5
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 0 8 - 0 4 6 7 3 3 - 7
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 0 8 - 0 9 1 4 8 9 - 3

Mixed or multiphase flows of solid/liquid or solid/gas are commonly found in many industrial fields, and their behavior is complex and difficult to predict in many cases. The use… Read more

Computational Techniques for Multiphase Flows

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Mixed or multiphase flows of solid/liquid or solid/gas are commonly found in many industrial fields, and their behavior is complex and difficult to predict in many cases. The use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has emerged as a powerful tool for the understanding of fluid mechanics in multiphase reactors, which are widely used in the chemical, petroleum, mining, food, beverage and pharmaceutical industries. Computational Techniques for Multiphase Flows enables scientists and engineers to the undertand the basis and application of CFD in muliphase flow, explains how to use the technique, when to use it and how to interpret the results and apply them to improving aplications in process enginering and other multiphase application areas including the pumping, automotive and energy sectors.

Table of Contents

Preface

Introduction

Classification and Phenomenological Discussion

Typical Practical Problems Involving Multiphase Flows

Computational Fluid Dynamics as a Research Tool for Multiphase Flows

Computational Fluid Dynamics as a Design Tool for Multiphase Flows

Impact of Multiphase Flow Study on Computational Fluid Dynamics

Scope of This Book

Governing Equations and Boundary Conditions

Background of Different Approaches

Averaging Procedure for Multiphase Flow

Equations of Motion for Continuous Phase

Conservation of Mass

Conservation of Momentum

Conservation of Energy

Interfacial Transport

Effective Conservation Equations

Comments and Observations on the Governing Equations for the Two-Fluid Modeling Approach

Equations of Motion for Disperse Phase

Turbulence in Transport Phenomena

Reynolds-Averaged Equations

Reynolds-Averaged Closure

Some Comments on the k-e Model and Implications of Other Turbulence Models

Shear Stress Transport (SST) Model

Reynolds Stress Model

Near Wall Treatment

Comments on Turbulence Modeling of the Disperse Phase

Differential and Integral Form of the Transport Equations

A Comment on Multi-Fluid Model

Boundary Conditions and Their Physical Interpretation

Comments on Some Wall Boundary Conditions for Multiphase Problems

Summary

Solution Methods for Multiphase Flows

Introduction

MESH SYSTEMS

Consideration for a Range of Multiphase Flow Problems

Application of Structured Mesh

Application of Body-Fitted Mesh

Application of Unstructured Mesh

Some Comments on Grid Generation

EULERIAN-EULERIAN FRAMEWORK

Numerical Algorithms

Basic Aspects of Discretisation – Finite Difference Method

Basic Aspects of Discretisation – Finite Volume Method

Basic Approximation of the Diffusion Term Based Upon the Finite Volume Method

Basic Approximation of the Advection Term Based Upon the Finite Volume Method

Some Comments on the Need for TVD Schemes

Explicit and Implicit Approaches

Assembly of Discretised Equations

Comments on the Linearization of Source Terms

Solution Algorithms

The Philosophy Behind the Pressure-Correction Techniques for Multiphase Problems

SIMPLE Algorithm for Mixture or Homogeneous Flows

A Comment on Other Pressure Correction Methods

Evaluation of the Face Velocity in Different Mesh Systems

Iterative Procedure Based on the SIMPLE Algorithm

Inter-Phase Slip Algorithm (IPSA) for Multiphase Flows

Inter-Phase Slip Algorithm-Coupled (IPSA-C) for Multiphase Flows

Comments on the Need for Improved Interpolation Methods of Evaluating the Face Velocity in Multiphase Problems

Matrix Solvers for the Segregated Approach in Different Mesh Systems

Coupled Equation System

EULERIAN-LAGRANGIAN FRAMEWORK

Numerical and Solution Algorithms

Basic Numerical Techniques

Comments on Sampling Particulates for Turbulent Dispersion

Some Comments on Attaining Proper Statistical Realizations

Evaluation of Source Terms for the Continuous Phase

INTERFACE TRACKING/CAPTURING ALGORITHMS

Basic Considerations of Interface Tracking/Capturing Methods

Algorithms Based on Surface Methods: With Comments

Markers on Interface (Surface Marker Techniques)

Algorithms Based on Volume Methods: With Comments

Markers in Fluid (MAC Formulation)

Volume of Fluid (VOF)

Level Set Method

Hybrid Methods

Computing Surface Tension and Wall Adhesion

Summary

Gas-Particle Flows

Introduction

Background

Classification of Gas-Particle Flows

Particle Loading and Stokes Number

Particle Dispersion due to Turbulence

Multiphase Models for Gas-Particle Flows

Eulerian-Lagrangian Framework

Eulerian-Eulerian Framework

Turbulence Modeling

Particle-Wall Collision Model

Worked Examples

Dilute Gas-Particle Flow over a Two-Dimensional Backward Facing Step

Dilute Gas-Particle Flow over a Three-Dimensional 90^o Bend

Dilute Gas-Particle Flow over an Inline Tube Bank

Summary

Liquid-Particle Flows

Introduction

Background

Some Physical Characteristics of Flow in Sedimentation Tank

Some Physical Characteristics of Flow in Slurry Transport

Multiphase Models for Liquid-Particle Flows

Mixture Model

Modeling Source or Sink Terms for Flow in Sedimentation Tank

Modeling Source or Sink Terms for Flow in Slurry Transportation

Turbulence Modeling

Worked Examples

Liquid-Particle Flow in Sedimentation Tank

Sand-Water Slurry Flow in a Horizontal Straight Pipe

Summary

Gas-Liquid Flows

Introduction

Background

Categorization of Different Flow Regimes

Some Physical Characteristics of Boiling Flow

Multiphase Models for Liquid-Particle Flows

Multi-Fluid Model

Inter-phase Mass Transfer

Inter-phase Momentum Transfer

Inter-phase Heat Transfer

Turbulence Modeling

Population Balance Approach

Need for Population Balance in Gas-Liquid Flows

Population Balance Equation (PBE)

Method of Moments (MOM)

Quadrature Method of Moments (QMOM)

Direct Quadrature Method of Moments (DQMOM)

Class Methods (CM)

Average Quantities Approach

MUltiple SIze Group (MUSIG) Model

Bubble Interaction Mechanisms

Single Average Scalar Approach for Bubbly Flows

Multiple Bubble Size Approach for Bubbly Flows

Comments of Other Coalescence and Break-up Kernels

Modeling Beyond Bubbly Flows – A Phenomenological Consideration

Modeling Subcooled Boiling Flows

Review of Current Model Applications

Phenomenological Description

Nucleation of Bubbles at Heated Walls

Condensation of Bubbles in Subcooled Liquid

Worked Examples

Dispersed Bubbly Flow in a Rectangular Column

Bubbly Flow in a Vertical Pipe

Subcooled Boiling Flow in a Vertical Annulus

Application of MUSIG Boiling Model

Application of Improved Wall Heat Partition Model

Summary

Free Surface Flows

Introduction

Multiphase Models for Free Surface Flows

Relevant Worked Examples

Bubble Rising in a Viscous Liquid

Single Taylor Bubble

Collapse of a Liquid Column (Breaking Dam Problem)

Sloshing of Liquid

Summary

Freezing/Solidification

Introduction

Mathematical Formulation

Governing Equations

Solid-Liquid Interface

Other Boundary Conditions

Numerical Procedure

Internal Grid Generation

Surface Grid Generation

Optimizing Computational Meshes

Objective Function

Optimization Algorithm

Transformation of Governing Equations and Boundary Conditions

Worked Examples

Freezing of Water on a Vertical Wall in an Enclosed Cavity

Freezing of Water in an Open Cubical Cavity

Summary

Three-Phase Flows

Introduction

Description of Problem in the Context of Computational Fluid Dynamics

Modeling Approaches for Gas-Liquid-Solid Flows

Three-Fluid Model

Turbulence Modeling

Evaluation of Multiphase Models for Gas-Liquid-Solid Flows

Three-Phase Modeling of the Air Lift Pump

Modeling of Three-Phase Mechanically Agitated Reactor

Summary

Future Trends in Handling Turbulent Multiphase Flows

Introduction

Direct Numerical Simulation of Multiphase Flows

Model Description

Large Eddy Simulation of Multiphase Flows

Model Description

Basic Sub-Grid Scale Model

Dynamic Sub-Grid Scale Model

On Modeling Gas-Liquid-Solid Fluidization

Governing Equations

Interface Tracking/Capturing methods: With Comments

Discrete Particle Model

Particle-Particle Collision

Inter-Phase Couplings

Simulation Results

Some Concluding Remarks

Appendix A Full Derivation of Conservation Equations

References

Subject Index

Guan Heng Yeoh

Guan Heng Yeoh is a professor at the School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, UNSW, and a principal research scientist at ANSTO. He is the founder and editor of the Journal of Computational Multiphase Flows and the group leader of Computational Thermal-Hydraulics of OPAL Research Reactor, ANSTO. He has approximately 250 publications including 10 books, 12 book chapters, 156 journal articles and 115 conference papers with an H-index of 33 and over 4490 citations. His research interests are computational fluid dynamics (CFD); numerical heat and mass transfer; turbulence modelling using Reynolds averaging and large eddy simulation; combustion, radiation heat transfer, soot formation and oxidation, and solid pyrolysis in fire engineering; fundamental studies in multiphase flows: free surface, gas-particle, liquid-solid (blood flow and nanoparticles), and gas-liquid (bubbly, slug/cap, churn-turbulent, and subcooled nucleate boiling flows); computational modelling of industrial systems of single-phase and multiphase flows.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor, Mechanical Engineering (CFD), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, University of New South Wales, Australia

Jiyuan Tu

Jiyuan Tu has 33 years of academic and industry experience in this field. He has authored 9 books, is an editor on 6 journals, has over 300 journal articles published and is in service of expert committee members to the United Nations (UN) and International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). In the last 10 years, he has won 6 awards for excellence in research and teaching. His areas of research and consulting expertise are: Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and numerical heat transfer (NHT); computational and experimental modelling of multiphase flows; fluid-structure interaction; biomedical engineering: optimal design of drug delivery devices; prediction of aerosol deposition in human airways and nasal cavity; and simulation of blood flow in arteries.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Australia; and Distinguished Professor, Tsinghua University, China

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