Computational Fluid Dynamics

PrefaceAcknowledgements1. Introduction1.1 Advantages of Computational Fluid Dynamics1.2 Overview of Computational Fluid Dynamics1.3 Application of Computational Fluid Dynamics 1.3.1 As a Research Tool1.3.2 As an Education Tool to Learn Basic Thermal-Fluid Science1.3.3 As a Design Tool1.3.4 Aerospace 1.3.5 Automotive Engineering1.3.6 Biomedical Science engineering1.3.7 Chemical and Mineral Processing1.3.8 Civil and Environmental Engineering1.3.9 Power Generation1.3.10 Sports1.4 The Future of Computational Fluid Dynamics1.5 Summary Review Questions2. CFD Solution Procedure ¡V A Beginning2.1 Introduction 2.2 Problem Set-Up ¡V Preprocess2.2.1 Creation of Geometry ¡V Step 12.2.2 Mesh Generation ¡V Step 22.2.3 Selection of Physics and Fluid Properties ¡V Step 32.2.4 Specification of Boundary Conditions ¡V Step 42.3 Numerical Solution ¡V CFD Solver2.3.1 Initialization and Iteration ¡V Step 52.3.2 Monitoring Solution ¡V Step 62.4 Result Report and Visualization ¡V Postprocess 2.4.1 XY Plots2.4.2 Vector Plots2.4.3 Contour Plots2.4.4 Other Plots2.4.5 Data Report and Output 2.4.6 Animation2.5 Summary Review Questions3. Governing Equations for CFD ¡V Fundamentals3.1 Introduction3.2 The Continuity Equation3.2.1 Mass Conservation3.2.2 Physical Interpretation3.2.3 Comments 3.3 The Momentum Equation 3.3.1 Force Balance3.3.2 Physical Interpretation3.3.3 Comments 3.4 The Energy Equation3.4.1 Energy Conservation3.4.2 Physical Interpretation3.4.3 Comments 3.5 The Additional Equations for Turbulent Flow3.5.1 What is Turbulence3.5.2 k-ƒÕ Two-Equation Turbulence Model3.5.3 Comments 3.6 Generic Form of the Governing Equations for CFD3.7 Physical Boundary Conditions of the Governing Equations3.8 Summary Review Questions4. CFD Techniques ¡V Basics 4.1 Introduction4.2 Discretisation of Governing Equations 4.2.1 Finite Difference Method 4.2.2 Finite Volume Method 4.2.3 Converting Governing Equations to Algebraic Equation System4.3 Numerical Solution of Algebraic Equation System4.3.1 Direct Methods4.3.2 Iterative Methods4.3.3 Pressure-Velocity Coupling - SIMPLE Scheme4.4 Summary Review Questions5. CFD Solution Analysis - Essentials5.1 Introduction5.2 Consistency5.3 Stability5.4 Convergence5.4.1 What is Convergence5.4.2 Residuals and Convergence Tolerance5.4.3 Convergence Difficulty and Using Under-Relaxation 5.4.4 Accelerating Convergence5.5 Accuracy5.5.1 Source of Solution Errors5.5.2 Controlling the Solution Errors 5.5.3 Verification and Validation 5.6 Efficiency5.7 Case Studies5.7.1 Test Case A: Channel Flow5.7.2 Test Case B: Flow over a 90o Bend5.8 Summary Review Questions6. Practical Guidelines on CFD Simulation and Analysis 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Guidelines on Grid Generation6.2.1 Overview of Grid Generation 6.2.2 Guidelines on Grid Quality and Grid Design6.2.3 Local Refinement and Solution Adaptation6.3 Guidelines on Boundary Conditions6.3.1 Overview of Setting Boundary Conditions6.3.2 Guidelines on Inlet Boundary Conditions6.3.3 Guidelines on Outlet Boundary Conditions6.3.4 Guidelines on Wall Boundary Conditions6.3.5 Guidelines on Symmetry and Periodicity Boundary Conditions6.4 Guidelines on Turbulence Modeling6.4.1 Overview of Turbulence Modeling Approaches 6.4.2 Strategy for Selecting Turbulence Models6.4.3 Near-Wall Treatments6.4.4 Setting Boundary Conditions6.4.5 Test Case: Assessment of Two-Equation Turbulence Modeling for Hydrofoil Flows6.5 Summary Review Questions7. Some Applications of CFD with Examples 7.1 Introduction 7.2 To Assist in Design Process ¡V As a Design Tool 7.2.1 Indoor Airflow Distribution 7.3 To Enhance Understanding ¡V As a Research Tool 7.3.1 Gas-Particle Flow in a 90o Bend7.4 Other Important Applications7.4.1 Heat Transfer Coupled with Fluid Flow7.4.1.1 Heat Exchanger7.4.1.2 Conjugate and Radiation Heat Transfer7.4.2 A Buoyant Free Standing Fire7.4.3 Flow over Vehicle Platoon7.4.4 Air/Particle in the Human Nasal Cavity7.4.5 High Speed Flows7.4.5.1 Supersonic Flow over a Flat Plate7.4.5.2 Subsonic and Supersonic Flows over a Wing7.5 Summary Review Questions8. Some Advanced Topics in CFD 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Advance in Numerical Methods and Techniques 8.2.1 For Incompressible Flows8.2.2 Compressible Flows8.2.2.1 High Resolution Schemes8.2.2.2 Adaptive Meshing8.2.3 Moving Grids8.2.4 Multi-Grid Methods8.2.5 Parallel Computing8.2.6 Immersed Boundary Methods8.3 Advance in Computational Models8.3.1 Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS)8.3.2 Large Eddy Simulation (LES)8.3.3 RANS-LES Coupling for Turbulent Flows 8.3.4 Multiphase Flows8.3.5 Combustion8.3.6 Fluid-Structure Interaction8.3.7 Physiological Fluid Dynamics8.4 Other Numerical Approaches for Computational Fluid Dynamics8.4.1 Lattice Boltzman Method8.4.2 Monte Carlo Method8.4.3 Particle Methods8.5 Summary Review QuestionsAppendix A Full Derivation of Conservation EquationsAppendix B Upwind SchemesAppendix C Explicit and Implicit MethodsAppendix D Learning ProgramAppendix E CFD Assignments and Guideline for CFD ProjectReferences and Further Suggested ReadingSubject Index