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Comprehensive Textbook of Clinical Radiology Volume II: Central Nervous system
- 1st Edition - May 15, 2023
- Editors: C Amarnath, C. Kesvadas, Bejoy Thomas, Hemant Patel, ER Jayadevan
- Language: English
- Hardback ISBN:9 7 8 - 8 1 - 3 1 2 - 6 3 5 9 - 4
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 8 1 - 3 1 2 - 6 3 6 0 - 0
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Request a sales quote- Cover image
- Title page
- Table of Contents
- Copyright
- Foreword
- Foreword
- Foreword
- Preface
- Contributors
- List of Illustrations
- List of Tables
- SECTION 4. General and Adult Neuroradiology
- PART 1. General Neuroradiology
- 4.1. Radiological and imaging techniques with protocol
- Brief history of neuroradiology
- Basic skull radiographs, ultrasound-doppler and DSA in neuroimaging
- Transcranial doppler ultrasound
- Digital subtraction angiography
- CT in neuroimaging: CT, CT ANGIO, CT venography
- Advancements in CT technology
- MRI in neuroimaging
- Inversion recovery sequences
- Time of flight MRA
- Advanced neuroimaging techniques
- Clinical applications of DTI
- MR perfusion
- Magnetic resonance spectroscopy
- Functional MRI
- Chemical exchange saturation transfer MRI
- Amide proton transfer (variant of CEST MRI)
- Quantitative MRI
- Synthetic MRI
- Quantitative susceptibility mapping
- Recent advances
- Protocols used in neuroimaging
- MRI parameters for neuroimaging
- Clinical utility of SPECT and PET tracers
- Amyloid imaging
- Imaging in suspected parkinsonian disorders
- 4.2. Brain and spinal cord anatomy
- INTRODUCTION TO BRAIN ANATOMY
- Frontal lobe
- Omega sign
- Temporal lobe anatomy
- Insular anatomy
- White matter tracts
- Projection fibres
- Meyer loop forming the anterior part of optic radiation
- Other white matter tracts
- Basal ganglia
- Diencephalon
- Thalamus
- Brain stem
- Medulla oblongata
- Pons
- Cerebellum
- Spinal cord
- Key takeaway points
- FUNCTIONAL NEUROANATOMY: BASICS AND CLINICAL LOCALIZATION
- Introduction
- Visual system
- Functional neuroanatomy of basal ganglia
- Functional neuroanatomy of thalamus
- Functional anatomy of brain stem
- Conclusion
- 4.3. Normal anatomical variants of the brain and skull
- Normal variants of the brain
- Normal variants of the skull
- Conclusion
- Normograms of the brain
- 4.4. Approach to radiological diagnosis
- 4.4.1. APPROACH TO CYSTIC POSTERIOR FOSSA ANOMALIES
- Introduction
- 4.4.2. NEUROIMAGING APPROACH OF ACQUIRED METABOLIC DISORDERS
- Introduction
- Radiological clues to acquired metabolic diseases
- 4.4.3. APPROACH TO DIFFUSION RESTRICTING LESION IN PAEDIATRICS
- Abbreviations
- 4.4.4. APPROACH TO PAEDIATRIC POSTERIOR FOSSA TUMORS
- Diagnosis: Medulloblastoma
- Acknowledgements
- 4.4.5. APPROACH TO LEUKODYSTROPHY WITH ANTERIOR TEMPORAL CYST
- Case 1
- Case 2
- 4.4.6. APPROACH TO PAEDIATRIC LEUKODYSTROPHY WITH CALCIFICATION
- Case 1
- Case 2
- 4.4.7. APPROACH TO MENINGITIS
- Imaging
- Acknowledgements
- 4.4.8. APPROACH TO ENCEPHALITIS AND ENCEPHALITIS-LIKE DISORDERS
- HSV1 encephalitis
- Differential diagnosis
- Differential diagnosis
- 4.4.9. APPROACH TO SLOW VIRUS NEUROLOGICAL DISEASES
- Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
- Differential diagnosis
- Differential diagnosis
- Acknowledgements
- 4.4.10. APPROACH TO ABNORMAL EPENDYMAL ENHANCEMENT
- 4.4.11. APPROACH TO SOLITARY RING-ENHANCING BRAIN LESION
- 4.4.12. APPROACH TO MULTIPLE RING-ENHANCING BRAIN LESIONS
- 4.4.13. APPROACH TO SOLID ENHANCING BRAIN LESIONS
- 4.4.14. APPROACH TO EXTRAAXIAL VS INTRAAXIAL BRAIN LESIONS
- Salient points for differentiation
- Differences between extraaxial vs intraaxial lesions
- 4.4.15. APPROACH TO NONTRAUMATIC SUBARACHNOID HAEMORRHAGE
- Clinical history
- Radiological study
- Observations
- Principal diagnosis
- Differential diagnosis
- Further management
- Internal carotid artery
- Identifying site of aneurysm
- CT angio and catheter angio/DSA
- 4.4.16. APPROACH TO BILATERAL GLOBUS PALLIDUS LESIONS IN CHILDHOOD
- Index-1–8
- Differential diagnosis
- 4.4.17. APPROACH TO BILATERAL THALAMIC LESIONS IN CHILDHOOD
- Differential diagnosis
- 4.4.18. APPROACH TO BILATERAL PUTAMINAL LESIONS IN CHILDHOOD
- Index-1–12
- Differential diagnosis
- 4.4.19. APPROACH TO NONBASAL GANGLIA INTRACRANIAL CALCIFICATION IN CHILDREN
- Index-1–12
- Differential diagnosis
- 4.4.20. APPROACH TO PINEAL REGION MASS IN CHILDREN
- Clinical history
- Principal diagnosis (clinical – radiological diagnosis)
- 4.4.21. APPROACH TO INTRAVENTRICULAR MASS (TRIGONE OF LATERAL VENTRICLE) IN CHILDREN
- Clinical history
- Choroid plexus papilloma
- Differential diagnosis
- 4.4.22. APPROACH TO INTRAVENTRICULAR MASS (FORAMEN OF MONRO) IN CHILDREN
- Clinical history
- Principal diagnosis (clinical – radiological diagnosis)
- Differential diagnosis
- 4.4.23. APPROACH TO SELLAR TUMOURS IN CHILDREN
- Clinical history
- Principal diagnosis (clinical – radiological diagnosis)
- Imaging interpretation/diagnostic algorithm (if any)
- 4.4.24. APPROACH TO SUPRASELLAR TUMOURS IN CHILDREN
- Clinical history
- Radiological technique
- Analysis and interpretation through logical and informed approach
- 4.4.25. APPROACH TO PARASELLAR TUMOURS IN CHILDREN (CAVERNOUS SINUS)
- Clinical history
- Principal diagnosis (clinical – radiological diagnosis)
- Differential diagnosis
- 4.4.26. APPROACH TO INTRAVENTRICULAR NEOPLASMS IN AN ADULT
- Diagnosis: Intraventricular meningioma
- 4.4.27. APPROACH TO CP ANGLE MASSES
- Diagnosis: Meningioma of right CP angle
- Analysis and interpretation through logical and informed approach
- Differential diagnosis of CP angle lesions
- 4.4.28. APPROACH TO SELLAR AND SUPRASELLAR LESIONS IN ADULTS
- SUPRASELLAR LESION
- 4.4.29. APPROACH TO VENOUS INFARCT
- 4.4.30. APPROACH TO ACUTE ARTERIAL INFARCT
- 4.4.31. APPROACH TO HEAD INJURY (PRIMARY, SECONDARY AND DELAYED EFFECTS)
- 4.4.32. INTRACRANIAL CALCIFICATIONS IN ADULTS
- Calcifications in basal ganglia
- 4.4.33. BASAL GANGLIA AND THALAMIC ABNORMALITIES IN ADULTS
- Introduction
- Imaging scenario 1:
- Imaging scenario 2:
- Imaging scenario 3:
- Imaging scenario 4:
- 4.4.34. IMAGING APPROACH TO CAVERNOUS SINUS LESIONS
- Introduction
- MR imaging protocol
- Imaging anatomy with anatomic relations
- Our check list approach to cavernous sinus pathologies
- Cavernous sinus lesions associated with orbital fat stranding:
- Cavernous sinus lesions associated with prominent flow voids
- 4.4.35. APPROACH TO MENINGEAL LESIONS IN CHILDREN
- Clinical history
- Radiological technique
- Observations
- Analysis and interpretation through logical and informed approach
- Principal diagnosis (clinical – radiological diagnosis)
- PART 2. Pediatric Neuroimaging
- 4.5. Embryology of the brain and spine relevant to paediatric neuroimaging
- Introduction
- Spinal cord
- Brain
- 4.6. Fetal neuroimaging update
- Introduction
- When do we do it?
- Fetal MRI technique
- Primary neurulation
- Ventral induction
- Brief overview of posterior fossa development
- Classification
- 4.7. Introduction to paediatric neuroimaging
- Introduction
- Imaging environment and preparation
- Sedation and anesthesia
- Child life specialists
- Imaging in neonates
- Summary
- 4.8. Neonatal ultrasound
- 4.8.1. CRANIAL ULTRASOUND IN NEONATES: TECHNIQUE AND APPLICATIONS
- Introduction
- The study
- Technique
- Normal variants and non-specific findings
- Hypoxic ischaemic injury
- HIE in preterm infant
- Use of doppler in HIE
- Hydrocephalus
- CNS infection
- Congenital anomalies
- Tumours
- Conclusion
- 4.8.2. NEONATAL SPINE: ULTRASOUND EVALUATION
- Introduction
- Embryology
- Indications
- Preparation and positioning
- Anatomical variants
- Spinal dysraphism
- Tumours
- Acquired and miscellaneous conditions
- Ultrasound-guided intervention procedures
- Conclusions
- Acknowledgements
- 4.9. Normal variants and mimics of pathology in the paediatric brain and spine
- Introduction
- Variations/pseudolesions on DWI and FLAIR
- Normal appearances on SWI
- The paediatric cranial vasculature
- Venous anatomy
- The paediatric spine
- 4.10. Neonatal hypoxia and hypoglycaemia
- Neonatal hypoxia
- Imaging pathway – role of ultrasound, CT, MRI
- Time of imaging
- Pathophysiology of HII
- HII patterns in the preterm
- HII patterns in term
- Clinical prognostication using imaging (Fig. 4.10.8)
- Therapeutic hypothermia
- Neonatal hypoglycaemia
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgements
- 4.11. Imaging of neonatal brain infections
- Introduction
- 4.12. Supratentorial malformations
- Introduction
- Imaging modality
- Imaging features
- Syntelencephaly
- Septo-Optic Dysplasia
- Lissencephaly–agyria–pachygyria spectrum
- Heterotopia
- Polymicrogyria
- Schizencephaly
- Corpus callosum
- Anomalies of the corpus callosum
- Commissural agenesis and other associations
- 4.13. Imaging of brainstem and cerebellar malformations (including tubulinopathies and MAP anomalies)
- Introduction/historical perspective
- Clinical presentations of brainstem and cerebellar malformations
- Normal anatomy of the posterior fossa
- Embryology (relevant to understanding of malformations)
- Predominantly cerebellar
- Mixed cerebellar and brainstem malformations
- Predominant brainstem malformations
- Imaging tips
- 4.14(A). Imaging normal myelination
- Myelination machinery – a brief overview
- Myelin maintenance – the role of the panglial syncytium and potassium/glutamate siphoning – role in myelin maintenance and myelin disorders
- Enablers of panglial syncytium: Channels for ions, water and organic molecules
- Oligodendrocyte and axonal metabolic coupling
- Myelin imaging
- Myelination timeline, rules and pitfalls
- Defining disorders of myelination/myelin disorders
- 4.14(B). Imaging of hypomyelination
- Introduction
- Hypomyelination – group: A disease entity or an imaging entity
- Dysmyelination – group
- Imaging of hypomyelination
- Role of advanced/complementary imaging
- Clinico radiological phenotypical/pattern approach to hypomyelinating leukodystrophy
- Pattern-recognition-based phenotyping
- Conclusion
- 4.15. Imaging of neurometabolic disorders in children
- Introduction
- Role of imaging
- Approach to neurometabolic disorders
- Imaging-based approach
- Summary
- 4.16. Imaging of leukodystrophies in children
- Leukodystrophies
- Lysosomal disorders
- Peroxisomal disorders
- Mitochondrial disorders with leukoencephalopathy
- Disorders of amino acid and organic acid metabolism
- White matter disorders with unknown metabolic defect
- Practical approach to diagnosis of leukodystrophies
- Clinical checklist
- Review of previous imaging
- Some specific clinical features
- MRI pattern approach
- Step 1
- Step 2
- Step 4
- White matter disorders with early involvement of periventricular and deep white matter and sparing of subcortical white matter
- White matter disorders with early involvement of subcortical white matter
- White matter disorders with frontal predominance
- White matter disorders with diffuse involvement
- White matter disorders with posterior fossa/cerebellum/brainstem predominance
- White matter disorders with parietooccipital predominance
- White matter disorders with temporal predominance
- White matter disorders with large asymmetric lesions
- White matter disorders with multifocal involvement
- 4.17. Imaging of paediatric demyelinating disorders including paediatric MS
- Introduction
- Autoimmune demyelination
- 4.18. Paediatric stroke imaging
- Background
- Arterial ischemic stroke
- Haemorrhagic stroke
- Conclusion
- 4.19. Imaging challenges in modern neuroimaging in epilepsy
- Introduction
- 3 T vs 1.5 T MRI
- Suggested MRI protocol
- Epileptogenic substrates
- Surgical treatment
- Conclusions
- 4.20. NBIAs and degenerative brain disorders in children
- Abbreviations
- Introduction
- Classic NBIA subtypes and associated neuroimaging findings
- Approach to NBIA diagnosis
- Management
- Other neurodegenerative disorders
- Conclusion
- 4.21. Paediatric brain tumour imaging in the era of genomics
- Introduction
- Paediatric supratentorial tumours
- Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumour
- Ependymoma
- Conclusion
- Important updates in WHO CNS -5 in pediatric brain tumors
- References
- 4.22. Imaging of CNS phakomatoses
- Introduction to phakomatoses
- Part A: Most common phakomatoses
- Part B: Rare neurocutaneous syndromes
- Acknowledgements
- 4.23. Moyamoya and childhood vasculopathies
- Introduction
- Common and uncommon paediatric vasculopathies
- Vasculitis
- Genetic
- Imaging pearls and pitfalls
- 4.24. Sellar, suprasellar and parasellar pathologies in children
- Introduction
- Imaging anatomy in paediatric population
- Imaging features in individual pathologies (sellar–suprasellar)
- Infection/inflammatory disorders
- Imaging features in parasellar lesions
- Imaging findings in individual pituitary endocrinopathies
- Approach to differential diagnosis of sellar and juxtasellar mass lesions (Fig. 4.24.29)
- 4.25. Imaging of hydrocephalus in children
- Hydrocephalus
- Conclusion
- 4.26. Craniosynostosis
- Imaging modalities
- 4.27. Chiari malformations and encephalocoeles
- Chiari 1 malformation
- Chiari 2 malformation
- Chiari 3 malformation
- Conclusion
- 4.28. Imaging of craniovertebral junction anomalies
- Introduction
- Signs and symptoms of CVJ anomalies
- Atlanto-occipital subluxation
- Syndromes and hereditary disorders
- Down syndrome
- Klippel–Feil syndrome
- 4.29. Imaging of developmental spinal malformations
- Congenital malformations of spine
- Classification on embryological basis
- Clinical features of spinal dysraphism
- Imaging techniques
- Clinical spectrum
- Differential diagnosis
- Closed spinal dysraphism
- Classification
- Differential diagnosis
- Persistent terminal ventricle
- Limited dorsal myeloschisis
- Closed spinal dysraphism – without subcutaneous mass
- Imaging conclusion
- Further advice
- 4.30. Spinal cord lesions in children
- Introduction
- Paediatric spinal inflammatory diseases
- Paediatric spinal infective diseases
- Paediatric spinal tumours
- Paediatric spinal vascular diseases
- 4.31. Advanced neuroimaging in children
- Introduction
- Advanced neuroimaging techniques in MRI
- Clinical applications
- Advanced neuroimaging in pediatric neurotrauma
- Advanced neuroimaging in pediatric brain tumours
- Conclusion
- PART 3. Adult Neuroimaging
- 4.32. Skull
- Systematic approach to normal skull radiograph
- Image quality guideline
- Normal skull lucencies
- Radiological approach for the evaluation of skull lesion
- Others
- Acknowledgements
- 4.33. Adult neuro infection
- Introduction
- Pyogenic infections
- Central nervous system tuberculosis (CNS TB)
- Viral infections
- Opportunistic infections
- Fungal infections
- Parasitic neuroinfections
- 4.34. Traumatic brain injury
- Introduction
- Imaging of head trauma
- Scalp and skull injuries
- Extraaxial haemorrhage
- Intraaxial injury of the brain
- Traumatic cerebrovascular injuries
- Secondary effects of trauma
- Intracranial herniations
- Chronic traumatic encephalopathy
- Brain concussion and mTBI
- Brain death
- Second impact syndrome
- Posttraumatic cerebrospinal fluid leaks
- Intracranial hypotension
- Cerebral fat embolism
- Paediatric traumatic brain injury – how is it different?
- Birth injuries
- 4.35. Inflammatory and demyelinating diseases
- 4.35.1. IMAGING IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
- Introduction
- Etiopathogenesis
- Clinical features
- Diagnosis of MS
- Imaging features
- MRI findings in multiple sclerosis
- Role of MRI in disease monitoring and treatment efficacy
- Differential diagnosis of multiple sclerosis lesion on magnetic resonance
- Multiple sclerosis “variants”
- 4.35.2. IMAGING IN ACUTE DEMYELINATING ENCEPHALOMYELITIS
- Introduction
- Etiopathogenesis
- Clinical features
- 4.35.3. IMAGING IN NEUROMYELITIS OPTICA SPECTRUM DISORDER
- Introduction
- Clinical features
- Etiopathogenesis
- Optic nerve MRI findings in NMOSD
- Spinal cord MRI findings in NMOSD
- Summary of specific imaging patterns described in NMOSD
- Conclusion
- 4.35.4. IMAGING IN MYELIN OLIGODENDROCYTE GLYCOPROTEIN ANTIBODY-ASSOCIATED DISORDER
- Introduction
- Clinical features
- Etiopathogenesis
- Laboratory investigations
- Optic nerve MRI findings in MOGAAD
- Spinal cord MRI findings in MOGAAD
- Brain MRI findings in MOGAAD
- 4.35.5. IMAGING IN NEUROSARCOIDOSIS
- Introduction
- Clinical features
- 4.35.6. IMAGING IN CLIPPERS (CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC INFLAMMATION WITH PONTINE PERIVASCULAR ENHANCEMENT RESPONSIVE TO STEROIDS)
- Introduction
- Etiopathogenesis
- Clinical features
- Investigations
- Imaging
- Conclusion
- 4.35.7. IMAGING IN PITUITARY HYPOPHYSITIS
- Introduction
- Clinical features
- Etiopathogenesis
- Pathology
- 4.35.8. IMAGING IN BELL’S PALSY
- Introduction
- Etiopathogenesis
- Clinical features
- Investigations
- Imaging
- Conclusion
- 4.35.9. IMAGING IN IGG4-RELATED DISEASE – MENINGEAL PATHOLOGY
- Introduction
- Etiopathogenesis
- Clinical features
- Conclusion
- 4.35.10. IMAGING IN MISCELLANEOUS MENINGEAL INFLAMMATORY PATHOLOGIES
- Introduction
- Histiocytosis
- 4.35.11. MRI PROTOCOL IN INFLAMMATORY DEMYELINATING DISORDERS
- MRI protocol
- MRI spine
- Contextual reporting for multiple sclerosis – template
- 4.36. CSF: Anatomy and physiology
- CSF production
- CSF function
- Spinal CSF
- Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: An approach to imaging and follow-up
- Management
- Imaging follow-up of patients
- Normal pressure hydrocephalus
- Neuroimaging of NPH
- Evans’ index = A/B
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
- Aqueductal flow void
- Disproportionately enlarged subarachnoid space hydrocephalus (DESH)
- CSF flow quantification
- Velocity encoding in CPC (VENC)
- White matter changes in NPH
- Susceptibility weighted imaging
- Differential diagnosis
- Nuclear medicine imaging techniques
- Treatment
- Complications
- Conclusions
- Suggestion to radiologist
- Obstructive hydrocephalus
- MRI
- Cisterns in hydrocephalus
- Classification of obstructive hydrocephalus
- Parenchymal changes in acute obstructive hydrocephalus: Imaging
- Parenchymal changes in chronic obstructive hydrocephalus
- Parenchymal changes in chronic obstructive hydrocephalus (compensated)
- Obstructive hydrocephalus classification: Approach
- Malformations of the brain
- Cisternal obstructive hydrocephalus
- Role of imaging in planning management
- Role of imaging in assessing response to treatment and follow-up
- CSF shunts
- Other atypical shunts
- Imaging
- Role of nuclear medicine in shunt evaluation
- Investigations
- Common complications
- Other complications
- Conclusion
- 4.37. Central nervous system tumours
- 4.37.1. IMAGING OF THE ADULT BRAIN TUMOURS
- Introduction
- Glial tumours
- The adult-type diffuse gliomas
- Paediatric-type diffuse glioma
- Glioneuronal and neuronal tumours
- Ependymal tumours
- Choroid plexus tumours
- Pineal tumours
- Cranial and paraspinal nerve tumors
- Meningiomas
- Mesenchymal, nonmeningothelial tumours involving the CNS
- Melanocytic tumours
- Hematolymphoid tumours involving the CNS
- Tumours of the sellar region
- Metastases and paraneoplastic syndromes
- Miscellaneous tumour-like conditions and cysts
- 4.37.2. POSTTREATMENT IMAGING IN HIGH-GRADE GLIOMAS
- Key points
- Introduction
- Brief account of 2016 WHO classification of glioma with molecular basis of classification, treatment and prognostication
- Treatment protocol/approach for glioblastoma patients based on current guidelines
- Advanced imaging techniques in the assessment of gliomas after therapy
- Reporting format
- Conclusion
- Summary
- 4.37.3. FUNCTIONAL NEUROONCOIMAGING
- Introduction
- Principles and physics of fMRI
- Functional neuroanatomy
- fMRI in clinical practice: Workflow and practice considerations
- fMRI: Artefacts, limitations and challenges
- fMRI validation by direct cortical stimulation
- Summary
- 4.38. Metabolic, nutritional and toxic disorders
- Introduction
- Metabolic disorders
- Nutritional disorders
- Toxic disorders
- Conclusion
- 4.39. Dementias and degenerative diseases
- Imaging the normal ageing brain
- Primary neurodegenerative disorders
- Secondary neurodegenerative disorders
- 4.40. Stroke imaging
- Acute ischemic stroke/cerebral infarction
- Stroke of venous origin (cerebral venous thrombosis)
- Imaging of haemorrhagic stroke
- 4.41. Multi-modality imaging of epilepsy
- Introduction
- The phases of evaluation of refractory epilepsy (Box 4.41.1)
- Scalp EEG
- MRI
- Role of MR imaging in epilepsy (Box 4.41.2)
- MR imaging
- SPECT
- SISCOM
- Positron emission tomography
- MEG: Magneto encephalography
- fMRI
- Epileptogenic substrates at a glance
- Qualitative and quantitative imaging biomarkers of hippocampal sclerosis
- Associated MR appearances of hippocampal sclerosis
- Neuropathologic-quantitative hippocampal mr imaging correlations
- Variants of hippocampal sclerosis (Box 4.41.8)
- Unilateral anterior hippocampal sclerosis
- Bilateral diffuse hippocampal sclerosis
- Occipitotemporal epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis
- Dual pathology
- Quantitative MR-based hippocampal measures
- Hippocampal volumetry
- HCV ratio (asymmetry index)
- Hippocampal T2 mapping
- Hippocampal sclerosis: MRI and multi-modality metabolic imaging
- Positron emission tomography
- Hippocampal subfield mapping in epilepsy: Relation to outcomes
- Histopathology and MRI and ILAE classification
- HS ILAE type 1
- Hippocampal sclerosis ILAE type 2
- Hippocampal sclerosis ILAE type 3
- No HS, only gliosis
- Lesion associated
- Primary neoplasms associated with epilepsy
- Primary neoplasms associated with epilepsy: Cardinal and diagnostic features
- Vascular anomalies associated with epilepsy
- Gliosis
- Imaging of malformations of cortical development (MCD)
- Periventricular heterotopia
- Polymicrogyria
- Schizencephaly
- Lissencephaly
- Hemimegalencephaly
- Tuberous sclerosis
- Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors
- Imaging in autoimmune epilepsies
- Neuro infections and epilepsy
- Functional imaging techniques for presurgical planning for refractory epilepsy
- Post-operative epilepsy imaging: Role of MRI
- 4.42. Sella, suprasellar and parasellar region
- Introduction
- Imaging work up and normal appearance of gland
- Congenital lesions of the sellar region
- Neoplastic lesions of the sellar region
- Inflammatory and infectious lesions
- Advancements in pituitary imaging
- Discussion
- 4.43. Imaging of the cranial nerves
- Part: I: Introduction
- Part II: The olfactory, optic and ocular nerves (III, IV and VI)
- Part: III trigeminal, facial and vestibulocochlear nerves
- Part IV: Glossopharyngeal, vagus, spinal accessory and hypoglossal nerves
- Conclusion
- 4.44. Spinal cord
- 4.44.1. INFECTIVE PATHOLOGY OF THE SPINAL CORD
- Anatomy
- Spinal epidural abscess
- Spinal subdural abscess
- Intramedullary spinal cord abscess
- Spinal arachnoiditis
- Intramedullary spinal cord tuberculoma
- Spinal cysticercosis
- Viral myelitis and its mimics
- Viral myelitis
- Demyelinating myelopathy
- Vascular myelopathy
- Paraneoplastic myelopathy
- Autoimmune disorders
- Metabolic myelopathy
- 4.44.2. SPINAL CORD INTRAMEDULLARY AND INTRADURAL EXTRAMEDULLARY TUMOURS, NONNEOPLASTIC MASSES AND CYSTS
- Introduction
- Classification
- Imaging considerations in spinal tumours
- Intramedullary tumours of the spine
- 4.44.3. TRAUMATIC SPINAL CORD INJURY
- Introduction
- Acknowledgements
- PART 4. Interventional Neuroradiology
- 4.45. Introduction
- 4.46. Embryology of intracranial arteries and veins
- Introduction
- Intracranial vasculogenesisasculogenesis
- Morphogenesis of brain arteries
- Angiogenesis: The intrinsic vascularity of brain
- Morphogenesis of brain venous system
- Vascular malformations of brain
- 4.47. Vascular anatomy of the head and neck (extracranial)
- Aortic arch and great arteries of the neck
- Common carotid arteries (CCA)
- Superficial temporal artery (STA)
- Maxillary artery (MA) (Fig. 4.47.12)
- Middle meningeal artery (MMA) (Figs 4.47.12(3) and 4.47.14)
- Subclavian artery
- Vertebral artery (Fig. 4.47.15A and B)
- Extracranial veins (Fig. 4.47.17)
- 4.48. Intracranial arterial anatomy
- Internal carotid artery
- Anterior cerebral artery
- Middle cerebral artery
- Posterior cerebral artery
- Vertebrobasilar arteries
- 4.49. Normal cerebral venous anatomy
- Cerebral venous development
- The normal adult venous system
- Normal variants
- Imaging the venous system
- Abbreviations
- Concluding remarks
- 4.50. Spinal angiogram
- Introduction
- Embryology
- Spinal arterial anatomy
- Imaging protocols
- Spinal angiogram
- 4.51. Carotid and cerebral angiographic techniques
- Introduction
- Historical timeline (Fig. 4.51.1)
- Status of CT and MR angiography
- Indications for cerebral/carotid) angiography
- Contraindications
- Angiographic anatomy
- Venous anatomy (Fig. 4.51.10A–D)
- 4.52. Intracranial aneurysms and nontraumatic subarachnoid haemorrhage
- Introduction
- Part 1: Intracranial aneurysms
- Part 2: Subarachnoid haemorrhage and its management
- Pathophysiology
- Diagnostic evaluation
- Preprocedure management
- Postprocedure management
- Endovascular treatment of cerebral vasospasm
- Intraarterial vasodilator infusion
- Transluminal balloon angioplasty
- Follow-up and monitoring
- Hyponatremia
- 4.53. Intracranial atherosclerotic disease
- Introduction
- Definition
- Epidemiology and risk factors for ICAD
- Pathogenesis and natural history of ICAD
- Clinical spectrum
- Diagnosis
- Biomarkers
- Management of intracranial atherosclerotic disease
- Endovascular therapy (EVT)
- EVT – Review of literature, trials
- Patient selection for EVT
- Antiplatelet regimen and endovascular technique
- The procedure may consist of
- Balloon angioplasty
- Stenting
- Complications and nuances in endovascular management of ICAD
- Postprocedure
- ICAD and acute stroke
- New in ICAD – recent advances
- Conclusion
- 4.54. Nonatheromatous vasculopathy
- Introduction
- Dissection of the carotid and vertebral arteries
- Central nervous system vasculitis
- Moyamoya disease and syndrome
- Fibromuscular dysplasia
- Takayasu arteritis
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgements
- 4.55. Intracranial venous and dural sinus occlusion
- Cerebral venous thrombosis
- Venous sinus stenosis
- 4.56. Cerebral arteriovenous malformation
- Etiopathogenesis
- Genetics and syndromic association
- Clinical features
- Clinical presentation
- Other clinical features
- Cross-sectional neuroimaging findings of brain AVM
- Computed tomography (CT) findings (Figs 4.56.1–4.56.6)
- Imaging differential diagnosis
- Angioarchitecture
- Classification
- Spetzler Martin classification system
- Modified Spetzler Martin three tier classification (Table 4.56.4)
- Supplementary grading
- Lawton’s modification
- Natural history of AVMs
- High-risk factors for rupture of AVM
- Risk of nonhaemorrhagic neurological deficits (NHND)
- Management of brain AVM
- Indications for embolization
- Hardware
- Embolic agents
- Conclusion
- 4.57. Cranial dural arteriovenous fistula
- Dural arteriovenous fistula
- Imaging features
- Management
- 4.58. Carotid cavernous fistula
- Introduction
- Cavernous sinus anatomy
- Disease entity
- Epidemiology
- Signs and symptoms
- Investigations
- Management
- Postop care
- 4.59. Pial arteriovenous fistula
- Introduction
- Aetiology
- Clinical features
- Angioarchitecture
- Pathophysiology
- Imaging
- Differential diagnosis
- Treatment options
- 4.60. Vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation: Embryology, pathophysiology and management
- Historical overview
- Embryology
- Angioarchitecture of VGAM
- Venous drainage
- Vein of Galen dilatation (VGAD)
- Vein of Galen varix
- Dural AV shunts with dilatation of vein of Galen
- Natural history of VGAMs
- Clinical features
- Cardiac manifestations
- Symptoms
- Neurologic manifestations
- Hydrovenous disorder
- Flowchart 1
- Compensatory
- Management strategy
- Flowchart 2
- Techniques of endovascular embolization
- Complications
- Transvenous embolization
- Conclusion
- 4.61. Cerebrovascular malformations without arteriovenous shunting
- Developmental venous anomaly
- Sinus pericranii
- Cerebral cavernous malformation
- Capillary telangiectasia
- 4.62. Endovascular intervention in acute ischaemic stroke
- Stroke pathophysiology
- Concept of core and penumbra
- Evaluation of patient in ER
- Radiological assessment and goals of imaging
- Triage of patient from radiology
- Current treatment modalities
- Contact aspiration (ADAPT (a direct aspiration first-pass technique))
- How does contact aspiration fares against stent retrievers?
- Combination of stent retrievers and aspiration
- Conscious sedation versus general anaesthesia during procedure
- Procedural outcomes and postprocedure care
- 4.63. Extracranial carotid stenosis
- Introduction
- Clinical presentation
- The carotid bifurcation
- Techniques for imaging of carotid plaque
- Treatment of carotid stenosis
- Carotid artery stenting (CAS)
- Summary
- 4.64. Trigeminal neuralgia
- Historical overview
- Clinical features
- Clinical and neurological examination
- Causes
- Pathogenesis
- Imaging of trigeminal neuralgia
- Management of trigeminal neuralgia
- Radiofrequency thermal rhizotomy
- Retro-gasserian glycerol rhizolysis
- Balloon compression as a treatment modality for trigeminal neuralgia
- Hemifacial spasm
- Summary
- 4.65. Spinal vascular malformations
- Introduction and historical perspective
- Classification
- Imaging SVMs
- Hemangioblastoma
- Spinal cavernomas
- Spinal artery aneurysms
- Epidural AV fistula
- Spinal dural arteriovenous fistula
- Perimedullary arteriovenous fistula
- Fistula of filum terminale
- Type V intracranial dural arteriovenous fistula
- Extradural intradural AVMs
- Intramedullary arteriovenous malformation
- Conus AVM
- Complications
- Pearls and pitfalls
- Radiological surgical correlation
- Post treatment imaging
- Protocols
- No. of pages: 917
- Language: English
- Edition: 1
- Published: May 15, 2023
- Imprint: Elsevier India
- Hardback ISBN: 9788131263594
- eBook ISBN: 9788131263600
CA
C Amarnath
Affiliations and expertise
Professor and Head of Radiology, Stanley Medical College,Chennai, IndiaHP
Hemant Patel
Affiliations and expertise
Consultant Radiologist & Director, Gujarat Imaging Center,Ahmedabad, India