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Commonsense Reasoning
1st Edition - January 19, 2006
Author: Erik T. Mueller
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 3 6 9 3 8 8 - 4
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 0 8 - 0 4 7 6 6 1 - 2
To endow computers with common sense is one of the major long-term goals of Artificial Intelligence research. One approach to this problem is to formalize commonsense reasoning… Read more
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To endow computers with common sense is one of the major long-term goals of Artificial Intelligence research. One approach to this problem is to formalize commonsense reasoning using mathematical logic. Commonsense Reasoning is a detailed, high-level reference on logic-based commonsense reasoning. It uses the event calculus, a highly powerful and usable tool for commonsense reasoning, which Erik T. Mueller demonstrates as the most effective tool for the broadest range of applications. He provides an up-to-date work promoting the use of the event calculus for commonsense reasoning, and bringing into one place information scattered across many books and papers. Mueller shares the knowledge gained in using the event calculus and extends the literature with detailed event calculus solutions to problems that span many areas of the commonsense world.
- Covers key areas of commonsense reasoning including action, change, defaults, space, and mental states.
- The first full book on commonsense reasoning to use the event calculus.
- Contextualizes the event calculus within the framework of commonsense reasoning, introducing the event calculus as the best method overall.
- Focuses on how to use the event calculus formalism to perform commonsense reasoning, while existing papers and books examine the formalisms themselves.
- Includes fully worked out proofs and circumscriptions for every example.
Graduate students or advanced undergraduates taking a course on commonsense reasoning or knowledge representation, or looking for tools to use for their thesis work.
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 What is Commonsense Reasoning?
1.2 Key Issues of Commonsense Reasoning
1.3 Brief History of Commonsense Reasoning
1.4 The Event Calculus
Part I: Foundations
Chapter 2: The Event Calculus
2.1 First-Order Logic
2.2 Event Calculus Basics
2.3 Event Calculus Axiomatizations
2.4 Reification
2.5 Conditions
2.6 Circumscription
2.7 Domain Descriptions
2.8 Reasoning Types
Part II: Commonsense Phenomena
Chapter 3: The Effects of Events
3.1 Positive and Negative Effect Axioms
3.2 Effect Axiom Idioms
3.3 Preconditions
3.4 State Constraints
Chapter 4: The Triggering of Events
4.1 Trigger Axioms
4.2 Preventing Repeated Triggering
4.3 Triggered Fluents
Chapter 5: The Commonsense Law of Inertia
5.1 Representation of the Commonsense Law of Inertia
5.2 Representing Release from the Commonsense Law of Inertia
5.3 Release Axioms
Chapter 6: Indirect Effects of Events
6.1 Effect Axioms
6.2 Primitive and Derived Fluents
6.3 Release Axioms and State Constraints
6.4 Effect Constraints
6.5 Causal Constraints
6.6 Trigger Axioms
Chapter 7: Continuous Change
7.1 Trajectory Axioms
7.2 AntiTrajectory Axioms
7.3 Using AntiTrajectory Instead of Releases
Chapter 8: Concurrent Events
8.1 Restricting Concurrency
8.2 Cumulative and Canceling Effects
Chapter 9: Nondeterministic Effects of Events
9.1 Determining Fluents
9.2 Disjunctive Event Axioms
Part III: Commonsense Domains
Chapter 10: Space
10.1 Relational Space
10.2 Metric Space
10.3 Object Identity
Chapter 11: The Mental States of Agents
11.1 Beliefs, Goals, and Plans
11.2 Emotions
Part IV: Default Reasoning
Chapter 12: Default Reasoning
12.1 Atemporal Default Reasoning
12.2 Temporal Default Reasoning
12.3 Default Reasoning Method
12.4 Defaults and the Qualification Problem
12.5 Default Events and Properties
Part V: Programs and Applications
Chapter 13: The Discrete Event Calculus Reasoner
13.1 Discrete Event Calculus Reasoner Architecture
13.2 Encoding SAT Problems
13.3 Simple Examples
13.4 Example: Telephone
13.5 Discrete Event Calculus Reasoner Language
Chapter 14: Applications
14.1 Business Systems
14.2 Natural Language Understanding
14.3 Vision
Part VI: Logical and Nonlogical Methods
Chapter 15: Logics for Commonsense Reasoning
15.1 Situation Calculus
15.2 Features and Fluents
15.3 Action Languages
15.4 Fluent Calculus
15.5 Discussion and Summary
Chapter 16: Nonlogical Methods for Commonsense Reasoning
16.1 Qualitative Reasoning
16.2 Analogical Processing
16.3 Probabilistic Reasoning
16.4 Society of Mind
Part VII: Conclusion
Chapter 17: Conclusion
Part VIII: Appendices
Appendix A: Logical Foundations
Appendix B: Equivalence of EC and DEC
Appendix C: Events with Duration
Appendix D: Answers to Selected Exercises
1.1 What is Commonsense Reasoning?
1.2 Key Issues of Commonsense Reasoning
1.3 Brief History of Commonsense Reasoning
1.4 The Event Calculus
Part I: Foundations
Chapter 2: The Event Calculus
2.1 First-Order Logic
2.2 Event Calculus Basics
2.3 Event Calculus Axiomatizations
2.4 Reification
2.5 Conditions
2.6 Circumscription
2.7 Domain Descriptions
2.8 Reasoning Types
Part II: Commonsense Phenomena
Chapter 3: The Effects of Events
3.1 Positive and Negative Effect Axioms
3.2 Effect Axiom Idioms
3.3 Preconditions
3.4 State Constraints
Chapter 4: The Triggering of Events
4.1 Trigger Axioms
4.2 Preventing Repeated Triggering
4.3 Triggered Fluents
Chapter 5: The Commonsense Law of Inertia
5.1 Representation of the Commonsense Law of Inertia
5.2 Representing Release from the Commonsense Law of Inertia
5.3 Release Axioms
Chapter 6: Indirect Effects of Events
6.1 Effect Axioms
6.2 Primitive and Derived Fluents
6.3 Release Axioms and State Constraints
6.4 Effect Constraints
6.5 Causal Constraints
6.6 Trigger Axioms
Chapter 7: Continuous Change
7.1 Trajectory Axioms
7.2 AntiTrajectory Axioms
7.3 Using AntiTrajectory Instead of Releases
Chapter 8: Concurrent Events
8.1 Restricting Concurrency
8.2 Cumulative and Canceling Effects
Chapter 9: Nondeterministic Effects of Events
9.1 Determining Fluents
9.2 Disjunctive Event Axioms
Part III: Commonsense Domains
Chapter 10: Space
10.1 Relational Space
10.2 Metric Space
10.3 Object Identity
Chapter 11: The Mental States of Agents
11.1 Beliefs, Goals, and Plans
11.2 Emotions
Part IV: Default Reasoning
Chapter 12: Default Reasoning
12.1 Atemporal Default Reasoning
12.2 Temporal Default Reasoning
12.3 Default Reasoning Method
12.4 Defaults and the Qualification Problem
12.5 Default Events and Properties
Part V: Programs and Applications
Chapter 13: The Discrete Event Calculus Reasoner
13.1 Discrete Event Calculus Reasoner Architecture
13.2 Encoding SAT Problems
13.3 Simple Examples
13.4 Example: Telephone
13.5 Discrete Event Calculus Reasoner Language
Chapter 14: Applications
14.1 Business Systems
14.2 Natural Language Understanding
14.3 Vision
Part VI: Logical and Nonlogical Methods
Chapter 15: Logics for Commonsense Reasoning
15.1 Situation Calculus
15.2 Features and Fluents
15.3 Action Languages
15.4 Fluent Calculus
15.5 Discussion and Summary
Chapter 16: Nonlogical Methods for Commonsense Reasoning
16.1 Qualitative Reasoning
16.2 Analogical Processing
16.3 Probabilistic Reasoning
16.4 Society of Mind
Part VII: Conclusion
Chapter 17: Conclusion
Part VIII: Appendices
Appendix A: Logical Foundations
Appendix B: Equivalence of EC and DEC
Appendix C: Events with Duration
Appendix D: Answers to Selected Exercises
- No. of pages: 432
- Language: English
- Published: January 19, 2006
- Imprint: Morgan Kaufmann
- Hardback ISBN: 9780123693884
- eBook ISBN: 9780080476612
EM
Erik T. Mueller
Affiliations and expertise
IBM Watson Group and IBM Research, New York, USA