Cognition in Education

Ten Benefits of Testing and Their Applications to Educational Practice

1. Introduction

2. Benefit 1: The Testing Effect: Retrieval Aids Later Retention

3. Benefit 2: Testing Identifies Gaps in Knowledge

4. Benefit 3: Testing Causes Students to Learn More from the Next Study Episode

5. Benefit 4: Testing Produces Better Organization of Knowledge

6. Benefit 5: Testing Improves Transfer of Knowledge to New Contexts

7. Benefit 6: Testing Can Facilitate Retrieval of Material That Was Not Tested

8. Benefit 7: Testing Improves Metacognitive Monitoring

9. Benefit 8: Testing Prevents Interference from Prior Material When Learning New Material

10. Benefit 9: Testing Provides Feedback to Instructors

11. Benefit 10: Frequent Testing Encourages Students to Study

12. Possible Negative Consequences of Testing

13. Conclusion

Cognitive Load Theory

1. Introduction

2. Human Cognitive Architecture

3. Element Interactivity and Categories of Cognitive Load

4. Conclusions

Applying the Science of Learning to Multimedia Instruction

1. Introduction to Multimedia Instruction

2. Science of Multimedia Learning: Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning

3. Science of Multimedia Assessment: Focusing on Transfer

4. Science of Multimedia Instruction: Triarchic Theory of Multimedia Instruction

5. The Future of Multimedia Instruction

Acknowledgments

Incorporating Motivation into a Theoretical Framework for Knowledge Transfer

1. Introduction

2. Knowledge Transfer

3. Competence Motivation and Achievement Goals

4. Transfer Framework and Achievement Goals

5. Conclusion

Acknowledgments

On the Interplay of Emotion and Cognitive Control: Implications for Enhancing Academic Achievement

1. Introduction

2. Choking Under Pressure

3. Stereotype Threat

4. Math Anxiety

5. Bringing It All Together to Alleviate Suboptimal Performance in the Classroom

6. Conclusion

There Is Nothing So Practical as a Good Theory

1. Introduction

2. Development of Mathematical Knowledge

3. Effects of Large-Scale Math Curricula

4. Theoretical Background of a Targeted Intervention

5. From Theory to Practice: Developing a Board Game Intervention

6. Conclusions

Acknowledgments

The Power of Comparison in Learning and Instruction: Learning Outcomes Supported by Different Types of Comparisons

1. Introduction

2. Comparison Types Used in Past Research

3. Our Short-Term Classroom Research on Comparison

4. Our Yearlong Study on Using Comparison in Algebra I Classrooms

5. Conclusions and Future Directions

Acknowledgments

The Role of Automatic, Bottom-Up Processes: In the Ubiquitous Patterns of Incorrect Answers to Science Questions

1. Introduction

2. The General Structure of Answering Patterns and the Critical Issue of Similarity

3. Existing Explanations for Incorrect Answer Patterns to Science Questions

4. The Insufficiency of Existing Explanations

5. Example: The Case of Competing Relevant and Irrelevant Information

6. Bottom-Up Versus Top-Down Processing: Evidence from Answer Patterns

7. The Phenomenon of Competition in Science Questions

8. Summary and General Discussion

Acknowledgments

Conceptual Problem Solving in Physics

1. Introduction

2. A Computer-Based Tool for Conceptual Problem Solving

3. A Classroom-Based Intervention of Conceptual Problem Solving at a University

4. A Classroom-Based Intervention of Conceptual Problem Solving at Several High Schools

5. Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgments

Appendix. Sample Questions Used in High School Assessments