CNS Regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism

Contributors

Foreword

Preface

Hypothalamic Pathways Involved in Metabolic Regulatory Functions, as Identified by Track-Tracing Methods

I. Introduction

II. Physiological Considerations

III. The Classic Picture of Hypothalamic Fiber Connections

IV. Current View of Hypothalamic Fiber Connections

V. Summary

References

Glucose as a Regulator of Neuronal Activity

I. Chemosensitivity in the Hypothalamus

II. Relationship between Hypothalamic Glucose-Responsive Neurons and Other CNS Regions

III. Behavioral Results

IV. Brain Slice Experiments

V. Sites of Glucose-Responsive Receptors Outside the Hypothalamus

VI. Conclusions

References

Autoradiographic Determination of Local Cerebral Glucose Metabolism: Physiological and Pathological Studies

I. The Deoxyglucose Technique

II. Applications of the Technique

III. Modifications of the Technique

IV. Resolution

References

Positron Emission Tomographic Studies of Local Cerebral Glucose Metabolism in Humans in Physiological and Pathophysiological Conditions

I. Introduction

II. Tactile Stimulation

III. Visual Stimulation

IV. Auditory Stimulation

V. Cognitive Activity

VI. Vigilance

VII. Anxiety

VIII. Seizure Disorders

IX. Stroke

X. Aging and Dementia

XI. Schizophrenia

XII. Brain Tumor

XIII. Huntington's Disease

References

Glucose Transfer Across the Blood-Brain Barrier

I. Blood-Brain Barrier

II. Glucose Transfer

III. Insulin Effect

IV. Adaptive Changes

V. Blood Flow and Permeability Changes

VI. pH Influence on Glucose Transfer

References

Central Nervous System Regulation of Insulin Secretion

I. Introduction

II. CNS-Integrated Afferent and Efferent Signals That Modulate Insulin Secretion during Periods of Plenty and Scarcity

III. Interruption of CNS Afferent-Efferent Integration: Hypothalamic Lesions and Insulin Secretion, Possible Pathological Implications

IV. Visceral Afferences to the CNS That May Modulate Insulin Secretion

V. Afferent-Efferent Loops Integrated in the CNS: Early Reflex Phase Insulin Secretion

VI. Possible Neuropeptidergic or Humoral Mediation in CNS—Endocrine Pancreas Relationships

VII. Conclusions

References

CNS Regulation of Glucagon Secretion

I. Introduction

II. Anatomy of the Glucagon Secretory Tissues

III. Innervation of the Islets of Langerhans

IV. Function of the Islet of Langerhans

V. Relation between Islet of Langerhans and Extrapancreatic Tissues

VI. The Central Nervous System and the Islet of Langerhans

VII. Hypothalamic Control of Nutrient Homeostasis by Its Action on the Islet of Langerhans and the Liver

VIII. The Disruption of Nutrient Homeostasis after Removal of Hypothalamic Control of the Islet of Langerhans

References

Insulin Receptors in Brain

I. Introduction

II. Identification and Characterization of Insulin Receptors in Rat Brain

III. Regulation of Insulin Receptors in the CNS: The ob/ob Mouse and the Diabetic Hypoinsulinemic Rat

IV. Brain Insulin Receptors in Newborns of Normal and Diabetic Rats

References

Circumventricular Organs: Receptors and Mediators of Direct Peptide Hormone Action on Brain

I. Introduction

II. Visualization of Specific Binding Sites in Brain for Blood-Borne Peptide Hormones by Means of Quantitative Autoradiography

III. Peptide Hormone Feedback on Brain

IV. Summary and Conclusions

References

Insulin Binding to Brain Microvessels

I. Introduction

II. Insulin and Insulin Receptors in Brain

III. Characterization of Brain Capillaries

IV. Insulin Binding to Brain Capillaries

V. The Role of Insulin in Brain Function

References

Insulin in Brain and Other Extrapancreatic Tissues of Vertebrates and Nonvertebrates

I. Introduction

II. The Evolutionary Origins of Insulin

III. Insulin in Neural Tissues of Vertebrates

IV. Extrapancreatic Synthesis of Insulin

V. Summary

Appendix A

Appendix B

References

Insulin in the Central Nervous System

I. Introduction

II. Immunoreactive Insulin in Brain

III. Transport of Insulin into Brain

IV. Immunohistochemical Studies

V. Significance of the Absence of Proinsulin

VI. Messenger RNA That Codes for Insulin

VII. Summary and Conclusions

References

Reciprocal Innervation of the Liver: Its Significance in Metabolic Control

I. Introduction

II. Anatomical Background

III. Carbohydrate Metabolism

IV. Amino Acid Metabolism

V. Nucleic Acid Metabolism

References

Insulin Injected into CNS Structures or into the Carotid Artery: Effect on Carbohydrate Homeostasis of the Intact Animal

I. Metabolic Regulatory Systems in Mammals

II. Defense against Hyperglycemia

III. Signal Systems

IV. Insulin-Sensitive CNS Glucoregulator

V. Efferent Pathway from the CNS Glucoregulator

VI. Identification of the Effector Organ

VII. The Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus: Its Role as the Glucoregulator Center

VIII. Relevant Observations and Biological Perspectives

IX. Summary

References

Neuropeptides in the Control of the Islets of Langerhans

I. Introduction

II. Phylogenetic Aspects of Islet Peptides

III. Morphology of the Islets

IV. Islet Vasculature

V. Innervation of the Islet

VI. The Neuropeptides

VII. The Role of Neuropeptides in the Entero-Insular Axis

VIII. Neural Reflexes Affecting the Endocrine Pancreas

IX. The Islet as a Functional Unit

X. Pathology of the Islet Neuropeptides

References

The Effects of Neuropeptides on Glucoregulation

I. Introduction

II. Neurotensin

III. β-Endorphin

IV. Bombesin

V. Somatostatin

VI. Substance P

VII. Other Peptides

VIII. Conclusion

References

The Role of CCK-Like Peptides in Appetite Regulation

I. Introduction

II. Peripheral Administration of CCK-like Peptides

III. CCK-like Immunoreactive Peptides in the Brain

IV. Cholecystokinin Receptors in Brain

V. Localization of CCK in Brain

VI. In Vivo Biosynthesis of CCK in Brain

VII. Role of CCK Peptides in Brain

VIII. Summary and Conclusions

References

The Role of Insulin as a Satiety Factor in the Central Nervous System

I. Introduction

II. Body Adiposity Is Regulated

III. The Adiposity Signal

IV. Insulin as an Adiposity Signal

V. Insulin and the CNS

References

Coordinated Responses of Glucogenic Hormones to Central Glucopenia: The Role of the Sympathoadrenal System

I. Introduction

II. Physiology of Hypoglycemic Glucose Counterregulation

III. Pathophysiology of Hypoglycemic Glucose Counterregulation

IV. Summary

References

Conditioned Hypoglycemia and Conditioned Insulin Secretion

I. Introduction: Conditioned Hypoglycemia

II. Conditioned Hypoglycemia and Classical Conditioning

III. Physiology of Conditioned Hypoglycemia

IV. Biology of the Unconditioned Response

References

Index

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