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Clove (Syzygium aromaticum)

Chemistry, Functionality and Applications

1st Edition - July 12, 2022

Editor: Mohamed Fawzy Ramadan

Paperback ISBN:

9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 8 5 1 7 7 - 0

eBook ISBN:

9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 8 8 5 5 1 - 5

Organized into four sections, Clove (Syzygium aromaticum): Chemistry, Functionality, and Applications addresses the cultivation, composition, and applications of clove, along with… Read more

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Organized into four sections, Clove (Syzygium aromaticum): Chemistry, Functionality, and Applications addresses the cultivation, composition, and applications of clove, along with the chemistry, functionality, and applications of clove fixed oil, clove essential oil, and clove extracts and their role in food and medicine. Beginning with the introduction of clove, this book aims to establish a multidisciplinary discussion on the development of Syzygium aromaticum phytochemistry, technology, processing, agricultural practices, functional traits, health-enhancing potential, mechanism of action, and toxicity as well as food and nonfood uses. The studies reported in this book confirm the functional applications of Syzygium aromaticum as a medicinal plant, standing out for the significance of novel applications.

This book delves into the functional, nutritional, and pharmacological traits of clove. Therefore, the book will serve as a valuable reference for food scientists, technologists, chemists, nutritionists, and pharmacists developing new pharmaceutical and food products.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
About the editor
Preface
Description
Key features
Readership
Chapter 1: Introduction to clove: Chemistry, functionality, and techno-applications
Abstract
1: United Nations sustainable development goals and applications of medical plants
References
Section 1: Clove (Syzygium aromaticum): Cultivation, composition and applications
Chapter 2: Composition of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) buds
Abstract
Acknowledgment
1: Introduction
2: Production of clove buds in the Pacific Ocean
3: Development stages of clove flowers
4: Description of clove buds
5: Clove genetics
6: Chemical compositions of clove buds
7: Application of clove buds
8: Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) leaves
Abstract
Acknowledgment
1: Introduction
2: Description of clove leaves
3: Chemical composition of clove leaves
4: Application of clove leaves
5: Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) polysaccharides
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Clove polysaccharides structure and composition
3: Clove polysaccharides’ biological activities
4: Conclusions
References
Chapter 5: Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) oleoresins
Abstract
Acknowledgment
1: Introduction
2: Clove oleoresins characteristics and compositions
3: Clove oleoresins from different plant varieties
4: Clove oleoresins extraction
5: Detection of compounds in clove oleoresins
6: Clove oleoresins application
7: Prospect in clove oleoresins application
8: Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Cloves (Syzygium aromaticum) cultivars: Convenient source of eugenol and its role in commercially important formulations
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Useful compounds of clove
3: Eugenol and its derivatives
4: Eugenol-based formulations
5: Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Chemistry and functionality of clove oil nanoemulsions
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Clove oil and eugenol
3: Biofunctional properties of clove oil
4: Challenges for using the clove oil in the food matrix
5: Encapsulation of clove oil
6: Nanoemulsions for delivery of clove oil
7: Importance of emulsifiers/surfactants in an emulsion system
8: Stability of clove oil nanoemulsions
9: Characterization of clove oil nanoemulsions
10: Functionalities of clove oil nanoemulsions
11: Application of clove oil/eugenol nanoemulsions as an antimicrobial agent in food
12: Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Eugenol-based nutraceuticals
Abstract
Acknowledgment
1: Introduction
2: Source, extraction, and chemistry of eugenol
3: Nanoformulation-based nutraceuticals
4: Eugenol’s pharmacology and toxicological effects
5: Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) volatiles
Abstract
Acknowledgment
1: Introduction
2: Clove volatile oil characteristics and compositions
3: Clove volatile oil from different plant varieties
4: Clove volatile oil from different plant ages
5: Clove volatile oil from different maturity of plant organs
6: Clove volatile oil from different cultivation areas
7: The volatile oil in cloves with different post-harvesting processes
8: Clove volatile oil extraction and storage
9: Clove volatile oil composition detection
10: Clove volatiles application
11: Prospect in clove volatiles application
12: Conclusion
References
Further reading
Chapter 10: Secondary metabolites of clove (Syzygium aromaticum)
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Economic value of clove
3: Phytochemistry
4: Biological activities
5: Conclusions and future prospective
References
Chapter 11: Health-promoting activities of clove (Syzygium aromaticum)
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Health-promoting and other pharmacological activities of clove extracts
3: Conclusions
References
Chapter 12: Nanocomposites using clove (Syzygium aromaticum) chemical constituents
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Nanocomposites
3: Conclusions
References
Further reading
Chapter 13: Food applications of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) buds
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Food applications (culinary uses)
3: Traditional medicinal uses
4: Other uses
References
Further reading
Chapter 14: Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) phenolics: Extraction, compositions, and biological activities
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Clove phenolics extraction, structure, and composition
3: Clove phenolics biological activities
4: Conclusions
References
Chapter 15: Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) in poultry feed
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Clove as alternative of phyto-additive
3: Clove in poultry diet
4: Essential oil of clove
5: Essential oil in diet of poultry
6: Clove as phyto-additive in drinking water
7: Phytochemicals of clove for intestinal health
8: Conclusion
References
Chapter 16: Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and its derivatives in fish feed
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Conclusion
References
Chapter 17: Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and eugenol toxicity
Abstract
Acknowledgment
1: Introduction
2: Bioactive compounds of clove and their toxic effects
3: Eugenol
4: Uses areas of eugenol
5: Toxicity of eugenol and its effects
6: Acute toxicity of eugenol
7: Subacute and sub-chronic toxicity of eugenol
8: Chronic toxicity of eugenol
9: Ecotoxicity of eugenol
10: Regulatory requirements
11: Conclusion
References
Chapter 18: Anticancer effects of the active fraction from clove in vitro and in vivo
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Anticancer effect of liposoluble fraction of clove
3: The anticancer effect of the aqueous fraction of clove
4: Discussion
References
Chapter 19: Clove and its constituents against urban pests: Examples from ants and cockroaches
Abstract
1: Urban pests
2: Control methods of urban pests
3: Application of clove and its constituents to control ants and cockroaches
4: Mortality and repellency of clove products against ants
5: Mortality and repellency of clove products against cockroaches
6: Mode of action of bioactive compounds of cloves
7: Conclusion
References
Chapter 20: Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and clove extracts applications in the meat industry
Abstract
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Clove oil production
3: Chemical composition and mechanisms of action of clove
4: Quality control of meats with clove and clove eugenol
5: Antibacterial activity of clove and clove eugenol in meat and meat products
6: Antioxidant activity of clove in meat and meat products
7: Conclusion and perspectives
References
Chapter 21: Nanostructured pharmaceutical formulations for topical application of clove oil and eugenol
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Clove oil as an excipient in pharmaceutical formulations for topical drug delivery
3: Clove oil as a bioactive molecule in pharmaceutical formulations: Biological and pharmacological role
4: Wound healing properties
5: Nanostructured systems used in the encapsulation of clove oil
6: Lipid-based nanoparticles: Liposomes, SLN, and NLC
7: Polymeric nanoparticles
8: Electrospun nanofibers
9: Hydrogel-based nanomaterials
10: Other vesicle-derived carriers
11: Inclusion complexes and cyclodextrins
12: Conclusion
References
Chapter 22: Extraction of bioactive compounds from clove (Syzygium aromaticum)
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Extraction of bioactive compounds
3: Applications of clove extracts
4: Conclusion
References
Section 2: Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) fixed oil: Chemistry, functionality and applications
Chapter 23: Composition and functionality of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) fixed oil
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Fatty acid profile of CFOil
3: Lipid classes and subclasses of CFOil
4: Tocol profile of CFOil
5: Antiradical potential of CFOil
6: Antimicrobial activity of CFOil
7: Hepatoprotective effect of CFOil against CCl4-induced toxicity in animals
8: Application of CFOil in meat products
9: Application of CFOil in edible oil blends
10: Conclusion
References
Chapter 24: Food applications of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) fixed oil
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Applications of clove oil in edible oil blends
3: Applications of microencapsulated clove oil
4: Applications of clove oil in meat products
5: Clove oil, baked product, and vegetable plant
6: Applications of clove oil in edible coating
7: Conclusion
References
Chapter 25: Health-promoting activities of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) fixed oil
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Chemical composition of clove fixed oil
3: Extraction of clove oil
4: Pharmacological activities of clove
5: Toxicity doses
6: Conclusion
References
Chapter 26: Clove oil as bio-additives in biodiesel-diesel fuel
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: The effect of clove oil on diesel-biodiesel fuel
3: Conclusion
References
Section 3: Clove essential oil: Chemistry, functionality and applications
Chapter 27: Composition and functionality of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) essential oil
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Distribution
3: Morphology
4: Chemical constituents of clove essential oil
5: The functionality of clove essential oil
References
Chapter 28: Effect of extraction techniques on the yield, composition, and quality of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) essential oil
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Methods for extraction of essential oil
3: Comparative studies
4: Conclusion
References
Chapter 29: Health-promoting activities of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) essential oil
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Health-promoting biological activities
References
Further reading
Chapter 30: Encapsulation of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) essential oil
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Clove oil encapsulation methods
3: Biologic activities of encapsulated clove essential oil
4: Potential uses of encapsulated clove essential oil in food matrices
5: Conclusion
References
Chapter 31: Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of clove essential oil: Optimization and characterization
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Supercritical SC-CO2 apparatus
3: Optimization of essential oil yield
4: Chemical characteristics
5: Conclusion
References
Further reading
Chapter 32: Clove essential oil nanoemulsion: Optimization using artificial neural network
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Optimization techniques
3: Techniques of essential oil nanoemulsions
4: Comparison between RSM, ANN, and ANFIS
5: Optimal conditions of stable O/W nanoemulsion
6: Conclusion
References
Chapter 33: Preparation of oil-in-water (O/W) clove essential oil nanoemulsion: Characterization and stability
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1: Introduction
2: Clove oil nanoemulsions
3: Emulsification process
4: Nanoemulsion morphology
5: Stability studies of clove nanoemulsion
6: Conclusion
References
Chapter 34: Storage quality of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) oil
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Extraction of clove bud essential oil
3: Chemistry of clove bud essential oil
4: Storage stability
5: Storage quality of food products supplemented with clove bud essential oil
6: Biological activities
7: Multidisciplinary applications
8: Conclusions
References
Section 4: Clove extracts: Chemistry, functionality and applications
Chapter 35: Composition and functionality of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) extracts
Abstract
1: Clove (Syzygium aromaticum)
2: Extraction of clove (Syzygium aromaticum)
3: Composition of clove extracts
4: Functionality of clove extracts
References
Chapter 36: Food applications of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) extracts
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of clove extracts
3: Food applications of clove extracts
References
Chapter 37: Health-promoting activities of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) extracts
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Ethnobotanical knowledge and traditional uses
3: Biological activities
4: Other health benefits
5: Conclusions
References
Chapter 38: Clove (Syzygium aromaticum)-mediated metallic nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization, and possible pharmacological and industrial applications
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Role of clove phytochemicals in the synthesis
3: Conclusions
References
Chapter 39: Toxicity of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) extract
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1: Introduction
2: Extraction types and active compounds identified
3: Toxicity studies
4: Conclusion
References
Chapter 40: Antiviral properties of clove (Syzygium aromaticum)
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Antiherpes simplex virus (HSV) activity of S. aromaticum
3: Antiviral activity of green silver nanoparticles produced using Syzygium aromaticum aqueous buds extract
4: Antiviral activity of eugenol
5: Antiviral activities of clove oil
6: Antiviral effects of Syzygium aromaticum against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
7: Conclusion
References
Index