Clinical Handbook of Nephrology

Concise and easy to navigate, Clinical Handbook of Nephrology contains vital, everyday information on renal physiology and a wide range of topics, including diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic kidney diseases, hypertension, electrolyte and acid-base disorders, dialysis, and kidney transplantation. This fully up-to-date reference (formerly Nephrology Pocket, a textbook originally published by Börm Bruckmeier) is ideal for physicians, nurses, dialysis center staff, medical students, and trainees, offering a practical roadmap for managing the renal disorders most likely to be encountered in clinical practice.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
List of contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Dedication
List of Illustrations
List of Tables
1. Introduction to nephrology
1.1 Common nephrology consultations
1.2 Follow-up assessments of nephrology patients
1.3 General overview of renal diseases
2. Symptoms, signs, and differential diagnosis
2.1 Edema
2.2 Hypertension
2.3 Polyuria (UO >3000 mL/24 hr)
2.4 Hematuria
2.5 Metallic taste
2.6 Weakness, fatigue, and lethargy
2.7 Shortness of breath
2.8 Changes in urination
2.9 Hyperkalemia
2.10 Rash or itchy, dry skin
3. Renal physiology
3 Renal physiology
3.1 Anatomy of the kidney
3.2 Anatomy of a nephron
3.3 Physiology of glomerular filtration
3.4 Autoregulation of GFR
3.5 Tubular function of the nephron, at a glance
3.6 Renal handling of sodium
3.7 Acid-base regulation
3.8 Renal acid excretion
3.9 Potassium homeostasis
3.10 Diuretic sites of action in the nephron
3.11 Renal handling of calcium
3.12 Renal handling of phosphate
3.13 Renal handling of water
References
4. Water and electrolyte disorders
4.1 Water distribution between body compartments
4.2 Sites of electrolyte reabsorption
4.3 Hypernatremia
4.4 Hyponatremia
4.5 Hypokalemia
4.6 Hyperkalemia
4.7 Hypercalcemia
4.8 Hypocalcemia
4.9 Hypophosphatemia
4.10 Hyperphosphatemia
4.11 Magnesium: Effects in the body
4.12 Hypomagnesemia
4.13 Hypermagnesemia
4.14 Magnesium: Therapeutic use
4.15 Polyuria (urine output >3000 mL/24 hr) workup
4.16 diuretic therapy
References
5. Acid-base disorders
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Acid-base disorder diagnostic algorithm
5.3 Metabolic acidosis
5.4 Metabolic alkalosis
5.5 Acid-base disorders
References
6. Urinalysis and diagnostic tests
Urinalysis
6.1 Urine color
6.2 Dipstick test
6.3 Proteinuria
6.4 Estimation of renal function
6.5 Preparing urine for evaluation by microscopy
6.6 Microscope techniques
6.7 Urine sediment findings
6.8 Hematuria
6.9 Eosinophiluria
6.10 Kidney biopsy
References
7. Acute kidney injury
7.1 Definition of AKI
7.2 Epidemiology of AKI
7.3 Staging of AKI
7.4 KDIGO stage-based clinical practice guideline for AKI
7.5 Diagnostic steps to establish the cause of AKI
7.6 Urinary indices in AKI
7.7 Red flags
7.8 Prerenal AKI
7.9 Acute tubular necrosis
7.10 AKI induced by medications
7.11 AKI induced by cancer/chemotherapy
7.12 Acute kidney injury due to glomerular disease
7.13 Acute interstitial nephritis
7.14 Postrenal AKI
7.15 AKI associated with COVID-19
7.16 General management considerations in AKI
7.17 Biomarkers of ATN
References
8. Glomerular diseases
8.1 Glomerular disease presentation
8.2 Nephrotic syndrome
8.3 Nephritic syndrome
8.4 IgA nephropathy
8.5 Membranous nephropathy
8.6 Focal segmental glomerular sclerosis
8.7 Minimal change disease
8.8 Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
8.9 Poststreptococcal or postinfectious GN
8.10 Crescentic GN
References
9. Various kidney diseases: Interstitial, cystic, obstructive, and infectious diseases
9.1 Acute interstitial nephritis
9.2 Chronic interstitial nephritis
9.3 Interstitial fibrosis
9.4 Role of NSAIDs in kidney disease
9.5 PKD and other hereditary cystic kidney diseases
9.6 Obstructive uropathy
9.7 Urinary tract infection
References
10. Kidney disorders in other diseases
10.1 Diabetic kidney disease
10.2 Kidney injury associated with malignancies
10.3 Kidney disease in hepatitis C
10.4 HIV infection
10.5 Systemic lupus erythematosus
10.6 Thrombotic microangiopathy
10.7 Systemic sclerosis
10.8 Pregnancy
10.9 Important inherited disorders
References
11. Chronic kidney disease
11.1 KDIGO stages of chronic kidney disease
11.2 Equations to calculate EGFR based on serum creatinine
11.3 Additional equations to calculate EGFR (based on serum cystatin C alone or creatinine + cystatin C)
11.4 Problems with using EGFR
11.5 Comparison of methods to measure or estimate GFR
11.6 Controversies about the use of race in the estimation of GFR
11.7 Aging kidney
11.8 Management of patients with CKD/ESKD
11.9 Anemia in chronic kidney disease
11.10 Mineral and bone disease in CKD
11.11 Uremic coagulopathy
11.12 Nutrition in CKD
References
12. Kidney replacement therapy: Dialysis
12.1 Indications for acute/chronic dialysis
12.2 Dialysis modalities for acute kidney injury
12.3 Dialysis for ESKD
12.4 Dialysis access planning
12.5 Hemodialysis catheters
12.6 Hemodialysis catheter infections
12.7 Anticoagulation in hemodialysis
12.8 Hemodialysis emergencies
12.9 ESKD comorbidities/coexisting conditions
12.10 Anemia management
12.11 Management of hyperkalemia
12.12 Bone and mineral disorders
12.13 Management of the ESKD patient with diabetes mellitus
12.14 Seizures
12.15 Gout
12.16 Cancer screening in ESKD
12.17 COVID-19 and ESKD
12.18 Symptom management in ESKD patients
12.19 Home dialysis options
12.20 Home hemodialysis
12.21 Hemodialysis adequacy
12.22 Peritoneal dialysis
12.23 Peritoneal dialysis adequacy
12.24 Urgent-start peritoneal dialysis
12.25 Complications of peritoneal dialysis
12.26 ESKD peritoneal dialysis outcomes
Medication management in ESKD
12.27 Extracorporeal treatments for intoxication
12.28 Therapeutic apheresis
References
13. Kidney transplantation
13.1 Tissue typing and compatibility
13.2 Donor selection and the role of tissue matching
13.3 Factors affecting transplant graft outcome
13.4 Timing of transplantation
13.5 Preemptive transplantation versus transplantation after initial period of dialysis
13.6 Immunosuppression
13.7 Action of immunosuppressive medications
Immunosuppressive medications commonly utilized
13.8 Complications of maintenance immunosuppressive medications
13.9 Early kidney transplant complications and allograft dysfunction
13.10 Acute rejection
13.11 A 2018 reference guide to the Banff classification of renal allograft rejection
13.12 Complications of renal transplant
13.13 Chronic allograft nephropathy
13.14 Risk of recurrent disease in transplanted kidney
13.15 Causes of graft failure during 10 years of follow-up
Transplant outcomes (2019 OPTN/SRTR data shown in Table and Figure below)
13.16 Malignancies
13.17 Posttransplant infectious complications and prophylaxis
13.18 Immunosuppression withdrawal after graft failure
13.19 Pancreas transplantation
13.20 General transplant patient management
13.21 Elements of hematopoiesis: Types and origin of cells participating in immune response
13.22 Lymphocytes and their role in immune response
13.23 The role of Th cells
13.24 Th-cell activation
References
14. Hypertension
14.1 Staging of hypertension (HTN) according to ACC/AHA
14.2 Resistant, refractory, and accelerated HTN and HTN in pregnancy
14.3 Which blood pressure reading should be followed?
14.4 Causes of resistant or refractory hypertension to consider
14.5 Evaluation of secondary causes of hypertension (especially in young onset, resistant, or accelerated HTN)
14.6 Selection of initial therapy in patients with no specific indications
14.7 Treatment based on specific indications or comorbid conditions
References
15. Nephrolithiasis and nephrocalcinosis
15.1 Kidney stones
References
16. Laboratory values for nephrology
16.1 Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
16.2 Albumin
16.3 Albumin/creatinine ratio
16.4 Aldosterone
16.5 Alkaline phosphatase
16.6 Amylase
16.7 Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE)
16.8 Anion gap
16.9 Antinuclear antibody (ANA)
16.10 Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)
16.11 Bilirubin
16.12 Bicarbonate (HCO3–)
16.13 Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
16.14 BUN:Creatinine ratio
16.15 Calcium
16.16 Calcitonin
16.17 Chloride
16.18 Complement (C3, C4)
16.19 Creatinine excretion and clearance
16.20 Creatinine
16.21 Cystatin C
16.22 Fractional excretion of sodium (FENa %)
16.23 Ferritin
16.24 Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
16.25 Glucose
16.26 Hemoglobin (Hb)
16.27 Hematocrit
16.28 Iron
16.29 Ketones
16.30 Lactate
16.31 Magnesium
16.32 Osmolality
16.33 Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
16.34 pH
16.35 pO2
16.36 pCO2
16.37 Phosphorus
16.38 Potassium
16.39 Protein/creatinine ratio
16.40 SaO2
16.41 Sodium
16.42 Specific gravity
16.43 Total iron binding capacity (TIBC)
16.44 Transferrin saturation
16.45 Uric acid
Index

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Clinical Handbook of Nephrology

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Robert S. Brown