Civil Engineering Materials

Civil Engineering Materials explains why construction materials behave the way they do. It covers the construction materials content for undergraduate courses in civil engineering and related subjects and serves as a valuable reference for professionals working in the construction industry. The book concentrates on demonstrating methods to obtain, analyse and use information rather than focusing on presenting large amounts of data. Beginning with basic properties of materials, it moves on to more complex areas such as the theory of concrete durability and corrosion of steel.

Summary
Abbreviations
Introduction
Chapter 1: Units
- Abstract
- Notation
- 1.1. Introduction
- 1.2. Symbols
- 1.3. Scientific notation
- 1.4. Unit prefixes
- 1.5. Logs
- 1.6. Accuracy
- 1.7. Unit analysis
- 1.8. MKS SI units
- 1.9. US customary units
- 1.10. CGS units
- 1.11. Properties of water in different units
- 1.12. Summary
Chapter 2: Strength of materials
- Abstract
- Notation
- 2.1. Introduction
- 2.2. Mass and gravity
- 2.3. Stress and strength
- 2.4. Strain
- 2.5. Deformation and strength
- 2.6. Modulus of elasticity
- 2.7. Poisson’s ratio
- 2.8. Fatigue strength
- 2.9. Creep
- 2.10. Conclusions
Chapter 3: Failure of real construction materials
- Abstract
- Notation
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. The steel sample
- 3.3. The concrete sample
- 3.4. The timber samples
- 3.5. Summary
Chapter 4: Thermal properties
- Abstract
- Notation
- 4.1. Introduction
- 4.2. Temperature
- 4.3. Energy
- 4.4. Specific heat
- 4.5. Thermal conductivity
- 4.6. Thermal capacity, thermal diffusivity, and thermal inertia
- 4.7. Coefficient of thermal expansion
- 4.8. Heat generation
- 4.9. Heat absorption, reflection, and radiation
- 4.10. Typical values
- 4.11. Summary
Chapter 5: Pressure
- Abstract
- Notation
- 5.1. Introduction
- 5.2. Pressure on a fluid
- 5.3. The effect of gravity on pressure
- 5.4. The effect of temperature on gas pressure
- 5.5. Propagation of waves
- 5.6. The bulk modulus
- 5.7. Attenuation of waves
- 5.8. Conclusions
Chapter 6: Electrical properties
- Abstract
- Notation
- 6.1. Introduction
- 6.2. Electric charge
- 6.3. Electric current
- 6.4. Voltage
- 6.5. Electric field
- 6.6. Resistance
- 6.7. Capacitance
- 6.8. Power
- 6.9. Electric current in concrete
- 6.10. Electrical test apparatus
- 6.11. Conclusions
Chapter 7: Chemistry of construction materials
- Abstract
- Notation
- 7.1. Introduction
- 7.2. The components of the atom
- 7.3. Chemical elements
- 7.4. Molecules
- 7.5. Chemical reactions
- 7.6. Acids and bases
- 7.7. Oxidizing agents and reducing agents
- 7.8. Chemicals dissolved in water
- 7.9. The lime cycle
- 7.10. The gypsum cycle
- 7.11. Summary
Chapter 8: Properties of fluids in solids
- Abstract
- Notation
- 8.1. Introduction
- 8.2. Viscosity
- 8.3. Water and water Vapour
- 8.4. Porosity
- 8.5. Condensation in pores
- 8.6. Water in pores
- 8.7. Drying of materials
- 8.8. Summary
Chapter 9: Transport of fluids in solids
- Abstract
- Notation
- 9.1. Introduction
- 9.2. Flow in a porous solid
- 9.3. Pressure driven flow
- 9.4. Thermal gradient
- 9.5. Capillary suction
- 9.6. Osmosis
- 9.7. Electro-osmosis
- 9.8. Summary
Chapter 10: Transport of ions in fluids
- Abstract
- Notation
- 10.1. Introduction
- 10.2. Ions in solution
- 10.3. Flow rates
- 10.4. Diffusion in a nonadsorbing system
- 10.5. Adsorption in a porous solid
- 10.6. Diffusion with adsorption
- 10.7. Electromigration
- 10.8. Conclusions
Chapter 11: Ionising radiation
- Abstract
- Notation
- 11.1. Introduction
- 11.2. Types of ionising radiation
- 11.3. Sources of radiation
- 11.4. Half-lives
- 11.5. The effect of radiation on materials
- 11.6. The effect of radiation on the body
- 11.7. Shielding
- 11.8. Conclusions
Chapter 12: Variability and statistics
- Abstract
- Notation
- 12.1. Introduction
- 12.2. Sampling
- 12.3. Distributions
- 12.4. Probability
- 12.5. Correlations
- 12.6. Conclusions
Chapter 13: Use of test results
- Abstract
- Notation
- 13.1. Introduction
- 13.2. Sources of variations in concrete strength test results
- 13.3. Making decisions about failing test results
- 13.4. Identifying the source of the problem
- 13.5. Multivariate analysis
- 13.6. Designing for durability
- 13.7. Conclusions
Chapter 14: Specifications and standards
- Abstract
- 14.1. Introduction
- 14.2. Specifications
- 14.3. Standards
- 14.4. Building codes
- 14.5. Repeatability and reproducibility
- 14.6. Quality assurance
- 14.7. Conclusions
Chapter 15: Reporting results
- Abstract
- 15.1. Introduction
- 15.2. Graphs
- 15.3. References
- 15.4. How to get good marks for your materials lab reports
- 15.5. How to publish a paper on materials
- 15.6. Verbal presentation
- 15.7. Conclusions
Chapter 16: Testing construction materials
- Abstract
- 16.1. Introduction
- 16.2. How to find references
- 16.3. Types of references
- 16.4. Defining the objectives of a research programme
- 16.5. Carrying out a research programme
- 16.6. The statistical basis
- 16.7. The publication
- 16.8. Conclusions
Chapter 17: Introduction to cement and concrete
- Abstract
- 17.1. Introduction
- 17.2. Cement and concrete
- 17.3. Uses of cement
- 17.4. Strength of concrete
- 17.5. Reinforced concrete
- 17.6. Prestressed concrete
- 17.7. Cement replacements
- 17.8. Admixtures
- 17.9. Environmental impact
- 17.10. Durability
- 17.11. Conclusions
Chapter 18: Cements and cement replacement materials
- Abstract
- 18.1. Introduction
- 18.2. Cements
- 18.3. Cement replacement materials (also known as mineral admixtures)
- 18.4. Cement standards
- 18.5. Conclusions
Chapter 19: Aggregates for concrete and mortar
- Abstract
- 19.1. Introduction
- 19.2. Environmental impact of aggregate extraction
- 19.3. Aggregate sizes
- 19.4. Mined aggregates
- 19.5. Artificial aggregates
- 19.6. Major hazards with aggregates
- 19.7. Properties of aggregates
- 19.8. Conclusions
Chapter 20: Hydration of cement
- Abstract
- Notation
- 20.1. Introduction
- 20.2. Heat of hydration
- 20.3. Types of porosity
- 20.4. Calculation of porosity
- 20.5. Influence of porosity
- 20.6. Curing
- 20.7. Conclusions
Chapter 21: Concrete mix design
- Abstract
- 21.1. Introduction
- 21.2. UK mix design
- 21.3. US mix design
- 21.4. Mix design with cement replacements
- 21.5. Mix design for air-entrained concrete
- 21.6. Mix design for self-compacting concrete
- 21.7. Redesigning mixes using trial batch data
- 21.8. US units
- 21.9. Conclusions
Chapter 22: Testing wet and hardened concrete
- Abstract
- Notation
- 22.1. Introduction
- 22.2. Workability
- 22.3. Bleeding and segregation
- 22.4. Air content
- 22.5. Compressive strength testing
- 22.6. Tensile and bending strength testing
- 22.7. Measurement of modulus of elasticity
- 22.8. Durability tests
- 22.9. Conclusions
Chapter 23: Creep, shrinkage, and cracking of concrete
- Abstract
- 23.1. Creep
- 23.2. Shrinkage
- 23.3. Cracking
- 23.4. Preventing problems caused by shrinkage and cracks
- 23.5. Conclusions
Chapter 24: Admixtures for concrete
- Abstract
- 24.1. Introduction
- 24.2. Plasticisers and superplasticisers
- 24.3. Viscosity modifying admixtures
- 24.4. Air entrainers
- 24.5. Retarders
- 24.6. Accelerators
- 24.7. Other admixtures
- 24.8. Using admixtures on site
- 24.9. Conclusions
Chapter 25: Durability of concrete structures
- Abstract
- 25.1. Introduction
- 25.2. Transport processes in concrete
- 25.3. Corrosion of reinforcement
- 25.4. Sulphate attack
- 25.5. Alkali–silica reaction
- 25.6. Frost attack
- 25.7. Salt crystallisation
- 25.8. Delayed ettringite formation
- 25.9. Durability modelling
- 25.10. Conclusions for corrosion and corrosion protection
Chapter 26: Production of durable concrete
- Abstract
- 26.1. Introduction
- 26.2. Design for durability
- 26.3. Specification for durability
- 26.4. Placing durable concrete
- 26.5. Curing
- 26.6. Conclusions
Chapter 27: Assessment of concrete structures
- Abstract
- 27.1. Introduction
- 27.2. Planning the test programme
- 27.3. Test methods for strength
- 27.4. Test methods for durability
- 27.5. Presenting the results
- 27.6. Conclusions
Chapter 28: Mortars and grouts
- Abstract
- 28.1. Introduction
- 28.2. Masonry mortars
- 28.3. Rendering
- 28.4. Cementitious grouts
- 28.5. Cementitious repair mortars
- 28.6. Floor screeds
- 28.7. Conclusions
Chapter 29: Special concretes
- Abstract
- 29.1. Introduction
- 29.2. Low cost concrete
- 29.3. Concrete with reduced environmental impact
- 29.4. Low density concrete
- 29.5. High-density concrete
- 29.6. Underwater concrete
- 29.7. Ultra-high strength concrete
- 29.8. Ultra-durable concrete
- 29.9. Concrete with good appearance (architectural concrete)
- 29.10. Fast setting concrete
- 29.11. Concrete without formwork
- 29.12. Self-compacting concrete
- 29.13. Roller-compacted concrete
- 29.14. Conclusions
Chapter 30: Steel
- Abstract
- 30.1. Introduction
- 30.2. Iron–carbon compounds
- 30.3. Control of grain size
- 30.4. Manufacturing and forming processes
- 30.5. Steel grades
- 30.6. Mechanical properties
- 30.7. Steel for different applications
- 30.8. Joints in steel
- 30.9. Conclusions
Chapter 31: Corrosion
- Abstract
- Notation
- 31.1. Introduction
- 31.2. Electrolytic corrosion
- 31.3. The effect of pH and potential
- 31.4. Measuring corrosion rates with linear polarisation
- 31.5. Corrosion of steel in concrete
- 31.6. Corrosion prevention
- 31.7. Conclusions
Chapter 32: Alloys and nonferrous metals
- Abstract
- 32.1. Introduction
- 32.2. Alloys
- 32.3. Comparison of nonferrous metals
- 32.4. Copper
- 32.5. Zinc
- 32.6. Aluminium
- 32.7. Lead
- 32.8. Plating
- 32.9. Conclusions
Chapter 33: Timber
- Abstract
- Notation
- Notation subscripts
- 33.1. Introduction
- 33.2. The environmental impact of forestry
- 33.3. Production
- 33.4. Engineered wood products
- 33.5. Strength of timber
- 33.6. Jointing timber
- 33.7. Durability of timber
- 33.8. Preservation of timber
- 33.9. Bamboo
- 33.10. Conclusions – timber construction
Chapter 34: Masonry
- Abstract
- 34.1. Introduction
- 34.2. Clay bricks
- 34.3. Calcium silicate bricks
- 34.4. Concrete bricks
- 34.5. Concrete blocks
- 34.6. Natural stones
- 34.7. Roofing tiles
- 34.8. Slates
- 34.9. Masonry construction detailing
- 34.10. Masonry construction supervision
- 34.11. Conclusions – masonry construction
Chapter 35: Plastics
- Abstract
- 35.1. Introduction
- 35.2. Terminology
- 35.3. Mixing and placement
- 35.4. Properties of plastics
- 35.5. Modes of failure (durability)
- 35.6. Typical applications in construction
- 35.7. Conclusions
Chapter 36: Glass
- Abstract
- 36.1. Introduction
- 36.2. Glass for glazing
- 36.3. Glass fibres
- 36.4. Glass wool
- 36.5. Conclusions
Chapter 37: Bituminous materials
- Abstract
- 37.1. Introduction
- 37.2. Binder properties
- 37.3. Binder testing
- 37.4. Binder mixtures
- 37.5. Asphalt mixtures
- 37.6. Testing asphalt mixtures
- 37.7. Mix designs for asphalt mixtures
- 37.8. Use in road construction
- 37.9. Other applications of binders
- 37.10. Conclusions
Chapter 38: Composites
- Abstract
- 38.1. Introduction
- 38.2. Reinforcing bars in concrete
- 38.3. Fibre reinforcement in concrete
- 38.4. Steel/concrete composite bridge decks
- 38.5. Fibre reinforced plastics
- 38.6. Structural insulated panels
- 38.7. Conclusions
Chapter 39: Adhesives and sealants
- Abstract
- 39.1. Introduction
- 39.2. Adhesives
- 39.3. Sealants
- 39.4. Conclusions
Chapter 40: Comparison of different materials
- Abstract
- 40.1. Introduction
- 40.2. Comparing the strength of materials
- 40.3. Comparing environmental impact
- 40.4. Health and safety
- 40.5. Conclusions
Chapter 41: New technologies
- Abstract
- 41.1. Introduction
- 41.2. 3D printing
- 41.3. Photocatalytic admixtures
- 41.4. Self-healing concrete
- 41.5. Zero cement concrete
- 41.6. Durability modelling
- 41.7. Hemp lime
- 41.8. Wood–glass epoxy composites
- 41.9. Bamboo
- 41.10. Conclusions
Tutorial Questions
Subject Index

Civil Engineering Materials

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Peter A. Claisse