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Civil Engineering Materials
1st Edition - September 3, 2015
Author: Peter A. Claisse
Paperback ISBN:9780081002759
9 7 8 - 0 - 0 8 - 1 0 0 2 7 5 - 9
eBook ISBN:9780128027516
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 0 2 7 5 1 - 6
Civil Engineering Materials explains why construction materials behave the way they do. It covers the construction materials content for undergraduate courses in civil engineering… Read more
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Civil Engineering Materials explains why construction materials behave the way they do. It covers the construction materials content for undergraduate courses in civil engineering and related subjects and serves as a valuable reference for professionals working in the construction industry. The book concentrates on demonstrating methods to obtain, analyse and use information rather than focusing on presenting large amounts of data. Beginning with basic properties of materials, it moves on to more complex areas such as the theory of concrete durability and corrosion of steel.
Discusses the broad scope of traditional, emerging, and non-structural materials
Explains what material properties such as specific heat, thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity are and how they can be used to calculate the performance of construction materials.
Contains numerous worked examples with detailed solutions that provide precise references to the relevant equations in the text.
Includes a detailed section on how to write reports as well as a full section on how to use and interpret publications, giving students and early career professionals valuable practical guidance.
Undergraduate students in civil and construction engineering programs; early career civil engineers; researchers
Summary
Abbreviations
Introduction
Chapter 1: Units
Abstract
Notation
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Symbols
1.3. Scientific notation
1.4. Unit prefixes
1.5. Logs
1.6. Accuracy
1.7. Unit analysis
1.8. MKS SI units
1.9. US customary units
1.10. CGS units
1.11. Properties of water in different units
1.12. Summary
Chapter 2: Strength of materials
Abstract
Notation
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Mass and gravity
2.3. Stress and strength
2.4. Strain
2.5. Deformation and strength
2.6. Modulus of elasticity
2.7. Poisson’s ratio
2.8. Fatigue strength
2.9. Creep
2.10. Conclusions
Chapter 3: Failure of real construction materials
Abstract
Notation
3.1. Introduction
3.2. The steel sample
3.3. The concrete sample
3.4. The timber samples
3.5. Summary
Chapter 4: Thermal properties
Abstract
Notation
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Temperature
4.3. Energy
4.4. Specific heat
4.5. Thermal conductivity
4.6. Thermal capacity, thermal diffusivity, and thermal inertia
4.7. Coefficient of thermal expansion
4.8. Heat generation
4.9. Heat absorption, reflection, and radiation
4.10. Typical values
4.11. Summary
Chapter 5: Pressure
Abstract
Notation
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Pressure on a fluid
5.3. The effect of gravity on pressure
5.4. The effect of temperature on gas pressure
5.5. Propagation of waves
5.6. The bulk modulus
5.7. Attenuation of waves
5.8. Conclusions
Chapter 6: Electrical properties
Abstract
Notation
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Electric charge
6.3. Electric current
6.4. Voltage
6.5. Electric field
6.6. Resistance
6.7. Capacitance
6.8. Power
6.9. Electric current in concrete
6.10. Electrical test apparatus
6.11. Conclusions
Chapter 7: Chemistry of construction materials
Abstract
Notation
7.1. Introduction
7.2. The components of the atom
7.3. Chemical elements
7.4. Molecules
7.5. Chemical reactions
7.6. Acids and bases
7.7. Oxidizing agents and reducing agents
7.8. Chemicals dissolved in water
7.9. The lime cycle
7.10. The gypsum cycle
7.11. Summary
Chapter 8: Properties of fluids in solids
Abstract
Notation
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Viscosity
8.3. Water and water Vapour
8.4. Porosity
8.5. Condensation in pores
8.6. Water in pores
8.7. Drying of materials
8.8. Summary
Chapter 9: Transport of fluids in solids
Abstract
Notation
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Flow in a porous solid
9.3. Pressure driven flow
9.4. Thermal gradient
9.5. Capillary suction
9.6. Osmosis
9.7. Electro-osmosis
9.8. Summary
Chapter 10: Transport of ions in fluids
Abstract
Notation
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Ions in solution
10.3. Flow rates
10.4. Diffusion in a nonadsorbing system
10.5. Adsorption in a porous solid
10.6. Diffusion with adsorption
10.7. Electromigration
10.8. Conclusions
Chapter 11: Ionising radiation
Abstract
Notation
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Types of ionising radiation
11.3. Sources of radiation
11.4. Half-lives
11.5. The effect of radiation on materials
11.6. The effect of radiation on the body
11.7. Shielding
11.8. Conclusions
Chapter 12: Variability and statistics
Abstract
Notation
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Sampling
12.3. Distributions
12.4. Probability
12.5. Correlations
12.6. Conclusions
Chapter 13: Use of test results
Abstract
Notation
13.1. Introduction
13.2. Sources of variations in concrete strength test results
13.3. Making decisions about failing test results
13.4. Identifying the source of the problem
13.5. Multivariate analysis
13.6. Designing for durability
13.7. Conclusions
Chapter 14: Specifications and standards
Abstract
14.1. Introduction
14.2. Specifications
14.3. Standards
14.4. Building codes
14.5. Repeatability and reproducibility
14.6. Quality assurance
14.7. Conclusions
Chapter 15: Reporting results
Abstract
15.1. Introduction
15.2. Graphs
15.3. References
15.4. How to get good marks for your materials lab reports
15.5. How to publish a paper on materials
15.6. Verbal presentation
15.7. Conclusions
Chapter 16: Testing construction materials
Abstract
16.1. Introduction
16.2. How to find references
16.3. Types of references
16.4. Defining the objectives of a research programme
16.5. Carrying out a research programme
16.6. The statistical basis
16.7. The publication
16.8. Conclusions
Chapter 17: Introduction to cement and concrete
Abstract
17.1. Introduction
17.2. Cement and concrete
17.3. Uses of cement
17.4. Strength of concrete
17.5. Reinforced concrete
17.6. Prestressed concrete
17.7. Cement replacements
17.8. Admixtures
17.9. Environmental impact
17.10. Durability
17.11. Conclusions
Chapter 18: Cements and cement replacement materials
Abstract
18.1. Introduction
18.2. Cements
18.3. Cement replacement materials (also known as mineral admixtures)
18.4. Cement standards
18.5. Conclusions
Chapter 19: Aggregates for concrete and mortar
Abstract
19.1. Introduction
19.2. Environmental impact of aggregate extraction
19.3. Aggregate sizes
19.4. Mined aggregates
19.5. Artificial aggregates
19.6. Major hazards with aggregates
19.7. Properties of aggregates
19.8. Conclusions
Chapter 20: Hydration of cement
Abstract
Notation
20.1. Introduction
20.2. Heat of hydration
20.3. Types of porosity
20.4. Calculation of porosity
20.5. Influence of porosity
20.6. Curing
20.7. Conclusions
Chapter 21: Concrete mix design
Abstract
21.1. Introduction
21.2. UK mix design
21.3. US mix design
21.4. Mix design with cement replacements
21.5. Mix design for air-entrained concrete
21.6. Mix design for self-compacting concrete
21.7. Redesigning mixes using trial batch data
21.8. US units
21.9. Conclusions
Chapter 22: Testing wet and hardened concrete
Abstract
Notation
22.1. Introduction
22.2. Workability
22.3. Bleeding and segregation
22.4. Air content
22.5. Compressive strength testing
22.6. Tensile and bending strength testing
22.7. Measurement of modulus of elasticity
22.8. Durability tests
22.9. Conclusions
Chapter 23: Creep, shrinkage, and cracking of concrete
Abstract
23.1. Creep
23.2. Shrinkage
23.3. Cracking
23.4. Preventing problems caused by shrinkage and cracks
23.5. Conclusions
Chapter 24: Admixtures for concrete
Abstract
24.1. Introduction
24.2. Plasticisers and superplasticisers
24.3. Viscosity modifying admixtures
24.4. Air entrainers
24.5. Retarders
24.6. Accelerators
24.7. Other admixtures
24.8. Using admixtures on site
24.9. Conclusions
Chapter 25: Durability of concrete structures
Abstract
25.1. Introduction
25.2. Transport processes in concrete
25.3. Corrosion of reinforcement
25.4. Sulphate attack
25.5. Alkali–silica reaction
25.6. Frost attack
25.7. Salt crystallisation
25.8. Delayed ettringite formation
25.9. Durability modelling
25.10. Conclusions for corrosion and corrosion protection
Chapter 26: Production of durable concrete
Abstract
26.1. Introduction
26.2. Design for durability
26.3. Specification for durability
26.4. Placing durable concrete
26.5. Curing
26.6. Conclusions
Chapter 27: Assessment of concrete structures
Abstract
27.1. Introduction
27.2. Planning the test programme
27.3. Test methods for strength
27.4. Test methods for durability
27.5. Presenting the results
27.6. Conclusions
Chapter 28: Mortars and grouts
Abstract
28.1. Introduction
28.2. Masonry mortars
28.3. Rendering
28.4. Cementitious grouts
28.5. Cementitious repair mortars
28.6. Floor screeds
28.7. Conclusions
Chapter 29: Special concretes
Abstract
29.1. Introduction
29.2. Low cost concrete
29.3. Concrete with reduced environmental impact
29.4. Low density concrete
29.5. High-density concrete
29.6. Underwater concrete
29.7. Ultra-high strength concrete
29.8. Ultra-durable concrete
29.9. Concrete with good appearance (architectural concrete)
29.10. Fast setting concrete
29.11. Concrete without formwork
29.12. Self-compacting concrete
29.13. Roller-compacted concrete
29.14. Conclusions
Chapter 30: Steel
Abstract
30.1. Introduction
30.2. Iron–carbon compounds
30.3. Control of grain size
30.4. Manufacturing and forming processes
30.5. Steel grades
30.6. Mechanical properties
30.7. Steel for different applications
30.8. Joints in steel
30.9. Conclusions
Chapter 31: Corrosion
Abstract
Notation
31.1. Introduction
31.2. Electrolytic corrosion
31.3. The effect of pH and potential
31.4. Measuring corrosion rates with linear polarisation
31.5. Corrosion of steel in concrete
31.6. Corrosion prevention
31.7. Conclusions
Chapter 32: Alloys and nonferrous metals
Abstract
32.1. Introduction
32.2. Alloys
32.3. Comparison of nonferrous metals
32.4. Copper
32.5. Zinc
32.6. Aluminium
32.7. Lead
32.8. Plating
32.9. Conclusions
Chapter 33: Timber
Abstract
Notation
Notation subscripts
33.1. Introduction
33.2. The environmental impact of forestry
33.3. Production
33.4. Engineered wood products
33.5. Strength of timber
33.6. Jointing timber
33.7. Durability of timber
33.8. Preservation of timber
33.9. Bamboo
33.10. Conclusions – timber construction
Chapter 34: Masonry
Abstract
34.1. Introduction
34.2. Clay bricks
34.3. Calcium silicate bricks
34.4. Concrete bricks
34.5. Concrete blocks
34.6. Natural stones
34.7. Roofing tiles
34.8. Slates
34.9. Masonry construction detailing
34.10. Masonry construction supervision
34.11. Conclusions – masonry construction
Chapter 35: Plastics
Abstract
35.1. Introduction
35.2. Terminology
35.3. Mixing and placement
35.4. Properties of plastics
35.5. Modes of failure (durability)
35.6. Typical applications in construction
35.7. Conclusions
Chapter 36: Glass
Abstract
36.1. Introduction
36.2. Glass for glazing
36.3. Glass fibres
36.4. Glass wool
36.5. Conclusions
Chapter 37: Bituminous materials
Abstract
37.1. Introduction
37.2. Binder properties
37.3. Binder testing
37.4. Binder mixtures
37.5. Asphalt mixtures
37.6. Testing asphalt mixtures
37.7. Mix designs for asphalt mixtures
37.8. Use in road construction
37.9. Other applications of binders
37.10. Conclusions
Chapter 38: Composites
Abstract
38.1. Introduction
38.2. Reinforcing bars in concrete
38.3. Fibre reinforcement in concrete
38.4. Steel/concrete composite bridge decks
38.5. Fibre reinforced plastics
38.6. Structural insulated panels
38.7. Conclusions
Chapter 39: Adhesives and sealants
Abstract
39.1. Introduction
39.2. Adhesives
39.3. Sealants
39.4. Conclusions
Chapter 40: Comparison of different materials
Abstract
40.1. Introduction
40.2. Comparing the strength of materials
40.3. Comparing environmental impact
40.4. Health and safety
40.5. Conclusions
Chapter 41: New technologies
Abstract
41.1. Introduction
41.2. 3D printing
41.3. Photocatalytic admixtures
41.4. Self-healing concrete
41.5. Zero cement concrete
41.6. Durability modelling
41.7. Hemp lime
41.8. Wood–glass epoxy composites
41.9. Bamboo
41.10. Conclusions
Tutorial Questions
Subject Index
No. of pages: 528
Language: English
Published: September 3, 2015
Imprint: Butterworth-Heinemann
Paperback ISBN: 9780081002759
eBook ISBN: 9780128027516
PC
Peter A. Claisse
Peter A. Claisse is Professor Emeritus at Coventry University and the author of more than 100 publications on construction and materials, including the Woodhead title Transport Properties of Concrete: Measurements and Applications. He graduated with a degree in Physics from Oxford University and then spent the next 9 years working as a Civil Engineer on major UK construction sites including 4 years on the Torness nuclear power station. After obtaining a PhD in Civil Engineering at Leeds University, studying Silica Fume in concrete, he then went to the AEA Technology Harwell laboratory for 3 years to work on Nuclear waste containment. He was at Coventry University for 20 years, teaching Civil Engineering Materials and researching transport processes in concrete and the use of secondary materials in cement.