Circadian Rhythms, Sleep, and Sleep Disorders

Circadian rhythms, sleep, and sleep disorders covers the topic in two sections focusing on basic science and clinical application. In the basic section, new developments and research findings focusing on basic circadian rhythm and sleep physiology in animals and humans is highlighted. The chapters are written in short mini-review formats in order to concisely describe the fundamentals, and current hot topics.

The basic part starts with a chapter on the fundamentals and new discoveries on oscillating circuitries in the sleeping rodent and human brain. This sets the stage for chap 2, focusing on circadian and homeostatic aspects of human sleep regulation. Chap 3 extends these aspects to human cognition. The next chapter reports on visual and non-visual effects of light on human behavior, particularly endocrine and electrophysiological correlates. Chap 5 covers chronic sleep restriction effects on functional connectivity states. The last two chapters (6 and 7) give a broad overview on sleep modeling across physiological levels, with a focus on a quantitative model of sleep-wake dynamics based on the physiology of the brainstem ascending arousal system.

The clinical section of the book describes the circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, from epidemiology to clinical picture and treatment. Disorders covered include delayed and advanced sleep phase syndrome, Irregular sleep-wake rhythm disorder, shift work disorder, restless legs syndrome, nocturnal eating syndrome, narcolepsy, and sleep apnea. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments of insomnia are explored, as well as the role of sleep-wake modulation in the pathogenesis and clinical profile of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease.

Circadian Rhythms, Sleep, and Sleep Disorders
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Series Page
Copyright
Handbook of Clinical Neurology 3rd Series
Foreword
Preface
Contributors
Section I: Basic science
Chapter 1 Effects of light on biological functions and human sleep
Abstract
Keywords
Light, Sleep, and Chronobiology
Basic Principles
Visual and nonvisual effects of light
The Two-Process Model of Sleep–Wake Regulation
Effects of Light Exposure During Daytime on Sleep and Sleep Architecture
Light exposure and the circadian system
Daytime light exposure and sleep
Interindividual differences in light responsiveness
Exposure to Artificial Light in the Evening
Summary
Conflict of interest
References
Chapter 2 Rhythms of light: Understanding the role of circadian timing in alertness and cognitive performance
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction and Definition of Concepts
The Impact of the Sleep–Wake Cycle on Alertness, Sustained Attention, and Cognition
Effects of Time of Day When in Circadian Alignment
Effects of Circadian Misalignment
Direct Effects of Light
Summary and Future Directions
Future directions
References
Chapter 3 Impact of sleep deprivation on dynamic functional connectivity states
Abstract
Keywords
Functional Connectivity and Sleep Deprivation: fMRI Evidence
Vigilance and attention
Memory
Emotional memory and processing
Functional Connectivity and Sleep Deprivation: EEG Evidence
Connectivity in resting-state networks
Task-related EEG connectivity
Clinical Implications and Conclusions
References
Chapter 4 Sleep and circadian rhythms modeling: From hypothalamic regulatory networks to cortical dynamics and behavior
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
Part I: Model of Arousal Dynamics
Key physiology of sleep–wake cycles
Model structure
Dynamics
Future directions for sleep–wake cycles modeling
Part II: Models of EEG Activity
Measuring and quantifying sleep activity at the whole brain level
Key anatomic structures represented in sleep EEG models
Models of corticothalamic sleep dynamics
Future directions for EEG brain models
Connecting Across Scales
Existing models combining sleep regulatory networks and EEG
Open challenges
Conclusion
References
Section II: Clinical applications
Chapter 5 Advanced sleep phase syndrome: Role of genetics and aging
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
The Physiology of the Circadian System
Process C
Chronotypes
Process S, the sleep homeostat
Circadian Rhythm Sleep–Wake Disorders
Advanced Sleep–Wake Phase Disorder
Demographics
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Objective findings
Aging and neurodegeneration
Treatment
Conclusions
References
Chapter 6 Irregular sleep–wake rhythm disorder: From the pathophysiologic perspective to the treatment
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
Pathophysiology
Epidemiology
Clinical Presentation
Diagnostic Criteria
Diagnostic Evaluation
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Light Therapy
Prescribed Timing of Sleep/Wake Periods, Activity, and Exercise
Melatonin
Stimulants and Sedatives
AASM Practice Guidelines
Irregular Sleep–Wake Disorder in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Alzheimer disease
Parkinson disease
Traumatic brain injury (TBI)
Brain tumors
Neurodevelopmental disorders
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
Angelman syndrome
Smith–Magenis syndrome
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL)
Psychiatric disorders
Bipolar disorder
Conclusion
References
Chapter 7 Shift work sleep disorder
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
Shift Work
Shift Work Sleep Disorder
Recommendations and Possible Treatment
Final Remarks
References
Further reading
Chapter 8 Human sleep and immunity: The role of circadian patterns
Abstract
Keywords
Sleep and Circadian Rhythms
Immune System
Sleep, Circadian Rhythms, and the Immune System
Sleep and Circadian Disturbance and Inflammation
Sleep Deprivation/Restriction Consequences
Vaccine and Immune System
Conclusion
References
Chapter 9 Circadian pattern in restless legs syndrome
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
Worsening at Rest and Circadian Variation of Symptoms: Two Faces of the Same Process?
Pathogenetic Mechanisms Underlying Circadian Pattern in RLS
Dopamine
Dopamine and melatonin
Iron and the interaction with dopamine
Iron and opioids
Genetics
Further Insights in Circadian Patterns From Neurophysiology, Imaging, and Neurophysiology Studies
Pain and the sensory system
Cortical excitability
Default mode network
Cognition
Conclusions
References
Chapter 10 Circadian rhythm disorders in the blind
Abstract
Keywords
Non-24-h Sleep–Wake Rhythm Disorder
Definition
Pathogenesis
History
Epidemiology
Clinic Manifestations
Diagnosis
Screening Tests
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Lifestyle and sleep hygiene
Melatonin and melatonin agonist
Future Fields of Research
Conclusion
References
Chapter 11 Sleep and circadian rhythms after traumatic brain injury
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
Traumatic Brain Injury
Definition and diagnosis
Pathophysiology of TBI
Changes in brain structure after TBI as assessed by neuroimaging
Overview of the Main Sleep and Wake Disturbances After TBI
Prevalence
Comorbidities and risk factors
Role of TBI severity and time postinjury
Impact of sleep–wake disturbances
Excessive daytime sleepiness
Pleisomnia
Fatigue
Insomnia
Sleep macro- and microarchitecture after TBI
Circadian rhythm disturbances after TBI
Pharmacologic and Nonpharmacologic Interventions
Cognitive-behavioral therapy and sleep hygiene education
Light therapy
Pharmacologic interventions
Early screening and individualized approach
Conclusion
References
Chapter 12 Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, orexin, and sleep–wake cycle: The link with the neurodegeneration
Abstract
Keywords
Clinical Manifestation and Diagnosis of OSAS
The Sleep–Wake Circadian Rhythm in OSAS
Dysregulation of the circadian sleep–wake rhythm
Biomarkers of Sleep–Wake Cycle in OSAS
Melatonin
Orexin
The Connection Between OSAS and Neurodegeneration
Orexin and β-amyloid in OSAS: Neurodegeneration
Orexin and sleep–wake cycle in OSAS—Neurodegeneration
Antagonism of orexin receptors in OSAS and its link to neurodegeneration
Conclusion
References
Chapter 13 Circadian aspects in nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic treatment of insomnia
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
Circadian Factors Associated with Insomnia Disorder
Circadian Factors and the 3P Model of Insomnia
Circadian Factors Influencing the Clinical Presentation of Insomnia
Clinical Presentation of Insomnia: Effects of Comorbidity With Circadian Rhythm Disorders
Circadian rhythm disorders and sleep-onset insomnia
Circadian rhythm disorders and sleep maintenance insomnia
Circadian rhythm disorders and early morning insomnia
Circadian Aspects of Nonpharmacologic and Pharmacologic Options Recommended for Managing Insomnia
Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia
GABAA receptors agonists
Hypnotic benzodiazepines
Z-drugs
Agonists of melatonin receptors
Dual orexin receptor antagonists
Applying Circadian Interventions Adjunctive to Insomnia Treatment
Bright Light Exposure
Bright Light Therapy for Sleep-Onset Insomnia
Bright Light Therapy for Early Morning Awakening Insomnia
Strategically Timed Dim Light and Blue-Blocking Glasses
Exogenous Melatonin
Conclusion
References
Chapter 14 Chronobiologic treatments for mood disorders
Abstract
Keywords
Light Therapy
Clinical introduction
Time and duration of administration
Dawn simulation therapy
Mechanisms of action of light therapy
Sleep Deprivation
Neurobiologic mechanisms
Clinical aspects
Early relapse and augmentation interventions
Brain imaging of sleep deprivation
Sleep Phase Advance Therapy
Triple Chronotherapy
Dark Therapy
Conclusion
References
Chapter 15 Sleep and circadian dysfunction in Parkinson disease: New perspective and opportunities for treatment
Abstract
Keywords
Sleep Disorders
Insomnia
Excessive daytime sleepiness
Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder
Restless legs syndrome
Obstructive sleep apnea
Circadian Dysfunction
Manifestation of abnormal biologic rhythm
Possible treatment approaches related to circadian rhythm
Aspects to be clarified
Conclusion
References
Chapter 16 Sleep–wake modulation and pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease: Suggestions for postponement and treatment
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
Sleep–wake disturbances are an early event in AD
Sleep–wake rhythm disorder contributes to impaired cognition and related functions in AD
Sleep–wake rhythm disturbance increases the risk of AD
Neurobiologic Systems Involved in Sleep–Wake Modulation in AD
Role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in AD circadian rhythm disruption
Role of the pineal gland in sleep–wake modulation in AD
Astrocytes regulate the sleep–wake cycle in AD
ApoE-ɛ4 allele as a risk gene in AD sleep–wake disorders
Clinical Challenges: The Prevention and Treatment of Sleep–Wake Disorders
Diagnostic potential in AD: Salivary melatonin levels
AD therapeutic opportunities
Prevention of sleep disorders
Conclusions
References
Index

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

Social Sciences & Humanities

Health

Circadian Rhythms, Sleep, and Sleep Disorders

Purchase options

Institutional subscription on ScienceDirect

Luigi Ferini-Strambi

Christian Cajochen