Ciottone's Disaster Medicine

3rd Edition - March 7, 2023
Editor: Gregory R. Ciottone
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 8 0 9 3 2 - 0
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 8 0 9 3 3 - 7

While medical specialists in disaster mitigation, preparedness, and response are needed worldwide, the initial phase of disaster response is almost entirely dependent upon local… Read more

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While medical specialists in disaster mitigation, preparedness, and response are needed worldwide, the initial phase of disaster response is almost entirely dependent upon local resources—making it essential that all healthcare personnel have a working knowledge of the field and stand ready to integrate into the response system. Ciottone's Disaster Medicine, 3rd Edition, is the most comprehensive reference available to help accomplish these goals in every community. It thoroughly covers isolated domestic events as well as global disasters and humanitarian crises. Dr. Gregory Ciottone and more than 200 worldwide authorities share their knowledge and expertise on the preparation, assessment, and management of both natural and man-made disasters, including lessons learned by the responders to contemporary disasters such as the COVID-19 pandemic, Australian and western U.S. wildfires, European heatwaves, the Beirut explosion, recent hurricanes and typhoons, and the global refugee crisis.

Part 1 offers an A-to-Z resource for every aspect of disaster medicine and management, while Part 2 features an exhaustive compilation of every conceivable disaster event, organized to facilitate quick reference in a real-time setting.
Covers basic concepts such as identification of risks, organizational preparedness, equipment planning, disaster education and training, and more advanced concepts such as disaster risk reduction, health in complex emergencies, building local disaster resiliency, psychological impact of disasters on children, and more.
Contains new decision trees throughout that help guide you through the decision-making process in difficult situations.
Uses an easy-to-follow, templated approach to historical perspectives, overviews of current practice including pre-incident and post-incident actions, medical treatment of casualties, and potential pitfalls.
Includes updated sections on man-made disasters, including mass casualties, active shooter situations, integrated response to terrorist attacks, and chemical/biological/radiological/nuclear/high-yield explosives disasters.
Discusses the latest technologies, such as the use of mobile disaster applications, drone response systems, and virtual reality simulation training.
Features thoroughly updated information on crisis leadership, practical applications of disaster epidemiology, disaster and climate change, and the integration of non-government agencies (NGOs) in disaster response—a critical topic for those responding to humanitarian needs overseas.
Includes new chapters on Pandemic Preparedness and Response, Disaster Medicine in a Changing Climate, Disaster Response in Asia, Building Local Capacity and Disaster Resiliency, Civilian-Military Coordination in Disaster Response, Medical Simulation in Disaster Preparedness, Disaster Nursing, Crisis Meta-Leadership, Palliative Care in Disasters, Counter-Terrorism Medicine, SARS CoV (COVID-19 and SARS), and Disasters in Space Travel.
An eBook version is included with purchase. The eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures and references, with the ability to search, customize your content, make notes and highlights, and have content read aloud.

Cover Image
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Acknowledgments
Associate Editors
Section Editors
Contributors
Foreword
Preface
Table of Contents
Part I Overview of Disaster Management
Chapter 1 Introduction to Disaster Medicine
THE DISASTER CYCLE
NATURAL AND HUMAN-MADE DISASTERS
DEFINING DISASTER
DISASTER MEDICINE
REFERENCES
Section 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Public Health and Disasters
INTRODUCTION TO PUBLIC HEALTH
PUBLIC HEALTH CONSEQUENCES OF DISASTERS
PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE
THE ROLE OF PUBLIC HEALTH IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT: THE CASE OF COVID-19
PUBLIC HEALTH IN NATIONAL DISASTER FRAMEWORKS: THE CASE OF THE UNITED STATES
CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 3 Role of Emergency Medical Services in Disaster Management and Preparedness
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
EMS INTERNATIONALLY
CURRENT PRACTICE
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 4 Role of Emergency Medicine in Disaster Management
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
CURRENT PRACTICE
ORGANIZATION OF THE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT DURING A DISASTER
WHEN THE NUMBER OF VICTIMS BEGINS TO WIND DOWN
CONCLUSION
PITFALLS
REFERENCES
Chapter 5 Role of Hospitals in a Disaster
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
CURRENT PRACTICE
ELEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE HOSPITAL PREPAREDNESS FOR DISASTERS
EDUCATION AND TRAINING
ATTACKS ON HEALTH CARE FACILITIES
PITFALLS
SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 6 Pandemic Preparedness and Response
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL LIFE CYCLE OF A PANDEMIC
CURRENT PRACTICE
PEARLS AND PITFALLS
REFERENCES
Chapter 7 Health in Complex Emergencies
INTRODUCTION OF TOPIC
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
CURRENT PRACTICE
PITFALLS
SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 8 Disaster Medicine in a Changing Climate
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
CURRENT PRACTICE
DIRECT EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
INDIRECT EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
PITFALLS
CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 9 Children and Disaster
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
CURRENT PRACTICE
COMPLEX HUMANITARIAN EMERGENCIES
MASS CASUALTY INCIDENTS (MCIs)
PSYCHOLOGICAL SUPPORT
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 10 Psychological Effects of Disaster on Displaced Populations and Refugees of Multiple Traumas
POSTMIGRATION AND ADJUSTMENT OF TRAUMATIZED REFUGEES IN HOST NATIONS
LEVEL OF EXPOSURE TO VIOLENCE AND HUMAN DISASTER VERSUS VULNERABILITIES OF DISPLACEMENT
DISASTER AND MENTAL HEALTH TRIAGE OF REFUGEES AND SUGGESTED THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES
UNACCOMPANIED CHILDREN, WOMEN, AND DISPLACED REFUGEE FAMILIES
NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL POLICIES ON ASYLUM SEEKERS, DISPLACED POPULATIONS, AND REFUGEES OF MULTIPLE TRAUMAS
CONCLUDING REMARKS ON A REFUGEE BEING IN AN UNFAMILIAR, UNKNOWN HOST SURROUNDING
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 11 Ethical Issues in Disaster Medicine
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
CURRENT PRACTICE
SECTION 1: PREVENTION, MITIGATION, AND PLANNING
SECTION 2: ALTERED STANDARDS OF CARE
SECTION 3: INFORMED CONSENT
SECTION 4: TRIAGE AND RESOURCE ALLOCATION IN GENERAL
SECTION 5: DISPARITIES
SECTION 6: QUARANTINE
SECTION 7: SURVEILLANCE
SECTION 8: RESEARCH
SECTION 9: RESCUERS’ RIGHTS
SECTION 10: TRANSPARENCY AND COMMUNICATION
SECTION 11: POLITICAL INVOLVEMENT
SECTION 12: RECOVERY
CONCLUSION
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 12 Issues of Liability in Emergency Response
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
CURRENT PRACTICE
PATIENT RIGHTS
NONDISCRIMINATORY RESPONSE
REGULATORY VIOLATIONS
SUMMARY
PITFALLS
REFERENCES
Section 2 Domestic and International Resources
Chapter 13 Disaster Response in the United States
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
CURRENT CONCEPTS OF DISASTER RESPONSE
LOCAL-LEVEL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
STATE-LEVEL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
FEDERAL-LEVEL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 14 Disaster Response in Europe
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
CONTEMPORARY ERA AND CURRENT PRACTICE
REFERENCES
Chapter 15 Disaster Response in Asia
OVERVIEW
DISASTER COORDINATION IN ASIA
DISASTER MECHANISM IN ASIA AND ASEAN
DISASTER RESPONSE IN ASIA
DISASTER RESPONSE IN CHINA
DISASTER RESPONSE IN JAPAN
DISASTER RESPONSE IN THE PHILIPPINES
DISASTER RESPONSE IN NEPAL
DISASTER RESPONSE IN THAILAND
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 16 Building Local Capacity and Disaster Resiliency
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
OPERATIONAL FAMILIARITY
BRINGING TOGETHER TRAINING, OPERATIONS, AND RESEARCH—THE CONCEPT OF A CENTER OF EXCELLENCE IN DISASTER MEDICINE
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Chapter 17 Local Disaster Response in the United States
CURRENT PRACTICE
SUPPORTING ORGANIZATIONS AND CAPABILITIES
LOCAL RESOURCES
LOCAL RESPONSE CONCEPTS OF OPERATIONS
ISSUES IN LOCAL RESPONSE
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 18 State Disaster Response: Systems and Programs
STATE AND LOCAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT ORGANIZATION
STATE DEPARTMENTS OF HEALTH AND HEALTH FUNCTIONS
SPECIFIC PUBLIC HEALTH AND MEDICAL PROGRAMS
EMERGENCY FUNCTIONS
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Chapter 19 Selected U.S. Federal Disaster Response Agencies and Capabilities
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
CURRENT PRACTICE
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 20 Global Disaster Response and Emergency Medical Teams
INTRODUCTION
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
CURRENT PRACTICE
LESSONS LEARNED
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 21 Civil-Military Coordination in Disaster Response
INTRODUCTION
KEY CONCEPTS
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
CURRENT PRACTICE AND FUTURE TRENDS
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Chapter 22 Evaluation of Emerging Data to Inform Disaster Response
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
CURRENT PRACTICE
PITFALLS
REFERENCES
Chapter 23 Disaster and Emergency Management Programs
WHAT IS DISASTER AND EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT?
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
CURRENT PRACTICE
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Section 3 Pre-Event Topics
Chapter 24 Emergency Department Design
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
CURRENT PRACTICE
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR COVID RESPONSE
PITFALLS
CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 25 Hazard Vulnerability Analysis
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
CURRENT PRACTICE
SUMMARY
PITFALLS
CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 26 Public Information Management
MEDIA HISTORY
MEDIA AND DISASTERS
CURRENT PRACTICES
PITFALLS OF MANAGING PUBLIC INFORMATION
CONCLUSION
SUGGESTED READING
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 27 Informatics and Information Technology in Disaster Medicine
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
INFORMATICS
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Chapter 28 Medical Simulation in Disaster Preparedness
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
TYPES OF SIMULATION
ADVANTAGES OF VIRTUAL SIMULATION
LIMITATIONS OF VIRTUAL SIMULATION
CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 29 Disaster Mitigation
HYOGO FRAMEWORK FOR ACTION
ENGAGING THE WHOLE COMMUNITY
INTRODUCTION OF MITIGATION IN THE UNITED STATES
GOALS AND CONCEPTS OF MITIGATION
RECENT HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
CURRENT PRACTICE
NEW HAMPSHIRE CRITICAL CARE AND SUPPLEMENTAL OXYGEN PROGRAM (NHCCSOP)
COMMON PITFALLS
CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 30 Disaster Risk Management
ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS
OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 31 Vaccines
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
IMMUNITY
VACCINES
CURRENT PRACTICE
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 32 Occupational and Environmental Medicine: An Asset in Time of Crisis
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
CURRENT PRACTICE
PITFALLS
REFERENCES
Chapter 33 Worker Health and Safety in Disaster Response
PRE-EVENT: MITIGATION AND PREVENTION, PREPAREDNESS
DURING THE EVENT: RESPONSE
RECOVERY
ISSUES SPECIFIC TO LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS
ISSUES SPECIFIC TO FIREFIGHTERS
ISSUES SPECIFIC TO EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES
ISSUES SPECIFIC TO “FIRST RECEIVERS”
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 34 Disaster Preparedness
DEFINITION
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
CURRENT PRACTICE
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS PITFALLS
THE FUTURE OF DISASTER PREPAREDNESS
SUGGESTED READING
REFERENCES
Chapter 35 Policy Issues in Disaster Preparedness and Response
THE ETHICAL VIEW FOR THE SCIENTIST
EVACUATION ORDERS: “YOU MAY WANT TO HEED THIS ADVICE FOR YOUR OWN GOOD”
AN OUTBREAK AND THE EMERGENCY MEDICAL TREATMENT AND LABOR ACT: PATIENT CARE ENSURED
SMALLPOX VACCINATIONS: THINK BEFORE REQUIRING
LEGISLATING PUBLIC HEALTH
THE DIRECTION FROM HERE
REFERENCES
Chapter 36 Mutual Aid
THE MUTUAL AID CONCEPT
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
CURRENT PRACTICE
OPERATIONAL PITFALLS
SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 37 Disaster Nursing
INTRODUCTION
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
CURRENT PRACTICE
NURSING ROLES WITHIN DISASTER RESPONSE
CRISIS STANDARDS OF CARE
PSYCHOLOGICAL CONCERNS
CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 38 Patient Surge
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
CURRENT PRACTICE
DEVELOPING USEFUL INDICATORS AND TRIGGERS
PITFALLS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Section 4 Event Response Topics
Chapter 39 Accidental Versus Intentional Event
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
CURRENT PRACTICE
PITFALLS
REFERENCES
Chapter 40 Crisis Meta-Leadership and the Practice of Disaster Medicine
DIMENSION ONE: THE PERSON
DIMENSION TWO: THE SITUATION
DIMENSION THREE: CONNECTIVITY
SWARM LEADERSHIP
CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 41 The Incident Command System
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
CURRENT PRACTICE
FOUNDATION OF ICS
ICS COMMAND STAFF
GENERAL STAFF
PITFALLS
SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 42 Scene Safety and Situational Awareness in Disaster Response
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
CURRENT PRACTICE
OVERWHELMING GEOGRAPHICAL INVOLVEMENT
DYNAMIC ENVIRONMENTS AND UNSTABLE TERRAIN
DELAYED COLLAPSE OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND AIRBORNE DEBRIS
HAZARDOUS EXPOSURE TO TOXINS AND CHEMICALS
INCLEMENT WEATHER
SUBOPTIMAL AND INADEQUATE PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
MENTAL AND PHYSICAL EXHAUSTION
DELAYED INTENTIONAL OR UNINTENTIONAL EXPLOSIONS
UNTRAINED VOLUNTEERS
SCENE SAFETY AT THE DISASTER SITE
CREW RESOURCE MANAGEMENT FOR SAFETY
RESPONSE TO DISASTERS
SCENE SIZE-UP
LOOKOUTS, COMMUNICATIONS, ESCAPE ROUTES, AND SAFETY ZONES
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 43 Predisaster and Postdisaster Needs Assessment
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
CURRENT PRACTICE
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 44 Operations and Logistics
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
CURRENT PRACTICE
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 45 Disaster Communications
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
CURRENT PRACTICE
PITFALLS
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Chapter 46 Mobile Disaster Applications
FORM FACTORS
THIN VERSUS THICK CLIENT
PATIENT IDENTIFICATION
PATIENT TRACKING
CELL SERVICE AND INTERNET DISRUPTION
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
PITFALLS
SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
SUGGESTED READINGS
Chapter 47 The Role of Social Media in Disasters
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
CURRENT PRACTICE
THE EFFECT OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
SOCIAL TECHNOLOGY AS AN ALTERNATE WAY OF PROVIDING MEDICAL CARE
FINAL THOUGHTS
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 48 Volunteers and Donations
DRUG DONATIONS
BLOOD DONATIONS
DISASTER VOLUNTEERISM
REFERENCES
Chapter 49 Personal Protective Equipment
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
CURRENT PRACTICE
PITFALLS AND ONGOING CHALLENGES
REFERENCES
Chapter 50 Role of Bystanders in Disasters
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
CURRENT PRACTICE
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 51 Disaster Surveillance Systems
INTRODUCTION
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
CURRENT PRACTICE
PITFALLS
REFERENCES
Chapter 52 Use of Geographical Information Systems in Crises
INTRODUCTION
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
CURRENT PRACTICE
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 53 Management of Mass Fatalities
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
CURRENT PRACTICE
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 54 Disaster Management of Animals
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
CURRENT PRACTICE
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Section 5 Mechanical Operations in Disasters
Chapter 55 Urban Search and Rescue
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
CURRENT PRACTICE
PITFALLS
REFERENCES
Chapter 56 Triage
INTRODUCTION
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
CURRENT PRACTICE
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 57 Patient Tracking Systems in Disasters
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
CURRENT PRACTICE
PITFALLS
REFERENCES
Chapter 58 Mass Gatherings
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
APPROACHES TO ASSESSING RISK
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 59 Infectious Disease in a Disaster Zone
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
CURRENT PRACTICE
PITFALLS
REFERENCES
Chapter 60 Pharmaceuticals and Medical Equipment in Disasters
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
CURRENT PRACTICE
PITFALLS
SUMMARY
SUGGESTED READINGS
REFERENCES
Section 6 Post-Event Topics
Chapter 61 Displaced Populations
VULNERABILITIES: AGE AND GENDER MATTERS
PRIORITIES FOR A DISPLACED POPULATION
REFERENCES
Chapter 62 Palliative Care in Disasters
DEFINITION OF PALLIATIVE CARE AND HUMANITARIANISM
HOW PALLIATIVE CARE CAN HELP IN VARIOUS HUMANITARIAN EMERGENCIES AND CRISES
MEDICATIONS AND EQUIPMENT ESSENTIAL FOR PALLIATIVE CARE
ETHICS OF PALLIATIVE CARE IN HUMANITARIAN EMERGENCIES AND CRISES
CHALLENGES TO PALLIATIVE CARE IN HUMANITARIAN CRISIS
RESOURCES TO HELP IMPLEMENT PALLIATIVE CARE
PALLIATIVE CARE TRAINING
REFERENCES
Chapter 63 Rehabilitation and Reconstruction
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
CURRENT PRACTICE
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 64 Disaster Education and Research
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
DEFINITIONS
CURRENT PRACTICE
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 65 Practical Applications of Disaster Epidemiology
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
CURRENT PRACTICE
PITFALLS
REFERENCES
Chapter 66 Measures of Effectiveness in Disaster Management
INTRODUCTION OF TOPIC
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
CURRENT PRACTICE
PITFALLS
REFERENCES
Section 7 Topics Unique to Terrorist Events and High-Threat Disaster Response
Chapter 67 Counter-Terrorism Medicine
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
CURRENT PRACTICE
COUNTERTERRORISM MEDICINE
PITFALLS
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Chapter 68 The Psychology of Terrorism
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVES
PITFALLS
COMMUNITY PERSPECTIVES
LEARNING THEORY PERSPECTIVES
CONCLUSION
SUGGESTED READINGS
REFERENCES
Chapter 69 Thinking Outside the Box: Health Service Support Considerations in the Era of Asymmetrical Threats
WHAT’S OUTSIDE THE BOX?
BE PRACTICAL
BE PROACTIVE
AVOID DUPLICATING EFFORTS
DISPERSE RESOURCES
EXPAND THE MEDICAL INFRASTRUCTURE
BE DIVERSE AND COLLABORATE
PROVIDE EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT TRAINING
NO BYSTANDERS, EDUCATE THE PEOPLE
BE PREPARED
POST-INCIDENT REQUIRED ACTIONS
CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 70 Integrated Response to Terrorist Attacks
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
FIRE SERVICE
EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES
LAW ENFORCEMENT
CURRENT AND FUTURE BEST PRACTICE: INTEGRATED OPERATIONS
CHALLENGES TO IMPLEMENTING THE NEW RESPONSE PARADIGM
THE MODEL HIGH-THREAT OPERATIONAL PROGRAM
CONCLUSION
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 71 Coordinated Attack
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
CURRENT PRACTICE
PITFALLS
CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Chapter 72 Active-Shooter Response
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
CURRENT PRACTICE
CONCLUSION
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
REFERENCES
Chapter 73 Hostage Taking
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 74 Civil Unrest and Rioting
INTRODUCTION
CAUSES OF CIVIL UNREST
CURRENT PRACTICE
INJURIES IN CIVIL UNREST
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 75 Introduction to Explosions and Blasts
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
HISTORICAL CONTEXT
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 76 Suicide Bomber
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 77 Improvised Explosive Devices
ANATOMY OF AN IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE DEVICE
TYPES OF IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE DEVICES
BLAST INJURIES
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
CURRENT PRACTICE
CONCLUSION
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
SUGGESTED READINGS
REFERENCES
Chapter 78 Conventional Explosions at Mass Gatherings
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 79 Nuclear and Radiation Disaster Management
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
CURRENT PRACTICE
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 80 Dirty Bomb (Radiological Dispersal Device)
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 81 General Approach to Chemical Attack
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
CURRENT PRACTICE
DOCTRINE AND POLICY
CURRENT STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES
THE RESPONSE
INITIAL ACTIONS
RESPONSE CAPABILITIES
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 82 Biological Attack
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
CURRENT PRACTICE
BIOTERRORISM RECOGNITION
THREAT AGENTS
MANAGEMENT OF SPECIAL PATIENT POPULATIONS
PSYCHOSOCIAL MORBIDITY
PITFALLS
REFERENCES
Chapter 83 Future Biological and Chemical Weapons
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
FUTURE BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS
POTENTIAL FUTURE CHEMICAL WEAPONS
CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 84 Directed-Energy Weapons
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
CURRENT PRACTICE
KEY MANAGEMENT ISSUES
PITFALLS
REFERENCES
Chapter 85 Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Quarantine
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
CURRENT PRACTICE
PITFALLS
CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 86 Decontamination: Chemical and Radiation
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
CURRENT PRACTICE
SPECIAL POPULATIONS
CERTIFICATION OF DECONTAMINATION
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Section 8 Operational Medicine
Chapter 87 Military Lessons Learned for Disaster Response
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
CURRENT PRACTICE
CONCLUSIONS
PITFALLS
DISCLOSURE
REFERENCES
Chapter 88 Integration of Law Enforcement and Military Resources With the Emergency Response to a Terrorist Incident
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
CURRENT PRACTICE
PITFALLS
CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 89 Tactical Emergency Medical Support
THE HISTORY OF TEMS
CURRENT PRACTICE
THE BIRTH OF TACTICAL COMBAT CASUALTY CARE (TCCC) AND TACTICAL EMERGENCY CASUALTY CARE (TECC)
THE PHASES OF TECC
INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES ON DELIVERY MODELS
THE PHYSICIAN’S ROLE IN TEMS
SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 90 Operational Rescue
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
CURRENT PRACTICES
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 91 Operations Security, Site Security, and Incident Response
INCIDENT MANAGEMENT/UNIFIED COMMAND AS THE FOUNDATION
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
CURRENT MEDICINE
INTEGRATION
THE PRESS AND DIGNITARIES
OPSEC AND SITE-SECURITY DEMANDS FOR OFFSITE OPERATIONS
OPSEC AND SITE SECURITY FOR A TERRORIST INCIDENT
ESTABLISHING A PERIMETER
EVIDENCE PROTECTION
INFORMATION SECURITY AND TRAFFIC AND CROWD CONTROL
SECONDARY DEVICES OR THREATS
CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 92 Medical Intelligence
BACKGROUND
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
CURRENT PRACTICE
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 93 Dignitary Protective Medicine
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Part II Management of Specific Event Types
Section 9 Natural Disasters
Chapter 94 Introduction to Natural Disasters
INTRODUCTION
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
TYPES OF NATURAL DISASTERS
GLOBAL INITIATIVES
DISASTER MANAGEMENT AND THE ROLE OF HEALTH SYSTEMS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 95 Hurricanes, Cyclones, and Typhoons
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
DURING THE STORM
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
REFERENCES
Chapter 96 Earthquakes
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
REFERENCES
Chapter 97 Tornadoes
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 98 Floods
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 99 Tsunamis
DESCRIPTION OF THE EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
RECOVERY
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 100 Heat Wave
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
REFERENCES
Chapter 101 Winter Storm
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTION
POSTINCIDENT ACTION
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 102 Volcanic Eruption
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCE
Chapter 103 Famine
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 104 Landslides
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS AND PITFALLS
REFERENCES
Chapter 105 Avalanche
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Section 10 Nuclear and Radiation Events
Chapter 106 Introduction to Nuclear and Radiological Disasters
RADIATION PHYSICS
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
CURRENT PRACTICE
PITFALLS
REFERENCES
Chapter 107 Nuclear Detonation
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 108 Radiation Accident—Isolated and Dispersed Exposure
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CAUSALITIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 109 Nuclear Power Plant Meltdown
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
SUGGESTED READINGS
REFERENCES
Section 11 Chemical Events
Chapter 110 Introduction to Chemical Disasters
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
Current Practice
FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 111 Industrial-Chemical Disasters
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 112 Nerve-Agent Mass Casualty Incidents
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT CONSIDERATIONS
POSTINCIDENT CONSIDERATIONS
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 113 Vesicant Agent Attack
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 114 Respiratory-Agent Mass Casualty Incident (Toxic Inhalational Injury)
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 115 Asphyxiant (Cyanide) Attack
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 116 Antimuscarinic Agent Attack
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 117 Mass Casualty Incidentsfrom HallucinogenicAgents: LSD, Other Indoles,and Phenylethylamine Derivatives
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 118 Opioid Agent Attack
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Chapter 119 Caustic Agent Mass Casualty Incident, With Special Emphasis on Hydrogen Fluoride (HF)
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
Unique considerations
PITFALLS
REFERENCES
Chapter 120 Mass Casualties From Crowd-Control Agents
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
EFFECTS OF CROWD-CONTROL AGENTS
PREINCIDENT ACTION
POSTINCIDENT ACTION
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
DIAGNOSTIC TESTING
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 121 Cholinergic Agent Attack (Nicotine, Epibatidine, and Anatoxin-a)
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
REFERENCES
Chapter 122 Anesthetic-Agent Mass Casualty Incident
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES OF POTENTIAL TERROR AGENTS
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
PITFALLS
REFERENCES
Section 12 Biologic Events: Bacterial
Chapter 123 Introduction to Biological Agents
INTRODUCTION
PANDEMICS
QUARANTINE
BIOTERRORISM
INFECTION DYNAMICS
EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES
PANDEMIC PREPAREDNESS STEPS
SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 124 Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax) Attack
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF ANTHRAX
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
ANTHRAX PREVENTION
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
REFERENCES
Chapter 125 Yersinia pestis (Plague) Bioterrorism Attack
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 126 Francisella tularensis (Tularemia) Attack
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
REFERENCES
Chapter 127 Brucella Species (Brucellosis) Attack
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
SUGGESTED READING
REFERENCES
Chapter 128 Coxiella burnetii (Q Fever) Attack
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 129 Rickettsia prowazekii Attack (Typhus Fever)
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
REFERENCES
Chapter 130 Orientia tsutsugamushi (Scrub Typhus) Attack
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
REFERENCES
Chapter 131 Rickettsia rickettsii (Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever) Attack
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 132 Vibrio cholerae (Cholera) Attack
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 133 Shigella dysenteriae (Shigellosis) Attack
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 134 Salmonella (Salmonellosis and Typhoid Fever) Attack
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 135 Burkholderia (Glanders and Melioidosis) Attack
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
REFERENCES
Chapter 136 Chlamydophila psittaci (Psittacosis) Attack
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
REFERENCES
Chapter 137 Escherichia coli O157:H7 (Enterohemorrhagic E. coli)
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
REFERENCES
Section 13 Biologic Events: Viral
Chapter 138 Viral Encephalitis Caused by Alphaviruses
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
REFERENCES
Chapter 139 Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Attack
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
REFERENCES
Chapter 140 Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Attack
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 141 Variola Major Virus (Smallpox) Attack
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
REFERENCES
Chapter 142 Influenza Virus Attack
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
SUGGESTED READINGS
REFERENCES
Chapter 143 Monkeypox Attack
DESCRIPTION OF EVENTS
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 144 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome Attack
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
REFERENCES
Chapter 145 Henipavirus Attack: Hendra and Nipah Viruses
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
Pitfalls
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 146 SARS-CoV (COVID-19 and SARS)
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Section 14 Biologic Events: Toxins
Chapter 147 Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B Attack
HISTORY
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
SYMPTOMS
DIAGNOSIS
MANAGEMENT
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 148 Clostridium botulinum Toxin (Botulism) Attack
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDwICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
REFERENCES
Chapter 149 Clostridium perfringens Toxin (Epsilon Toxin) Attack
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 150 Marine Toxin Attack
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENTS OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATION
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 151 T-2 Toxin (Trichothecene Mycotoxins) Attack
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
REFERENCES
Chapter 152 Ricin Toxin from Ricinus communis (Castor Bean) Attack
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 153 Aflatoxin (Aspergillus Species) Attack
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
REFERENCES
Section 15 Biologic Events: Other Biologic Events
Chapter 154 Coccidioides immitis (Coccidioidomycosis) Attack
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
REFERENCES
Chapter 155 Histoplasma capsulatum (Histoplasmosis) Attack
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
REFERENCES
Chapter 156 Cryptosporidium parvum (Cryptosporidiosis) Attack
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Section 16 Events Resulting in Blast Injuries
Chapter 157 Explosions: Fireworks
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
SUGGESTED READING
REFERENCES
Chapter 158 Rocket-Propelled Grenade Attack
DESCRIPTION OF EVENTS
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 159 Conventional Explosion at a Hospital
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
REFERENCES
Chapter 160 Conventional Explosion in a High-Rise Building
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 161 Conventional Explosion at a Nuclear Power Plant
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
SUGGESTED READING
REFERENCES
Chapter 162 Tunnel Explosion
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Chapter 163 Liquefied Natural Gas Explosion
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 164 Liquefied Natural Gas Tanker Truck Explosion
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
REFERENCES
Chapter 165 Petroleum Distillation and Processing Facility Explosion
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Section 17 Events Resulting in Burn Injuries
Chapter 166 Introduction to Fires and Burns
INTRODUCTION
PREPARATION
PREHOSPITAL MANAGEMENT
EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT MANAGEMENT
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 167 Structure Fires
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
HISTORIC FIRES
PREINCIDENT CONSIDERATIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 168 Wildland Fires and the Wildland-Urban Interface
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 169 Tunnel Fire
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Section 18 Events Resulting in Ballistic Injuries
Chapter 170 Gunshot Attack: Mass Casualties
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 171 Sniper Attack
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Section 19 Events Associated With Structural Collapse/Crashing/Crushing
Chapter 172 Introduction to Structural Collapse (Crush Injury and Crush Syndrome)
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTION
POSTINCIDENT ACTION
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 173 Train Derailment
DESCRIPTION OF EVENTS
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTION
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 174 Subway Derailment
INTRODUCTION
PREINCIDENT CONSIDERATIONS
POSTINCIDENT CONSIDERATIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
SUGGESTED READINGS
REFERENCES
Chapter 175 Bus Accidents
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 176 Aircraft Crash Preparedness and Response
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT CONSIDERATIONS
POSTINCIDENT CONSIDERATIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
REFERENCES
Chapter 177 Air Show Disaster
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 178 Asteroid Impacts, Orbital Debris, and Spacecraft Reentry Disasters
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT: ORBITAL DEBRIS
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS: ORBITAL DEBRIS RISK MITIGATION
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS: ORBITAL DEBRIS DISASTER MANAGEMENT
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT: ASTEROIDS AND METEOROIDS
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS: MONITORING AND MITIGATION OF NEOS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS: IMPACTOR DAMAGE
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
REFERENCES
Chapter 179 Building Collapse
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
REFERENCES
Chapter 180 Bridge Collapse
DESCRIPTION OF EVENTS
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 181 Human Stampede
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 182 Mining Accident
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
REFERENCES
Chapter 183 Submarine or Surface Vessel Accident
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
REFERENCES
Section 20 Other Events/Combination Events
Chapter 184 Aircraft Hijacking
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 185 Aircraft Crash Into a High-Rise Building
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
REFERENCES
Chapter 186 Maritime Disasters
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 187 Cruise Ship Infectious Disease Outbreak
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
REFERENCES
Chapter 188 Massive Power System Failures
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
SUGGESTED READING
REFERENCES
Chapter 189 Hospital Power Outages
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
REFERENCES
Chapter 190 Intentional Contamination of Water Supplies
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 191 Food Supply Contamination
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
REFERENCES
Chapter 192 Ecological Terrorism
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
POSTINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Chapter 193 Computer and Electronic Terrorism and Emergency Medical Services
DESCRIPTION OF EVENT
METHODS OF ATTACK
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
PREINCIDENT ACTIONS
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CASUALTIES
UNIQUE CONSIDERATIONS
PITFALLS
REFERENCES
Chapter 194 Disasters in Space Travel: From Earth to Orbit, and Beyond
DISASTER POTENTIAL AS A FUNCTION OF LOCATION AND ENERGETICS
PREFLIGHT TRAINING AND VEHICLE GROUND PROCESSING
LAUNCH (FROM EARTH OR ANOTHER PLANETARY BODY)
ON ORBIT/MICROGRAVITY
BEYOND EARTH ORBIT/PLANETARY EXPLORATION
ATMOSPHERIC REENTRY
HIGH-RISK SPACE DISASTERS: POTENTIAL CONSEQUENCES AND MITIGATIONS
CONSIDERATIONS IN RESPONSE TO A SPACE DISASTER
CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Index

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Physical Sciences & Engineering

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Health

Ciottone's Disaster Medicine

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Gregory R. Ciottone

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