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Chesley's Hypertensive Disorders in Pregnancy

4th Edition - August 28, 2014

Editors: Robert N. Taylor, James M. Roberts, Gary F. Cunningham, Marshall D. Lindheimer

Hardback ISBN:

9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 4 0 7 8 6 6 - 6

eBook ISBN:

9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 4 0 7 9 4 5 - 8

Chesley’s Hypertensive Disorders in Pregnancy continues its tradition as one of the beacons to guide the field of preeclampsia research, recognized for its uniqueness and utility.… Read more

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Chesley’s Hypertensive Disorders in Pregnancy continues its tradition as one of the beacons to guide the field of preeclampsia research, recognized for its uniqueness and utility. Hypertensive disorders remain one the major causes of maternal and fetal morbidity and death. It is also a leading cause of preterm birth now known to be a risk factor in remote cardiovascular disease. Despite this the hypertensive disorders remain marginally studied and management is often controversial.The fourth edition of Chesley’s Hypertensive Disorders in Pregnancy focuses on prediction, prevention, and management for clinicians, and is an essential reference text for clinical and basic investigators alike. Differing from other texts devoted to preeclampsia, it covers the whole gamut of high blood pressure, and not just preeclampsia.

List of Contributors
Preface
- Preface to the Second Edition
- Comments Added to the Preface by Editors in 2008
- Preface to the Fourth Edition
Chapter 1. Introduction, History, Controversies, and Definitions
- History (Fig. 1.1)
- Signs
- Hypotheses and Rational Management
- Prophylaxis
- Classification of the Hypertensive Disorders in Pregnancy
- Editors’ Update
- Denouement
- References
Chapter 2. The Clinical Spectrum of Preeclampsia
- Introduction
- Clinical Manifestations of Preeclampsia Syndrome
- Differential Diagnosis
- References
Chapter 3. Epidemiology of Pregnancy-Related Hypertension
- Introduction
- Definitions of the Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy
- Prevalence of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy
- Risk Factors for Preeclampsia
- First Birth and Other Placental Factors
- Clinical Predictors
- Natural History
- Impact on Children
- Critique of Studies
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgment
- References
Chapter 4. Genetic Factors in the Etiology of Preeclampsia/Eclampsia
- Dedication
- Introduction
- Biological Pathways of Preeclampsia
- Types of Genetic Studies Conducted
- A Genomics Approach to Preeclampsia
- Essential Variables to Consider
- High-Dimensional Biology
- A Predictive Genetic Test
- Pharmacogenomics
- The Future of Preeclampsia Genetic Research
- Conclusions
- References
Chapter 5. The Placenta in Normal Pregnancy and Preeclampsia
- Introduction
- The Microanatomy of Normal Human Placentation
- The Microanatomy of Abnormal Human Placentation in Preeclampsia
- The Road to Preeclampsia
- Oxygen Tension Regulates Human Cytotrophoblast Proliferation and Differentiation In Vitro
- During Normal Pregnancy, Invasive Cytotrophoblasts Modulate their Adhesion Molecule Repertoire to Mimic That of Vascular Cells
- In Preeclampsia, Invasive Cytotrophoblasts Fail to Switch their Adhesion Molecule Repertoire to Mimic That of Vascular Cells
- The Pathological Consequences of Abnormal Cytotrophoblast Invasion and Failed Spiral Artery Remodeling
- Novel Unbiased Approaches for Addressing the Complexities of the Preeclampsia Syndrome
- Summary and Future Directions
- Appendix Trophoblast Gene Expression in Normal Pregnancy and Preeclampsia
- References
Chapter 6. Angiogenesis and Preeclampsia
- Introduction
- Placental Vascular Development in Health
- Angiogenic Imbalance in Preeclampsia
- Perspectives
- References
Chapter 7. Metabolic Syndrome and Preeclampsia
- Introduction
- Metabolic Syndrome
- Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease
- Pregnancy-Induced Metabolic Changes
- Preeclampsia and Metabolic Syndrome
- Metabolic Syndrome: A Cause of Placental Dysfunction?
- Summary and Perspectives
- References
Chapter 8. Immunology of Normal Pregnancy and Preeclampsia
- Introduction
- Maternal Adaptation to a Foreign Fetus
- Innate and Adaptive Immunity
- Nature’s Transplant
- Classical Two-Stage Model of Preeclampsia
- Stage 1 Preeclampsia, Interface 1 and Maternal Immune Responses to Trophoblast
- Stage 2 Preeclampsia and Interface 2
- Endothelial Cells are Inflammatory Cells
- Inflammation and the Integrated Stress Response
- Widespread Implications of Vascular Inflammation
- Cytokines, Chemokines, Growth Factors, Adipokines and Angiogenic Factors
- Metabolism and Vascular Inflammation
- Acute-Phase Response
- Vascular Inflammation in Normal Pregnancy and Preeclampsia
- The Continuum between Normal Pregnancy and Preeclampsia
- Immunoregulation
- T Regulatory Cells, Th17 and T-Cell Memory
- Angiotensin II (Ang II), the Immune System and Preeclampsia
- Systemic Immunoregulation in Normal Pregnancy and Preeclampsia
- Acute Atherosis: A Second Inflammatory Lesion of Preeclampsia
- The Role of the Placenta and Non-Placental Factors
- Trophoblast Extracellular Vesicles
- Maternal Predisposing Factors
- Conclusions
- References
Chapter 9. Endothelial Cell Dysfunction
- Introduction
- Part I: Endothelial Cell Function and Preeclampsia
- Part II: Circulating Factors Induce Endothelial Cell Dysfunction
- Part III: Oxidative Stress: A Point of Convergence for Endothelial Cell Dysfunction
- Part IV: Clinical Trials
- Part V: Speculations and Directions of Future Investigations
- References
Chapter 10. Animal Models for Investigating Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Preeclampsia
- Introduction
- Models Used to Investigate Links between Placental Ischemia and Endothelial and Cardiovascular Dysfunction
- Animal Models Used to Study Role of Angiogenic Factors (See also Chapter 6)
- Models Used to Investigate the Role of Immune Mechanisms in Preeclampsia
- Genetic Models
- Summary
- References
Chapter 11. Tests to Predict Preeclampsia
- Introduction
- Assessing the Quality of Tests to Predict Disease
- Placental Perfusion and Vascular Resistance Dysfunction-Related Tests
- Fetal and Placental Unit Endocrinology Dysfunction-Related Tests
- Renal Dysfunction-Related Tests
- Endothelial Dysfunction and Oxidant Stress-Related Tests
- Other Tests
- The Use of Combined Tests
- Multivariable Prediction Models Derived from Combinations of Maternal Characteristics and Tests
- Perspectives and Conclusions
- Acknowledgement
- References
Chapter 12. Prevention of Preeclampsia and Eclampsia
- Introduction
- Dietary Manipulations
- Physical Activity
- Diuretics and Antihypertensive Drugs
- Antioxidant Vitamins
- Antithrombotic Agents
- Prevention of Eclampsia
- Treatment for Eclampsia (See Chapter 20)
- References
Chapter 13. Cerebrovascular Pathophysiology in Preeclampsia and Eclampsia
- Introduction
- Neuroanatomical Findings with Eclampsia
- Neuroimaging in Eclampsia
- Pathogenesis of Cerebral Manifestations in (PRE)Eclampsia
- Eclampsia as Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES)
- Cerebral Blood Flow Autoregulation
- Cerebral Blood Flow Autoregulation and Hemodynamics in Pregnancy
- Mechanisms of Seizure During Pregnancy and Preeclampsia
- Role of Circulating Factors in Eclampsia
- Remote Cerebrovascular Health Following Preeclampsia and Eclampsia
- References
Chapter 14. Cardiovascular Alterations in Normal and Preeclamptic Pregnancy
- Introduction
- Hemodynamics and Cardiac Function in Normal Pregnancy
- Hemodynamics and Cardiac Function in Preeclampsia
- Factors that May Explain Vascular Changes in pregnancy
- Pregnancy-Associated Responses and the Assessment of Cardiovacular Disease Risk Later in Life
- Summary
- References
Chapter 15. The Renin-Angiotensin System, its Autoantibodies, and Body Fluid Volume in Preeclampsia
- Introduction
- Body Fluid Volumes
- Plasma Volume in Normal Pregnancy and Preeclampsia
- Concluding Perspectives
- References
Chapter 16. The Kidney in Normal Pregnancy and Preeclampsia
- Introduction
- Renal Hemodynamics and Glomerular Filtration Rate During Normal Pregnancy
- Osmoregulation in Normal Pregnancy
- Renal Hemodynamics and Glomerular Filtration Rate in Preeclampsia
- Renal Handling of Uric Acid
- Renal Handling of Proteins
- Renal Morphology in Pregnancy and Preeclampsia
- References
Chapter 17. Platelets, Coagulation, and the Liver
- Introduction
- Platelets
- Coagulation
- The Liver in Preeclampsia
- References
Chapter 18. Chronic Hypertension and Pregnancy
- Introduction
- Background
- Specific Hypertensive Disorders
- Management Principles
- References
Chapter 19. Antihypertensive Treatment
- Introduction
- Goals of Antihypertensive Drug Therapy
- General Principles in the Choice of Antihypertensive Agents
- Fetal Safety and Drug Use in Pregnant Women
- Choice of an Antihypertensive Drug for Use in Pregnancy
- Drug Use While Breastfeeding
- Evidence from Randomized Trials
- Conclusion
- References
Chapter 20. Clinical Management
- Introduction
- Preeclampsia
- Eclampsia
- Management of Severe Hypertension
- Neuroprophylaxis – Prevention of Eclampsia
- Delivery
- Persistent Severe Postpartum Hypertension
- References
Index
Color Plates

Robert N. Taylor

Robert N. Taylor, MD, PhD is Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY. Previously, he was Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology at The University of Utah, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Emory University, and Director of the Center for Reproductive Sciences at the University of California, San Francisco. Taylor received his undergraduate education at Stanford University and the combined MD-PhD at Baylor College of Medicine. He is a board-certified obstetrician-gynecologist and reproductive endocrinologist whose major research foci have included the role of placental angiogenesis and endothelial cell activation in preeclampsia, and the molecular actions of estrogen and progesterone on endometrial differentiation and neuroangiogenesis as they relate to endometriosis. Dr. Taylor served on executive committees of the American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NIH Reproductive Scientist Development Program, the World Endometriosis Society and the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Assistant Dean for Student and Academic Affairs, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA

James M. Roberts

Dr. Roberts’ research is interdisciplinary and involves fundamental, clinical, behavioral and epidemiological studies. He has been involved in several seminal studies of preeclampsia including the recognition of preeclampsia as involving endothelial dysfunction and being more than hypertension in pregnancy. He currently is involved in global health research as part of the Global Pregnancy Collaboration, a consortium of 40 centers world-wide that facilitates collaborative research. He is a co-investigator on studies in Brazil and South Africa. He chaired the ACOG Hypertension Task Force and was co-chair of the NHLBI NIH workshop on research on pregnancy hypertension.

Affiliations and expertise

Senior Scientist, Magee Women’s Research Institute, Professor, Obstetrics, Gynecology, Reproductive Sciences, Epidemiology, and Clinical and Translational ResearchUniversity of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Gary F. Cunningham

F. Gary Cunningham, MD is holder of the Miguel and Beatrice Distinguished Chair of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center. He is also chair emeritus of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, having served in that position for 22 years. Dr. Cunningham received his MD degree from the Louisiana State University School of Medicine and completed a residency in Obstetrics and Gynecology at Charity Hospital of New Orleans. Following this, he completed a fellowship in Maternal-Fetal Medicine at UT Southwestern and Parkland Hospital in Dallas, Texas. His early career was influenced by Dr. Jack Pritchard, and together they performed extensive clinical and laboratory research in preeclampsia and eclampsia, coagulopathies and other hematological complications of pregnancy, as well as a myriad of medical and surgical disorders complicating pregnancy. He has served as an examiner for the American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology, served as tor for an NIH consensus conference, and is a member of the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Society for Gynecologic Investigation, and the American Gynecological and Obstetrical Society. Dr. Cunningham has served as senior editor of the 18th through 24th editions of Williams Obstetrics.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor and Beatrice and Miguel Elias Distinguished Chair in Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA

Marshall D. Lindheimer

Dr. Marshall Lindheimer, a professor (emeritus) of Medicine, Obstetrics & Gynecology, and Clinical Pharmacology at the University of Chicago is a longtime admirer and was a longtime friend of the late Leon Chesley. Chief Editor of the second and third editions of this text and leader of the search for its current chief editor, Dr. Lindheimer prefers to be called “editor emeritus” despite continuing to comment and publish in the area of the hypertension and renal disease in pregnancy. His CV contains over 400 publications including a monograph, other edited texts, reviews, text chapters and articles devoted to both basic and clinical research. Boarded in Internal Medicine and Nephrology, he is the recipient of many awards and honors that include an honorary membership in the Society of Maternal Fetal Medicine and an ad eundem of the Royal College of Obstetrics and Gynecology London. He has received an Honoris Causa degree from Bern University, the Chesley award from the International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy, the Belding Scribner Award from the American Society of Nephrology and the Joseph Bolivar DeLee Humanitarian award from the Board of Directors at Lying-in Hospital, Chicago. Both the National Kidney Foundation of Illinois and the Preeclampsia Foundation have honored him as well. Of note on his wall is a congratulatory letter from President Obama, recognizing his accomplishments in regard to the health of pregnant women and their unborn children.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor Emeritus, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Medicine, and the Committee on Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Chicago, IL, USA