Changing Brains

Series Page

Contributors

Introduction

Neuroplasticity

References

Further Reading

Part 1: Brain Plasticity Across the Lifespan

Chapter 1. Balancing Plasticity/Stability Across Brain Development

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Critical Periods: Pruning Circuits by Early Experience

3 Critical Period Plasticity of Excitatory and Inhibitory Circuits

4 Critical Period Triggers and Brakes

5 Critical Period Gating

6 Implications

7 Future Directions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 2. Brain Plasticity in the Developing Brain

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Stages of Brain Development

3 General types of brain plasticity

4 Factors Influencing Brain Development in the Normal Brain

5 Brain Development After Early Brain Injury

6 Unilateral Versus Bilateral Injury

7 Factors Influencing Brain Development in the Injured Brain

8 Summary

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 3. Cortical Plasticity, Excitatory–Inhibitory Balance, and Sensory Perception

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Encoding Sensory Environments in Cortical Neural Circuits

3 Effects of Neuromodulation on Plasticity in Adult Sensory Cortices

4 Commonalities and differences between developmental and adult plasticity in sensory cortices

5 Improving Perception by Manipulating Neuromodulation

6 Conclusions

References

Chapter 4. Changes in Plasticity Across the Lifespan: Cause of Disease and Target for Intervention

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Importance of plasticity for brain health across the lifespan

3 Disease as a manifestation of aberrant plasticity at different times in the lifespan

4 The use of TMS as a novel treatment strategy for neuropsychiatric disorders of plasticity

5 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 5. What does It take to Show that a Cognitive Training Procedure is Useful?: A Critical Evaluation

Abstract

1 What is a Good Control?

2 Interpreting Correlations in Gains

3 What do Studies of “Neural Correlates” Tell Us?

4 How Large are the Magnitudes of Gains in Untrained Conditions?

5 Conclusions and Future Directions

References

Chapter 6. Principles of Neuroplasticity-Based Rehabilitation

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Part 1: Principles of Brain Plasticity; Premises for Therapeutic Tool Development

3 Part 2: Designing Programs Targeting Specific Clinical Indications

4 Part 3: Evaluating Program Playability and Efficacy

5 Part 4: Examples of Practical Therapeutic Tools Constructed Following These Principles

6 Conclusions

References

Part 2: Brain Plasticity-Based Therapies for the Treatment of Developmental Disorders

Chapter 7. Fast ForWord®: The Birth of the Neurocognitive Training Revolution

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Integrating Research on Language Development and Disorders with Neuroplasticity Research

3 Integrating Neuroplasticity-Based Training Research with Research on Individual Differences in Language Development

4 The Birth of Fast ForWord®: Translating Theory into Practice

5 Designing Neuroplasticity-Based Training Games

6 The First Laboratory Studies: Rutgers Summer Camps 1994–1995

7 Scaling up: The “Neurotherapeutic Revolution” Fast ForWord® Language Version 1 (v1)

8 The Fast ForWord® Reading Series

9 Independent Agency Evaluations of Fast ForWord® Products

10 Cognitive Neurotherapeutics: The Challenges of Translation

References

Chapter 8. Music Training for the Development of Reading Skills

Abstract

1 Phonological awareness

2 Speech in background noise

3 Rhythm

4 Auditory working memory

5 Learning sound patterns

6 Summary and limitations of cross-sectional studies

7 Longitudinal music training studies

8 Experimental studies without random assignment

9 Experimental studies with random assignment

10 Why music?

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 9. Mechanisms of Plasticity in the Developing and Adult Visual Cortex

Abstract

1 Visual Cortex Plasticity During Development

2 Plasticity in the Adult Visual Cortex

3 Common Principles of Developmental and Adult Plasticity

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 10. Brain Mechanisms of Plasticity in Response to Treatments for Core Deficits in Autism

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 The Typical and Atypical Social Brain

3 Treatment Overview

4 Neural Response to ASD Treatment

5 Summary and Future Directions

References

Part 3: Brain Plasticity-Based Therapeutics for the Treatment of Clinical Indications in the Adult Brain

Chapter 11. Targeting Plasticity with Vagus Nerve Stimulation to Treat Neurological Disease

Abstract

1 Neural plasticity in the context of neurological dysfunction

2 Neuromodulatory control of plasticity and memory

3 Harnessing plasticity with vagus nerve stimulation

4 Applying targeted plasticity to treat disease

5 Mechanisms of targeted plasticity directed by VNS

6 Targeted plasticity requires less VNS than approved protocols

7 Future applications

8 Concluding remarks

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 12. Computerized Cognitive Training Targeting Brain Plasticity in Schizophrenia

Abstract

1 Neurocognitive Impairments in Schizophrenia

2 Shifting the View of Schizophrenia from Neurodegeneration to Neuroplasticity and Recovery

3 Computerized Cognitive Training in Schizophrenia: Behavioral Results

4 Computerized Cognitive Training in Schizophrenia: Neurobiological Results

5 Future Directions

References

Chapter 13. The Nonspatial Side of Spatial Neglect and Related Approaches to Treatment

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Spatial Deficits in Neglect

3 Theoretical Accounts of Lateralized Spatial Deficits in Neglect

4 Nonspatially Lateralized Deficits in Neglect and Nonspatial/Spatial Interactions

5 Theoretical Accounts of Nonspatial Deficits and Nonspatial/Spatial Interactions

6 Treatments for Neglect

7 Future Directions

References

Chapter 14. A Cognitive Framework for Understanding and Improving Interference Resolution in the Brain

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 External Interference Resolution Across the Lifespan

3 Internal Interference Resolution Across the Lifespan

4 Neuroplasticity-Targeted Interventions for the Recovery of Deficits in Interference Resolution

5 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 15. Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy: A Method for Harnessing Neuroplasticity to Treat Motor Disorders

Abstract

1 Recovery of Function After Unilateral Forelimb Deafferentation in Primates

2 Initial Applications of Primate Model to Rehabilitation of Paretic Arm Use After Stroke in Humans

3 Demonstration of Efficacy of CI Therapy at University of Alabama at Birmingham

4 Components of CI Therapy

5 CI Therapy in Other Laboratories

6 Severity of Impairment, Time Since Stroke, and Lower Extremity CI Therapy

7 Other Conditions

8 Mechanisms Responsible for CI Therapy Treatment Effect

9 Principles for Exploiting CNS Neuroplasticity to Enhance Rehabilitation

References

Chapter 16. Novelty Interventions to Enhance Broad Cognitive Abilities and Prevent Dementia: Synergistic Approaches for the Facilitation of Positive Plastic Change

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Effects of Challenging Mental Activities

3 Rationale and Evidence for Synergistic Approaches

4 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 17. Decoding Speech for Understanding and Treating Aphasia

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Aphasia Subtypes, Symptoms, and Rehabilitation

3 A Neural Systems Approach to Language

4 Applications to Aphasia

References

Index

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